Stages and stages of an athlete’s technical readiness. Technical training of the athlete. Topic: Technical training of an athlete

STRUCTURE OF ATHLETES' TRAINING

Plan

Introduction

1. Technical training and technical readiness

2. Physical training

3. Tactical training

4. Mental preparation

5. Integral preparation

Introduction

In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training of athletes are distinguished. Generalization of disparate and relatively established opinions allows us to propose three most significant features for their general classification:

By the predominant influence on certain components of the athlete’s readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) preparation);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

According to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in training and competitive activity various aspects of preparedness, qualities and abilities (integral preparation).

1. Technical training and technical readiness

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psycho physical capabilities.

Role sports equipment V various types sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques.

1. Speed-strength types ( sprint running, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of a competitive exercise, for example, during take-off in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in throwing a javelin, discus, etc. .d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (running long distances, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability of the athlete’s actions in the constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)

Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree to which an athlete has mastered a system of movements (techniques of a sport) that corresponds to the characteristics of a given sport and is aimed at achieving high sports results

In the structure of technical readiness it is important to highlight:

Basic movements, these include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively carry out competitive struggle in compliance with existing rules. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional movements and actions– these are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner and style of the athlete.

According to the degree of mastery of techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:

1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;

2 – the emergence of motor skills;

3 – formation of motor skills.

Motor skill distinguished by unstable and not always adequate solutions motor task, significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, lack of automated control of them.

The characteristic features of a motor skill, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)

A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. Criteria technical skill are:

Volume of equipment - total number techniques that the athlete can perform.

Versatility of technology - degree of variety of technical techniques. So, in sports games this is the ratio of the frequency of using different gaming techniques.

Efficiency mastery of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of proximity of the sports technique to the individually optimal option.

Development movement techniques. This criterion shows how a given technical action is memorized and consolidated. For well-mastered movements the following are typical:

a) stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively small variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s condition changes, the opponent’s actions change in difficult conditions);

c) maintaining motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types, tasks, means and methods of technical training of an athlete

There are general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills required in sports activities.

OTP tasks:

1.Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. Her tasks:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To develop new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique using the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a set of tools and methods is used sports training. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;

b) demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, video recordings;

d) use of subject and other reference points;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods that are based on the athlete performing any physical exercise. In this case the following applies:

a) general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills and abilities that are the foundation for the growth of technical skill in your chosen sport;

b) special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

c) methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, consolidating and improving the technique of a holistic motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in annual and multi-year training cycles.

Stages and content of technical training in multi-year and annual training cycles

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Stage of basic technical training.

2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and achievement of the highest sports and technical mastery.

3. The stage of maintaining sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.

2. Physical training

The physical training of an athlete is aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, shaping the athlete’s physique, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, developing physical abilities - strength, speed, coordination, endurance and flexibility.

Modern sport places high demands on the physical fitness of athletes. This is due to the following factors:

1. The growth of sports achievements always requires a new level of development of the athlete’s physical abilities. For example, in order to put a shot beyond 20 m, not only perfect technique is required, but also a very high level of development of strength and speed. Calculations show that an increase in the cannonball's flight range by 1 m requires an increase in the power of the pushing force by 5-7%.

2. A high level of physical fitness is one of the important conditions for increasing training and competitive loads. Over the past 20-25 years, the load indicators in the annual cycle of the world's strongest athletes have increased by 3-4 times. As a result, the number of athletes with chronic myocardial overstrain has sharply increased. This disease is typical mainly for athletes who have deficiencies in physical development and in the functioning of individual organs and systems.

Physical training is necessary for an athlete of any age, qualification and sport. However, each sport has its own specific requirements for the physical fitness of athletes - the level of development of individual qualities, functionality and physique. Therefore, there are certain differences in the content and methods of physical training in a particular sport, among athletes of different ages and qualifications.

Types, tasks and means of physical training

There are general physical training (GPP) and special physical training (SPP).

General physical training is a process of comprehensive development of physical abilities that are not specific to the chosen sport, but in one way or another determine the success of sports activities.

Objectives of physical training:

1. Increasing and maintaining the general level of functional capabilities of the body.

2. Development of all basic physical qualities - strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility.

3. Elimination of deficiencies in physical development.

The means of general physical training are exercises from your own and other sports. A significant place is also given to exercises to develop dexterity and flexibility. Exercises for developing general endurance have a smaller share. For long-distance runners, on the contrary, exercises to develop general endurance play a special role. They are given a significant place in the general physical training process. Strength exercises performed with light weights but a large number of repetitions.

SPT is aimed at developing physical abilities that meet the specifics of the chosen sport. At the same time, it is focused on the maximum possible degree of their development.

Tasks of the SFP:

1. Development of physical abilities necessary for a given sport.

2. Increasing the functional capabilities of organs and systems that determine achievements in the chosen sport.

3. Developing the ability to demonstrate the existing functional potential in the specific conditions of competitive activity. For example, in swimmers, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) at a standard load in laboratory conditions averages 70 ml/kg min. And when swimming at a competitive speed - 46 ml/kg/min, i.e. only 65% ​​of the MPC.

4. Formation of the physique of athletes, taking into account the requirements of a specific sports discipline. For example, physique indicators (height, weight, constitution, etc.) of track and field athletes specializing in different distances, as a rule, differ from each other. Therefore, in the process of SPT, one should specifically influence those components of the physique on which success in the chosen sport depends and which can be purposefully changed using the means and methods of sports training.

The main means of SPT for an athlete are competitive and special preparatory exercises.

The ratio of GPP and SPP means in an athlete’s training depends on the tasks being solved, age, qualifications and individual characteristics of the athlete, the type of sport, stages and periods of the training process, etc.

As the athlete’s qualifications increase, the proportion of SPT funds increases and, accordingly, the volume of GPT funds decreases.

3. Tactical training

Tactical training The athlete is aimed at mastering sports tactics and achieving tactical mastery in the chosen sport. Tactics is a set of forms and methods of conducting wrestling under competition conditions.

There are individual, group and team tactics. Tactics can also be passive, active and combined (mixed).

Passive tactics - This is a predetermined provision of initiative to the enemy in order to take active action at the right moment. For example, a finishing “throw” from behind in running, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.

Active tactics - This is imposing on an opponent actions that are beneficial to oneself. For example, running at an irregularly changing speed, the so-called jerky running, sudden transitions from an active offensive fight in boxing to a slow one. Frequent changes of techniques and combinations in football, handball; achieving a high result immediately in the first attempt, race, swim - in long and high jumps, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.

Mixed tactics includes active and passive forms of competitive struggle.

An athlete’s tactics in competitions are determined, first of all, by the task that is set before him. All the variety of such tasks can ultimately be reduced to four:

1. Show the maximum, record result.

2. Defeat your opponent no matter what the result is.

3. Win competitions and at the same time show the highest results.

4. Show a result sufficient to advance to the next round of competition - quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.

The solution to any one of these tasks in the competition will determine what tactics the athlete or team will choose. There are 4 tactical forms of competitive struggle:

1. Record tactics. In cyclic sports, the tactics of leading during the competition are most often used. The athlete takes on the role of leader long before the finish line and tries to maintain the advantage until the end of the competition. This tactic can unbalance the main competitors, make them nervous, and change their tactical plans.

There are two options for leadership tactics:

Leading at a uniform speed when covering a distance - in running, swimming, rowing;

Leading with changes in speed and pace over the course. The tactics of breaking records with a uniform pace were successfully demonstrated by such famous long-distance runners as P. Bolotnikov, N. Sviridov (USSR), R. Clark (Australia). A brilliant example of the use of the “ragged run” tactics are victories in Olympic Games ah 1956 of the wonderful runner V. Kuts over such famous finishing masters as the Englishmen G. Pirie and K. Chataway.

Most world records in endurance sports are set over even distances. This is explained by the fact that, from a physiological point of view, an uneven operating mode, compared to a uniform one, causes increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is used only by fairly well-trained athletes.

2. Tactics for winning competitions regardless of the results shown . This tactic is usually used in final competitions, as well as when the sporting result shown cannot affect the final distribution of places between the main competitors. Any of the tactical techniques must be carefully prepared during the training process.

When solving this complex problem, as a rule, the athlete:

1) strives to achieve maximum performance and break away from opponents at the beginning of the competition (“breakaway tactics”) - develop maximum speed in the first half of the distance; jump to the maximum length or height in the first qualifying attempt; perform well the most difficult exercise in the first part of the compulsory or free program in gymnastics;

2) saves strength for the decisive finishing spurt (“finishing spurt tactics”). After the start, he immediately takes a place behind the leader and closely monitors all competitors or stays in the leading group, preparing to make a maneuver at any moment;

3) deliberately changes the speed, tempo of movements, individual tactical techniques and their combinations during the competition (“tactics of wearing down the opponent” - sharply changes the speed over a distance in running, swimming, etc.) ski racing, carries out multiple episodic explosive attacks in boxing, fencing), often changes technical techniques, thereby putting the opponent in a difficult position, etc.

3. Tactics for winning competitions with high results . This is a fairly rare tactic. It occurs when places in competitions are determined without finals, i.e. according to the results shown in various races, attempts, swims - in speed skating, weightlifting, swimming.

When solving this problem, two situations are possible:

1) when the main competitors have already started and the athlete knows their result;

2) when the main competitors start in subsequent races and swims.

In the first case, the athlete must show a result higher than that of his main opponent (“tactics of beating the opponent’s result”):

a) go the distance according to the opponents’ schedule with a small margin - in running, swimming, rowing, etc.;

b) lift a barbell that weighs more than a competitor;

c) throw a projectile over a greater distance;

d) score more goals, score more points - in football, handball, wrestling, etc.

In the second case, the athlete strives to show high results in the first attempts (“first strike tactics”, “breakaway tactics”).

4. Tactics for entering the next round of competitions . Some athletes show high results in preliminary competitions, spending a lot of effort, and in the finals, without having time to rest, they significantly reduce their achievements and lose. Other athletes save too much energy in the preliminary part of the competition and ultimately do not make it to the finals. To avoid these mistakes, you must:

1. Know how many athletes (teams) make it to the finals.

2. Have an idea of ​​the strength of your opponents.

3. Be able to show a result sufficient to reach the semi-finals and finals.

In the practice of sports, when solving this tactical problem, the athlete (team) strives to:

1. Show a result sufficient to advance to the next stage of the competition (“tactics of rational distribution of forces during the competition”).

2. Show high results at each stage of the competition (“tactics of maintaining psychological advantage and invincibility”).

Types, tasks and means of tactical training for an athlete

General tactical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a variety of tactical techniques. Special tactical training is aimed at mastering and improving sports tactics in the chosen sport.

In the process of tactical training, the following main tasks are solved:

1. The athlete’s acquisition of knowledge on sports tactics (about its effective forms, development trends in selected and related sports).

2. Collecting information about competitors, the conditions of upcoming competitions, the competition regime, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country and developing a tactical plan for the athlete’s performance at the competition.

3. Mastering and improving tactical techniques for conducting competitive struggle.

4. Formation of tactical thinking and abilities directly related to it - observation, quick wits, creative initiative, anticipation of the enemy’s tactical plans, the results of his and his actions, the speed of switching from one tactical action to another, depending on the specific situation of the competition and the enemy’s actions.

5. Mastering the techniques of psychological influence on an opponent and disguising one’s own intentions.

Specific means of tactical training are physical exercises, i.e. motor actions used to solve certain tactical problems.

There are three main phases in tactical actions:

1) perception and analysis of the competitive situation;

2) mental solution of a tactical problem;

3) motor solution of a tactical problem.

They can model individual tactical techniques or holistic forms of competitive tactics. Depending on the stage of preparation, these exercises are used:

a) in easier conditions;

b) in difficult conditions;

c) in conditions as close as possible to competitions.

Knowledge of tactics is the basis of creative thinking when solving individual and collective problems.

The athlete must know:

Competition rules, features of their judging and conduct; conditions of the competition and your opponents;

Fundamentals of tactical actions in sports, their dependence on physical, technical and volitional readiness; the main features of the tactics of your sport, etc.

All means, methods and forms of conducting competitive struggle are set out in tactical terms.

Tactical plan is a program of basic actions for individual athletes or a team. It is compiled in the process of preparation for the competition and is finalized by the time the competition begins.

The tactical plan has the following sections:

1. The main task that is set for the athlete or team in these competitions.

2. The general form of tactical combat is active, passive, combined.

3. Distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the competition mode.

4. Distribution of forces during each performance (graph of the speed of the distance, tempo of the game, battle, duration and nature of the warm-up).

5. Possible switching from one type of tactics to another, directly during the competition due to possible changes in tasks.

6. Ways to disguise one’s own intentions (actions).

7.Data about opponents, strengths and weaknesses in their preparation.

8.Data about competition venues, weather, refereeing of upcoming competitions and spectators.

The tactical plan has main sections: a) the main task; b) general shape tactical combat (offensive, active-defensive, protective) and its variant in relation to the conditions of these competitions. In sports games, in addition, it is necessary to provide for a game system, combinations, and private techniques in the interaction of players. In other sports - the possibility of using group tactics and individual combinations and techniques; c) distribution of forces taking into account the intensity, duration and nature of loads and rest - competition mode; d) distribution of forces during each individual performance (speed graph, conditional graph, tempo of the game, duration and nature of the warm-up); e) possible switching from one tactic (or system) to another tactic (system) during the competition due to possible changes in the tasks and situation of tactical combat; f) ways and methods of masking one’s own intentions; g) data about the enemy, weaknesses and strengths in his preparation (physical, tactical, technical and volitional) and corresponding methods of attack (individual and group) and counteraction (active-defensive and defensive); h) information about competition venues, weather, judging, spectators, etc.

In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan of the team, a tactical plan can also be drawn up for individual players. Such a plan can be based on an analysis of the balance of forces of a combative pair (attack and defense).

The plan for the upcoming competition is drawn up by the athlete and the coach jointly, since the growth of the athlete’s tactical skill is impossible without his active participation in the preparation of tactical plans for the competition.

4. Psychological preparation

Under psychological preparation one should understand the totality of psychological and pedagogical measures and the corresponding conditions of sports activity and the life of athletes, aimed at developing in them such mental functions, processes, states and personality traits that ensure the successful solution of the tasks of training and participation in competitions.

Psychological training is usually divided into general and special. The essence general psychological training is that it is aimed at developing and improving in athletes exactly those mental functions and qualities that are necessary for successful training in their chosen sport, for each athlete to achieve the highest level of skill. This type of training also provides training in methods of active self-regulation of mental states in order to develop emotional stability to the extreme conditions of wrestling, develop the ability to quickly relieve the consequences of nervous and physical stress, arbitrarily control sleep patterns, etc.

General psychological preparation is carried out during the training process. It is carried out in parallel with technical and tactical training. But it can also be carried out outside of sports activities, when an athlete, independently or with someone’s help, specifically performs certain tasks in order to improve his mental processes, states, and personality traits.

Special psychological training is aimed mainly at developing the athlete’s psychological readiness to participate in a specific competition. Psychological readiness for competition is characterized (according to A.Ts. Puni) by an athlete’s self-confidence, the desire to fight to the end to achieve the intended goal, an optimal level of emotional arousal, a high degree of stability in relation to various unfavorable external and internal influences, the ability to arbitrarily control one’s actions, feelings, and behavior in the changing conditions of wrestling.

The components of psychological training are: mental qualities and processes that contribute to the mastery of technique and tactics; personality traits that ensure stable performance in competitions; high level of performance and mental activity in difficult training and competition conditions; stable positive mental states manifested in these conditions (P.A. Rudik, N.A. Khudatov).

The processes and qualities that contribute to the mastery of technique and control of motor actions include, in particular, finely developed muscle sensations and perceptions, allowing control over various parameters of movement; “feelings” of time, rhythm, tempo, distance; ability to navigate in space; highly developed qualities of attention (concentration, switching, distribution); perfect ideomotor skills; RAM; speed and accuracy of simple and complex reactions (reactions of choice, switching, prediction, reaction to a moving object, etc.). Mastery of tactics is facilitated by developed specific mental qualities: the ability to instantly analyze incoming information about the actions of opponents and make decisions adequate to the situation; flexibility of thinking, etc.

Psychological preparation for training process

Considering the training of an athlete in the psychological and pedagogical aspect, it is advisable, first of all, to dwell on the formation of motives that determine the attitude towards sports activity; nurturing the strong-willed qualities necessary for success in sports; improving specific mental abilities.

The sports activity of an individual athlete or team in any sport is always determined by certain motives that have both personal and social value. They act as internal stimulants of a person to activity. Unlike performance goals, which define what an athlete wants to do or achieve, motives explain why he wants to do this and achieve exactly this.

The motives for sports activities can be various interests, aspirations, drives, attitudes, ideals, etc.

For young athletes, as a rule, indirect motives for playing sports predominate - to be strong, healthy, agile, comprehensively physically developed, etc. With age and as achievements increase, these motives fade into the background, and direct motives for sports activities come to the fore - to perform sports category, become a master of sports, join the national team, achieve high results in all-Russian and international competitions, become a world or Olympic champion, receive large monetary rewards, etc. The significance of the specific motives that guide an athlete is of great practical importance for coaches and sports leaders, as it allows one to evaluate the personality traits manifested in these motives (curiosity, determination, patriotism , ambition, individualism, collectivism, camaraderie, etc.), and use them to educate an athlete.

The success of forming motivation for a long-term training process is facilitated by: setting far-reaching goals, forming and maintaining a mindset for success, the optimal ratio of rewards and punishments, the emotionality of training sessions, the development of sports traditions, making collective decisions, personality traits of the coach (G.D. Gorbunov).

In addition to ensuring the motivation of athletes, the coach must form a system of relationships with different aspects of the training process that ensure the success of sports activities. Elements of the system of attitudes of athletes to the training process are attitude to sports training in general, attitude to training and competitive loads, attitude to training sessions, attitude to the sports regime, etc.

An integral part General psychological preparation is volitional preparation.

Under by will is understood mental activity a person to control his actions, thoughts, experiences, body in order to achieve consciously set goals while overcoming various difficulties in the name of certain motives. The will develops and hardens in the process of overcoming difficulties that arise on the way to the goal.

Difficulties in sports are divided into subjective and objective. Subjective difficulties depend on the personality characteristics of a given athlete (character, temperament, etc.). These difficulties most often manifest themselves in negative emotional experiences (fear of the enemy, fear of injury, embarrassment in front of the public). Objective difficulties are caused by general and specific conditions of sports activity: strict adherence to the established regime, the public nature of competitive activity, intensive training sessions, participation in a large number of competitions, unfavorable weather, coordination complexity of exercises, etc.

The main volitional qualities in sports are purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, determination and courage, initiative and independence, endurance and self-control.

Determination is expressed in the ability to clearly determine the immediate and long-term tasks and goals of training, the means and methods of achieving them. In order to achieve the goals and objectives set for himself, the athlete plans them together with the coach. To implement these plans, evaluation of achieved results, coach control and self-control are of great importance.

Persistence and tenacity mean the desire to achieve the intended goal, energetic and active overcoming of obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. These volitional qualities are associated with the mandatory fulfillment of training and competition tasks, improvement of physical, technical and tactical training, and adherence to a constant strict regime. An athlete must attend all training sessions, be hardworking, not reduce his activity due to fatigue and unfavorable conditions, and fight to the end in competitions.

Initiative and independence imply creativity, personal initiative, resourcefulness and intelligence, and the ability to resist bad influences. An athlete must be able to independently perform and evaluate physical exercises, prepare for the next training session, analyze the work done, be critical of the judgments and actions of his teammates, and correct his own behavior.

Determination and courage is an expression of the athlete’s activity, his readiness to act without hesitation. These qualities imply timeliness, thoughtfulness decisions made, although in some cases the athlete may take certain risks.

Endurance and self-control mean the ability to think clearly, be self-critical, manage your actions and feelings in normal and unfavorable conditions, i.e. overcome confusion, fear, nervous excitement, be able to restrain yourself and your comrades from erroneous actions and actions.

All these qualities are interconnected, but the main thing, the leading one, is determination, which largely determines the level of education and the manifestation of other qualities. Volitional qualities with rational pedagogical guidance become permanent personality traits. This allows athletes to demonstrate them in work, education, social and other activities. Developing strong-willed qualities in athletes requires, first of all, setting clear and specific goals and objectives for them. In achieving their goals, athletes strain their will, develop volitional efforts, learn to overcome difficulties and manage their behavior. The main means of developing the volitional qualities of athletes is their systematic performance during training of exercises that require the use of volitional efforts specific to a given sport.

Any volitional action has an intellectual, moral and emotional basis (A.Ts. Puni). That is why volitional training should be based on the formation of moral feelings in athletes and the improvement of intellectual abilities, such as the breadth, depth and flexibility of the mind, independent thinking, etc.

It is necessary to cultivate strong-willed qualities in athletes systematically, taking into account the age and gender of the athletes, their physical and psychological capabilities. When cultivating strong-willed qualities in athletes, one should, first of all, take into account the characteristics of the chosen sport. Nurturing the strong-willed qualities of athletes is associated with the constant overcoming of objective and subjective difficulties. Increasing the complexity of the educational and training process, creating surmountable difficulties that require strong-willed efforts, struggling with “greenhouse” conditions, creating difficult situations during training sessions, bringing the training conditions as close as possible to competitive ones - these are the main requirements that make it possible to cultivate strong-willed qualities during the training process.

Psychological preparation for competitions

Psychological preparation for specific competitions is divided into early, starting about a month before the competition, and immediate, before the performance, during the competition and after its end.

Early pre-competition preparation involves: obtaining information about the conditions of the upcoming competition and the main competitors; obtaining information about the athlete’s level of training, characteristics of his personality and mental state at the current stage of preparation; determining the purpose of the performance, drawing up a program of action for upcoming competitions (taking into account available information); development detailed program psychological preparation for competitions and behavior, including the stage of the competitions themselves; development of a system for modeling the conditions of upcoming competitions; stimulation of the right personal and social motives for participation in competitions in accordance with the set goal, performance objectives and intended training program; organization of overcoming difficulties and obstacles in conditions simulating competitive activity, with a focus on improving the athlete’s volitional qualities, confidence and tactical thinking; creating conditions during the preparation process and using techniques to reduce the athlete’s mental tension.

Direct psychological preparation before the competition and during it includes mental adjustment and control of the mental state immediately before the performance; psychological impact during breaks between performances and organization of conditions for neuropsychological recovery; psychological impact during one performance, psychological impact after the end of the next performance. Psychological attunement before each performance should include an intellectual attunement for the performance, which consists in clarifying and detailing the upcoming sports struggle, and a volitional attunement associated with creating readiness for maximum effort and the manifestation of the necessary volitional qualities in the upcoming sports struggle, as well as a system of influences that reduce emotional tension athlete. Psychological impact during one performance includes: brief introspection (during breaks) and correction of behavior during the struggle; stimulation of volitional efforts, reduction of tension; psychological impact after the end of classification performances - normalization of mental state, elimination of emotions that interfere with an objective assessment of one’s capabilities, development of self-confidence; psychological impact during the break between individual performances - analysis of past performances; tentative programming of the next performance, taking into account the strengths of the opponents, restoring confidence; organizing conditions for neuropsychic recovery (reducing mental fatigue, reducing tension through the use of various means active rest, distractions, self-hypnosis, etc.).

The success of an athlete’s performance in competitions largely depends on the athlete’s ability to manage his mental state before and during the competition.

The mental state that occurs in athletes before competition is usually divided into four main types (Fig. 24.8):

1) optimal arousal - “combat readiness”. This state is characterized by the athlete’s self-confidence, calmness, and the desire to fight to achieve high results;

2) overexcitement - “pre-launch fever”. In this state, the athlete experiences excitement, panic, and anxiety for a favorable outcome of the competition;

3) insufficient excitement - “pre-launch apathy”. In this state, the athlete experiences lethargy, drowsiness, decreased technical and tactical capabilities, etc.;

4) inhibition due to overexcitation. In this case, apathy, mental and physical lethargy are observed, and sometimes neurotic states occur. The athlete realizes the uselessness of obsessive thoughts and the fear of not showing the planned result, but cannot get rid of it.

As a rule, the state of combat readiness contributes to the achievement of high results, and the other three hinder it. In this regard, the coach and athlete may face four main tasks before the competition:

2. Reduce the level of emotional arousal - if the athlete is in a state of “pre-race fever”.

3. Increase the emotional tone of the athlete and the level of his activity - if the athlete is in a state of “pre-race apathy”.

4. Change the level of emotional arousal - if the athlete is in a state of inhibition due to overexcitation.

For this purpose, various means, methods and techniques are used to influence the athlete’s psyche, as well as the appropriate organization of the educational and training process.

To reduce the level of emotional arousal, the following are usually used:

A) verbal influences from the trainer, helping to calm the athlete and relieve the state of uncertainty - explanation, persuasion, approval, praise, etc. They are recommended to be carried out several days before the start of the competition. Sports practice shows that on the day of competition, especially before the start, these influences do not have a positive effect, and sometimes cause harm;

b) self-influence (auto-influence) of an athlete - self-persuasion, self-soothing, self-hypnosis, self-orders to reduce mental tension. For example, self-orders such as “calm down”, “pull yourself together”, “everything is fine”, “well done”, etc. are widely used.

V) switching attention and thoughts to objects that cause positive emotional reactions in athletes - reading humorous literature, watching movies, TV shows;

G) fixing thoughts and visual sensations in pictures of nature, listening to music through headphones;

d) calming autogenic training;

e) soothing massage;

and) calming warm-up(with a predominance of exercises performed smoothly, slowly, etc.);

h) special visual exercises, aimed at reducing mental stress (voluntary regulation of breathing by changing the intervals of inhalation and exhalation, holding the breath).

To increase the level of excitement in order to mobilize before upcoming performances and tune in for maximum performance in competitions, the same methods are used, which, however, have the opposite (according to the results of the impact) direction. Thus, the coach’s verbal influence (persuasion, praise, demand, etc.) should help increase mental tension, concentration, etc.

Verbal and figurative self-influences in this case come down to concentrating thoughts on achieving victory, a high result, setting up for maximum use of one’s technical, tactical and physical capabilities, self-orders such as “give everything - just win”, “mobilize everything you can”, etc. d. "Tonic" movements are also used; voluntary regulation of breathing using short-term hyperventilation; warm-up with imitation of efforts, throws; massage and self-massage (warm-ups, rubbing, effleurage); exposure to cold stimuli on local areas of the body. Of the psychoprophylactic methods of influence, primarily autogenic training, activating therapy and inspired sleep-rest are used.

The selection of means and methods for regulating the emotional state of athletes should be carried out in accordance with their individual characteristics (manifestation of strength, mobility and balance of the nervous system, level of emotional excitability, the nature of its visual, muscular-motor representations, age, preparedness, etc.).

The state of inhibition due to overexcitation and the state of insufficient excitation with external, often identical, manifestation require in various ways regulation (which even experienced trainers do not always take into account). To eliminate the state of inhibition, an attentive and calm attitude towards the athlete is required, reducing his excitement, low-intensity warm-up (preferably secluded), a warm shower, psychoregulatory influences, etc.

5. Intellectual preparation

It is aimed at understanding the essence of sports activity, directly related phenomena, processes and at the development of intellectual abilities, without which it is impossible to achieve high sports results (L.P. Matveev).

Intellectual abilities are not only the athlete’s readiness to assimilate and use knowledge and experience in organizing behavior and sports activities, but also the ability to think independently, creatively, and productively.

As the level of sports achievements increases, the requirements for the athlete’s intellectual abilities also increase, which develop and improve only to the extent that the athlete is intellectually active. This implies the need for special organization and targeted stimulation of the athlete’s intellectual activity.

In the intellectual abilities of an athlete, some components can be identified that are of significant importance in all sports and at the same time manifest themselves to varying degrees, depending on the specifics of the sports specialization.

In the structure of an athlete’s intellectual abilities, the leading components are: the ability to concentrate attention on the knowledge of patterns sports training and effective problem solving during training and competitions, the ability to quickly assimilate special knowledge and operate with it during sports activities, the ability to quickly process information obtained as a result of observations, perceptions, and implement it in appropriate actions; the ability to memorize, preserve and reproduce information; the ability of thinking, which ensures the productivity of an athlete’s mental activity, especially in difficult situations (speed and flexibility of thought processes, independence of thinking, breadth and depth of mind, consistency of thought, etc.); the ability to act and make decisions with some anticipation of expected events.

Intellectual preparation is directly related to the formation of athletes’ motivation, their volitional and special psychological preparation, training in sports techniques and tactics, and the development of physical abilities. Being closely related to other components sportsmanship, it includes two important sections: intellectual (theoretical) education and the development of intellectual abilities.

Knowledge of ideological, motivational and ethical nature, i.e. knowledge that forms a correct view of the world as a whole, allows us to comprehend the essence of sports activity; the social and personal meaning of sport in general and high achievement sports in particular;

* knowledge that contributes to the development of sustainable motives and rules of behavior;

* knowledge that constitutes the scientific basis of athlete training (principles and laws of sports training, natural science and humanitarian foundations of sports activities, etc.);

* applied sports knowledge, including information about the rules sports competitions, sports technique and tactics of the chosen sport, criteria for their effectiveness and ways of mastering, means and methods of physical and psychological preparation, methods of training, extra-training factors of sports training, requirements for organizing the general regime of life and nutrition, rehabilitation measures, rules of control and self-control , material, technical, organizational and methodological conditions for sports, etc.

The complex of knowledge listed above constitutes the subject of theoretical education and self-education of an athlete. The transfer and assimilation of knowledge in the process of theoretical studies occurs in the same forms that are characteristic of mental education (lectures, seminars, conversations, independent study of literature). Directly during theoretical classes, theoretical training is aimed at developing in athletes a conscious and active attitude towards performing training tasks, providing an increase in the level of physical, technical, tactical, psychological preparedness, the choice of rational methods of competitive struggle in competition conditions, etc.

The development of intellectual abilities that meet the specific requirements of the chosen sport is carried out by performing special tasks and methods of organizing classes that encourage the athlete to be creative when creating new variants of movement techniques, developing original competition tactics, and improving training means and methods.

6. Integral preparation

Integral training is aimed at combining and comprehensively implementing various components of an athlete’s preparedness - technical, physical, tactical, psychological, intellectual in the process of training and competitive activity. The fact is that each of the aspects of preparedness is formed by narrowly targeted means and methods. This leads to the fact that individual qualities, abilities and skills demonstrated in training exercises often cannot be demonstrated in competitive exercises. Therefore, a special section of training is needed to ensure consistency and effectiveness of the comprehensive manifestation of all aspects of preparedness in competitive activity.

As a main means integral training speakers:

Competitive exercises of the chosen sport, performed under competition conditions of various levels;

Special preparatory exercises that are as close as possible in structure and nature of the demonstrated abilities to competitive ones. It is important to comply with the conditions of the competition.

In any sport, integral training is one of the important factors in acquiring and improving sportsmanship. For example, in sports games, to play well, a team must play a lot throughout the year. Performing exercises on technique, or developing strength, or improving flexibility, or improving individual tactical elements, etc. cannot replace training and competitive games. Only in games are the capabilities of each athlete fully revealed, the connection and understanding between them is established and consolidated, technical and tactical skills are improved, the harmonious development of all organs and systems of the body, mental qualities and personality traits is ensured in accordance with the requirements of the complex competitive environment characteristic of this sport. sports

Special attention Integral training is also given to martial arts. In fencing, boxing, and all types of wrestling, it is impossible to prepare an athlete without combat practice in many competitions.

The importance of integral training is not so great for athletes specializing in cyclic sports, in which the total number of technical techniques and tactical actions is generally limited, and the main volume of training work of a cyclic nature in form, structure, and peculiarities of the functioning of body systems is as close as possible to competitive work.

In the process of integral training, along with the general focus, which provides for the comprehensive improvement of all aspects of preparedness, it is advisable to highlight a number of particular areas related to the associated improvement of several components of the athlete’s readiness to achieve - physical and technical, technical and tactical, physical and tactical, physical and psychological, etc.

To increase the effectiveness of integral training, various methodological techniques are used. These include: facilitating, complicating and complicating the conditions for performing actual competitive exercises. So, to speed up the pace of tennis, games can be played on wooden courts, where the ball bounces at a higher speed, and therefore the athlete must react faster. To make it more difficult - on grass courts, where the ball can bounce in an unpredictable direction. For difficulty - a weighted racket and a ball with a camouflage color (E.V. Korbut).

physical psychological tactical training athlete

Systematic physical exercises with the aim of achieving individual maximum results in these exercises are associated with the concept of “sport” and “sports training”.

Many students engage in a particular sport and achieve high results. A high sports result is always a huge amount of work, the presence strong will in humans, a reasonable organization of lifestyle.

In addition, the athlete must have a good understanding of all the complex processes that arise in the body under the influence of training loads and other environmental factors. The main forms of training are: training lesson (training), competitions, additional classes(exercise, independent training, rehabilitation measures, etc.).

• ? physical training;
• ? technical training;
• ? tactical training;
• ? psychological preparation;
• ? theoretical (integral) training.

Each section has its own objectives, certain means and methods are used, which are determined by the type of sport, the level of preparedness of the athlete, age, calendar of sports competitions, and conditions. At the same time, the content of sports training (sections) also has a number of general provisions, fair for all sports and any contingent. Let's briefly look at these provisions.

Technical training

The main task of technical training is to master motor skills in the chosen specialization, bringing them to a high degree of stability and rational variability. What is the technique for performing this or that exercise? This is the most rational way to achieve best result. Technical execution of the exercise is the most economical, aesthetic and effective movement.

In the technique of any motor action, one can distinguish: the basis of the technique, the main link (or links) in the base and the details of the technique. For example, a running long jump using the scissors method. The technique of this jump consists of a run-up, take-off, flight phase and landing - this is the basis of the technique. The main link is repulsion; the details of the technique are the individual characteristics of performing the basics. One athlete develops his own run-up rhythm, another has a difference in the flight phase, etc.

Technical training also distinguishes between general technical training - mastery of a variety of motor skills and abilities that generalize the motor arsenal that contributes to the development of coordination, and special technical training - all motor actions that make up the chosen sport, mastery of these skills, improving them taking into account the individual characteristics of each athlete . The more complex the sport is in coordination, the greater the importance of technical training at all stages of the training process.

Tactical training

The content of sports training includes such a section as tactics (a method of conducting sports combat). In tactical training, there are theoretical and practical parts. By studying ways to achieve victories or the reasons for defeat not only of our own performances, but also of leading athletes and our rivals, we develop so-called “tactical thinking.” A high level of tactical thinking allows the athlete to take into account two types of factors in a timely manner:

• ? conditions of specific competitions;
• ? strong and weak sides your opponent and your own.

Based on the theoretical conclusions obtained, a

tactical plan for a specific competition. Thus, in tactical training, we can conditionally distinguish general tactical training (most often theoretical) and special tactical training - a plan for performing for each specific competition and even in one competition, a plan for fighting a specific opponent.

• 1) improvement in the distribution of forces during competitions (uniform, uneven, starting acceleration, finishing acceleration, etc.);
• 2) improvement in the flexible use of technical techniques: have in stock a technique that is unexpected for the opponent, a “crown” element or number;
• 3) improvement in interactions with partners on the team (game sports), playing technical techniques, combinations, combinations specific for specific players, unexpected replacement of players, etc.;
• 4) improvement in expedient switching, most often associated with the ability to impose one’s tactics on the opponent, unexpectedly moving from defensive actions to attack or active defense.

By nature, tactical combat can be aimed, as indicated above, at organizing defense, attack, or active defense. There are also individual, group and team tactical wrestling.

The role of tactical training in different sports is not the same. Tactical training plays a leading role in gaming, team competitions. The closer the contact with the opponent, the more complex and important the tactical training, and all other sections of training are subordinated to it.

Psychological preparation

Other things being equal in modern sports the one who wins stronger character, knows how to tune in to the fight, does not succumb to the bitterness of failures, or, conversely, is able not to get sick with “star fever”. All these features are associated with the psychological preparation of the athlete.

To perform successfully in competitions, you must be able to achieve an optimal fighting state. It consists of three components:

• 1) physical condition ( physical fitness), which is mainly achieved by warming up;
• 2) emotional state (psychological readiness for competitions, achieving readiness to go to the start line, start techniques, etc.);
• 3) mental (the result of ideomotor training).

To achieve an optimal combat state (OBS), three tuning formulas are recommended (but to A.V. Alekseev):

• 1. “Any difficulties or obstacles mobilize me.”
• 2. “To be able to add at the end is to finish.” (At maximum effort, approximately 70% of physical reserves are used and only 5% of mental reserves are used.)
• 3. “Competitions are a holiday for me.”

The ability to mobilize as much as possible and relax as much as possible (self-regulation) is the key to successful performance in any competition.

Psychological preparation is closely related to intellectual (theoretical) preparation. The relationship between physical and mental state was mentioned above. It is only necessary to especially emphasize the enormous importance of self-education in the preparation of an athlete.

Self-education is the activity of an object aimed at improving one’s personality in three areas: intellectual, emotional and physical.

One of the ways of self-education is an individual’s assessment of his capabilities, qualities, and place among other people (self-esteem).

Self-esteem is a regulator of individual behavior; it is associated with the level of aspirations, i.e. the degree of difficulty of the goals that the individual sets for himself. The discrepancy between aspirations and a person’s real capabilities leads to inappropriate behavior, hence emotional breakdowns, the appearance of increased anxiety and uncertainty.

In addition to self-assessment, such techniques as self-commitment, self-report, self-control, and reflection on one’s own activities and behavior are used.

Self-education and self-education are necessary components of a creative personality. A high sports result is always a search, always creativity, always hard, long-term work.

Questions and tasks for self-control

• 1. What is the health value of general physical fitness?
• 2. Why is general physical fitness basic for playing sports?
• 3. What types of preparation does the sports training process include?
• 4. Expand the concept of self-esteem as a regulator of the behavior of athletes and athletes.

There are general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

The following tasks are solved in the process of general technical training:

1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides solutions to the following tasks:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To develop new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique using the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence These include:

a) conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;

b) demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, VCRs
records, etc.;

d) use of subject and other reference points;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, emergency devices
no information.

Means and methods based on the athlete performing any physical exercises In this case the following applies:

a) general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master times
diverse skills and abilities that are the foundation for professional development
one hundred technical skills in the chosen sport;

b) special preparatory and competitive exercises. They
aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

c) methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are directed
to master, correct, consolidate and improve technology
integral motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements
cops;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game,
competitive and other methods that mainly promote
improvement and stabilization of movement techniques.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in annual and multi-year training cycles.

Stages and content of technical training in multi-year and annual training cycles

The process of technical training is carried out throughout the athlete’s long-term training.

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

Stages of technical training in the process of long-term training

Rice. 24.2. Stages and direction of technical training in the process of long-term training

1. Stage of basic technical training.

2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and achievement of the highest sports and technical mastery.

3. The stage of maintaining sports and technical skills.
The main focus of technical training at each stage

can be represented in the form of the following diagram (Fig. 24.2).

Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.

Therefore, the structure, specific content and methodology of the athlete’s technical training at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often this is most clearly expressed in preparation highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginning athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transition periods. They have it all year round training sessions are of a preparatory nature.

It follows that the process of mastering and improving movement techniques within the annual training cycle among qualified athletes largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, preservation and further development sports uniform.

In this regard, in the annual cycle there are 3 stages of technical preparation: 1) search; 2) stabilization; 3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).

Technical training at the 1st stage is aimed at developing a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improving the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period. At the 2nd stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of holistic skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period. At the 3rd stage, technical training is aimed at improving the developed skills, increasing the range of their appropriate variability (variability), stability (resilience), and reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparatory period and extends to the competitive period as a whole. The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are (V.I. Dyachkov, L.P. Matveev, V.N. Platonov):

1) achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills that form the basis of technical techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;

2) partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of kinematics or dynamics of individual parts of the skill from the point of view of the achievements of modern science and the requirements of sports practice.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercise in various conditions of the body are used; to solve the second - a method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of associated influences.

The method of complicating the external situation when performing technical techniques is implemented in a number of methodological techniques.

1. The methodical technique of resisting a fictitious opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of fighting against a simulated opponent help the athlete improve the structure and rhythm of performing a technique, and quickly achieve stability and effectiveness. It also provides a high density of load in the lesson and is an effective psychological factor for instilling self-confidence, for cultivating courage and determination.

2. Methodological reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. So, in figure skating A jump of one and a half revolutions (“Axel”) is improved first from a simple run-up, and then from the “ship” position. In diving, the height of the springboard is reduced. Football players are invited to kick and head a ball flying along a complex trajectory, etc.

3. Methodical technique maximum speed and accuracy of actions. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high tempo of punches over a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run-up is performed on a slightly inclined track. In football, the approach between partners is used when passing the ball with constant force, etc.

4. The methodological technique of limiting the space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. Thus, in skiing, a complex route includes slopes with a closed turn, which limits the time for choosing a turn of a certain radius. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. Boxing uses a smaller ring, etc.

5. A methodical technique for performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing the training conditions ( natural conditions, equipment, inventory), contributes to the improvement of one or more characteristics of movement technique (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.). For example, in athletics running or jumping run-up is carried out against a strong wind, on moist soil, and in cross-country skiing - moving on an icy track.

The method of exercise for conditions of the athlete’s body that make it difficult to perform technical actions is also implemented in a variety of techniques.

1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered technique exercises after physical activity large volume and intensity. Thus, in gymnastics, at the end of the lesson, the athlete performs the most difficult combination “for technique”; in cross-country skiing, technique on slopes with different terrain is improved after covering a distance exceeding the competitive one, at a speed close to the competitive one. This technique affects the central nervous system the body is under great stress and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.

2. The methodological method of performing actions in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game methods into performing technical exercises.

3. The methodological technique of periodically turning off or limiting visual control allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to sensitively perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements based on kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the progress of the boat and make it easier to control the stability of the skill using “muscle feeling.”

4. The methodological method of creating a working environment sets the athlete up for mandatory performance of an improved technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. Thus, in a training fight, the fencer receives the instruction to concentrate attention primarily on technical techniques of defense or, conversely, on attacking techniques.

The method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques. Here are some of them.

1. Methodological technique for isolating an element of action. For example, in boxing the following are distinguished: an accentuated striking movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, a rotational movement of the body and shoulder girdle followed by the connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.

2. Methodological technique of reduction muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in a motor skill, control the coordination of movements (via a feedback mechanism), which accelerates the process of improvement. Thus, in wrestling, an opponent of lighter weight is selected; in boxing, athletes perform exercises in light training gloves.

3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the required amplitude of movement, tempo, rhythm, and activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, in figure skating on ice, the longitudinal axis of the figure is first drawn and guide flags are installed. For the javelin thrower, a straight line is drawn, strictly along which he performs a run-up.

The method of conjugate influences is implemented in sports training mainly using two techniques.

1. The methodological approach of specialized dynamic exercises is based on the mutual development of physical abilities and improvement of motor skills. This is achieved by selecting special exercises. Thus, in swimming, fins and paddles are used on the hands to create additional resistance during stroke movements. In athletics, jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.

2. The methodical method of specialized isometric exercises involves the use isometric exercises at certain articular angles characteristic of the technical technique. For example, in weightlifting isometric stress the athlete performs in a low sitting position with leg flexion angles less than 90 degrees.

Physical training

Related information.

Introduction

Today success in big sport can only be achieved by those athletes who have a high level of physical, technical, tactical, moral and volitional preparedness combined with a sufficiently high theoretical preparedness.

Nurturing the intellectual abilities necessary in the chosen sport, as well as acquiring the necessary knowledge, allows young athletes to correctly assess the social significance of sports activities and determine their attitude towards it, understand the objective laws of sports training as a pedagogical phenomenon, consciously relate to classes, fulfillment of the coach’s tasks, etc. demonstrate greater independence and creativity in training and competitions.

Every year the level of requirements for an athlete’s intelligence increases. Intellectual abilities influence both the educational and training process (especially the process of learning movement techniques, mastering tactics, etc.) and the results of performances in competitions. In sports games, this is expressed, for example, in the gaming culture of athletes, the speed of execution of technical and tactical actions, the degree of concentration, perception and processing of information, creative implementation of planned tactical combinations, etc. Therefore, deep theoretical training aimed at developing intelligence is necessary considered as one of the important components athlete training.

We see the practical significance of the proposed work in the possibility of using its materials by all participants related to the preparation of sports activities.

All of the above gives grounds to conclude about the importance of this work for every person associated with sports activities, about the need to increase the level of knowledge of athletes in order to achieve highest result sporting achievement.

The work has the following main tasks:

1. Promoting harmonious physical development, comprehensive physical training and health promotion of students.

2. Preparing the athlete for high qualifications

3. Training the athlete's strong-willed qualities: Purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, initiative and independence, determination and courage, endurance and self-control.

4. Regulation of the level of emotional arousal in young athletes before competitions.

The work consists of two chapters, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of references.

Sports and technical training

Definition of the concept. The role of sports equipment in various sports. Technical training of an athlete is the process of teaching the technique of movements characteristic of a given sport and necessary in it.

There are general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities from auxiliary sports, special technical training is aimed at achieving technical mastery in the chosen sport. It must be kept in mind that “sports technique” is understood as a certain way of performing a motor action, which is characterized by a varying degree of effective use by the athlete of his motor capabilities to achieve a sports result.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is different. Based on the characteristics of motor activity and methods of assessing sports achievements, the following groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique are distinguished.

Speed-strength types (sprinting, throwing, jumping, lifting barbells, etc.) - Feature These types are short duration and maximum power of effort. The technique is aimed at providing the athlete with the opportunity, in the process of solving a motor task, to develop the most powerful efforts in the main phase of movement, in the right direction, with full use of internal and external forces acting on his body.

Sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling etc.) The technology is aimed at economizing consumption physical strength and increasing the efficiency of optimal work effort.

Sports related to the evaluation of the results of competitions for the accuracy and expressiveness of movements according to a given program (artistic gymnastics, figure skating skating, etc.). Technique here acquires an independent role, becoming the subject of assessment of sports achievement. Physical training plays a supporting role here and serves only to improve movement techniques.

Types characterized by the active interaction of athletes (personal and team nature) under variable conditions of motor activity (boxing, wrestling, basketball and football, etc.). The technology is designed to solve a number of the following complex problems: increasing the efficiency of using maximum effort, economizing work effort, increasing the speed and accuracy of actions in the changing environment of wrestling.

Features of initial training in sports technology in childhood and adolescence Maznichenko.V.D. Movement training. -In the book: Theory and methods of physical education. Under general Ed. L.P. Matveeva; A.D Novikova. FiS 1976, p. 141-168.. Technical training is associated with the formation of motor skills and abilities in young athletes, as well as relevant special knowledge. The process of developing motor skills in children, just like in adults, proceeds through phases (stages), according to which a number of relatively completed stages of learning a separate motor action can be distinguished. Conventionally, there are three stages in constructing the process of learning movements: 1) initial learning; 2) in-depth, detailed learning; 3) consolidation and further improvement of motor action (V.D. Maznichenko, 1976).

The goal of the 1st stage of training is to study the basis of the technique of motor action, to develop the ability to perform it in a “rough” form, the 2nd is to bring the initial “rough” mastery of the action technique to relatively perfect, and the 3rd is to ensure perfect mastery of the technique actions in competitive conditions. Age characteristics the formation of motor skills in children and adolescents is manifested mainly in the nature of the phases at each stage of the process of learning physical exercise techniques (V.I. Filipovich, 1964).

At the 1st stage, the process of developing a motor skill in children, as a rule, is the least lengthy. With a rational teaching method, young athletes relatively successfully master the basics of movement techniques, provided that the exercise being learned is feasible from the point of view of their physical capabilities. However, compared to adults, in children the initial phase of skill formation proceeds somewhat more slowly: the lack of motor experience and a less developed ability to analyze and synthesize motor ideas are reflected.

The duration of the initial training stage depends on the nature of the exercise, its coordination complexity, and rhythm.

Initial learning of movement techniques is provided by a wide range of methods and techniques: actual visual demonstration of exercise techniques, orientation, “feeling” movements, “fixing positions,” “urgent information,” etc.

The most labor-intensive is the 2nd stage of training. Differentiation of movements, which requires a certain concentration and adjustment, is a difficult task for children and adolescents. Therefore, in order to achieve relative improvement in movement technique, it requires relatively big number repetitions of exercises.

Beginning young athletes are usually unable to focus on several details of movement technique at the same time. Therefore, the correction of errors and inaccuracies must be strictly consistent. At this stage, holistic exercise methods with selective development of movement techniques are widely used.

At the 3rd stage of training, it is necessary that the motor skills acquired by young athletes do not turn into dynamic stereotypes, since the technique of movements with age and growth sports qualification will change significantly primarily depending on changes in body size, development of strength, speed, endurance and other physical qualities. At this stage of training, it is especially important to achieve a rational combination of standard (uniform, repeated, etc.) and variable (variable, game, etc.) methods.

Objectives, content, methods of technical training in the process of developing sports skills Improving the technical skills of athletes. M., FiS, 1972. Improvement of sports technique is carried out throughout the long-term training of young athletes, which is aimed at improving technical skills in their chosen sport. Technical mastery should be understood as perfect mastery of the most rational movement technique when set to the maximum in conditions of intense sports competition (V.D. Dyachkov, 1972). There are 3 stages of improving technical skills: 1) search; 2) stabilization; 3) adaptive (adaptive) improvement.

Technical training at the 1st stage is aimed at developing a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improving the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) individual movements that are part of competitive actions. At the 2nd stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of holistic skills of competitive actions. At the 3rd stage, technical training is aimed at improving the developed skills, increasing the range of their appropriate variability (variability), stability (resilience), and reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are (V. M. Dyachkov, 1967):

1) achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills that form the basis of technical techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;

2) partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of kinematics or dynamics of individual parts of the skill from the point of view of the achievements of modern science and the requirements of sports practice.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the following are used: a method of complicating the external situation, a method of exercise in various conditions of the body; to solve the second - a method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions, the method of associated influences.

The method of complicating the external situation when performing technical techniques is implemented in a number of methodological techniques.

1. The methodical technique of resisting a fictitious opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of fighting against a simulated opponent help the athlete improve the structure and rhythm of performing a technique, and quickly achieve stability and effectiveness. It also provides a high density of load in the lesson and is an effective psychological factor for instilling self-confidence, for cultivating courage and determination.

2. Methodological reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. So, in figure skating, a one-and-a-half-turn jump (“axel”) is improved first from a simple run-up, and then from the “boat” position. In diving, the height of the springboard is reduced. Football players are invited to kick and head a ball flying along a complex trajectory, etc.

3. A methodical technique for performing actions with maximum speed and accuracy. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high rate of punches over a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run-up is performed on a slightly inclined track. In football, the approach between partners is used when passing the ball with constant force, etc.

4. The methodological technique of limiting the space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. Thus, in skiing, a complex route includes slopes with a closed turn, which limits the time for choosing a turn of a certain radius. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. Boxing uses a smaller ring, etc.

5. A methodological technique for performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing training conditions (natural conditions, equipment, inventory), helps to improve one or more characteristics of movement technique (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.). For example, in athletics, running or jumping takes place against a strong wind, on moist soil, and in cross-country skiing, movement is carried out on an icy track.

The method of exercise for conditions of the athlete’s body that make it difficult to perform technical actions is also implemented in a variety of techniques.

1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered technique exercises after physical activity of large volume and intensity. Thus, in gymnastics, at the end of the lesson, the athlete performs the most difficult combination “for technique”; in cross-country skiing, technique on slopes with different terrain is improved after covering a distance exceeding the competitive one, at a speed close to the competitive one. This technique puts a large load on the central nervous system of the body and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.

2. The methodological technique of performing an action in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game moments into the performance of technique exercises.

3. The methodological technique of periodically turning off or limiting vision allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to sensitively perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements based on kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the progress of the boat and make it easier to control the stability of the skill using “muscle feeling.”

4. The methodological method of creating a working environment sets the athlete up for mandatory performance of an improved technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. Thus, in a training fight, the fencer receives the instruction to concentrate attention primarily on technical techniques of defense or, conversely, on attacking techniques.

The method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques. Here are some of them.

1. Methodological technique for calculating an action element. For example, in boxing the following are distinguished: an accentuated striking movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, a rotational movement of the torso and shoulder girdle with the subsequent connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.

2. A methodical technique for reducing muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in a motor skill, control the coordination of movements (via a feedback mechanism), which accelerates the process of improvement. This is how in wrestling an opponent of lighter weight is selected; in boxing, athletes perform exercises in light training gloves.

3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the required amplitude of movements, tempo, rhythm, and activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, in figure skating on ice, the longitudinal axis of the figure is first drawn and guide flags are installed. For the javelin thrower, a straight line is drawn strictly along which he performs a run-up.

The method of conjugate influences is implemented in sports training mainly using two techniques.

1. Methodological reception of specialized dynamic exercises based on the mutual development of physical qualities and improvement of motor skills. This is achieved by selecting special exercises. Thus, in swimming, fins and paddles are used on the hands to create additional resistance during stroke movements. In athletics, jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.

2. The methodical technique of specialized isometric exercises involves the use of isometric exercises in certain joint angles, characteristic of the technique. For example, in weightlifting, an athlete performs isometric stress in a low sitting position with leg flexion angles less than 90°.

The concept of technical training of an athlete. The place and importance of sports equipment in various sports

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports technique is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques.

• 1. Speed-strength types. In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of a competitive exercise, for example, during take-off in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in throwing a javelin, discus, etc. .d.
• 2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance. Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete's body.
• 3. Sports based on the art of movement. The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.
• 4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability of the athlete’s actions in the constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. This type is typical for the game volleyball

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can perform and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery. The criteria for technical mastery are:

• - volume of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
• - versatility of technology - the degree of diversity of technical techniques. So, in sports games this is the ratio of the frequency of using different gaming techniques. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions - sport games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.
• - the effectiveness of mastery of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of proximity of the sports technique to the individually optimal option.

The effectiveness of technology is assessed in several ways:

• - comparing it with some biomechanical standard. If a technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is considered the most effective;
• - comparison of the assessed movement technique with the technique of highly qualified athletes;
• - comparison of sports results with results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the motor potential of an athlete - strength, speed-strength, etc. For example, a 30-meter run is performed from a low and then a high start. The time difference will characterize the effectiveness of the low start technique;
• - comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and effort when performing a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the efficiency of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.

Mastery of movement techniques. This criterion shows how a given technical action is memorized and consolidated. For well-mastered movements the following are typical:

• - stability of sports results and a number of characteristics of movement technique when performed under standard conditions;
• - stability (relatively small variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s condition changes, the opponent’s actions change in difficult conditions);
• - maintaining motor skills during breaks in training;
• - automation of actions.

Types, tasks, means, methods and stages of technical training of an athlete

There are general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

The following tasks are solved in the process of general technical training:

• 1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.
• 2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training. Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides solutions to the following tasks:
• 1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.
• 2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.
• 3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.
• 4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).
• 5. To develop new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique based on the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence include:

• 1. conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;
• 2. demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;
• 3. demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;
• 4. use of subject and other reference points;
• 5. sound and light-leading;
• 6. various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods based on the athlete performing any physical exercises. In this case the following applies:

• 1. general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills and abilities that are the foundation for the growth of technical skill in your chosen sport;
• 2. special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;
• 3. methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, consolidating and improving the technique of a holistic motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements;
• 4. uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique. The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.

The process of technical training is carried out throughout the athlete’s long-term training.

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

• 1. Stage of basic technical training.
• 2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and achievement of the highest sports and technical mastery.
• 3. The stage of maintaining sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4 - 6 annual cycles, the second - 6 - 8, the third - 4 - 6.

Therefore, the structure, specific content and methodology of the athlete’s technical training at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often, this is most clearly expressed in the training of highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginning athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transition periods. Their training sessions throughout the year are of a preparatory nature.

It follows that the process of mastering and improving movement techniques within the annual training cycle among qualified athletes largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, maintenance and further development of sports form.

In this regard, there are 3 stages of technical training in the annual cycle:

• 1) search;
• 2) stabilization;
• 3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).

Technical training at the 1st stage is aimed at developing a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improving the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period. At the 2nd stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of holistic skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period. At the 3rd stage, technical training is aimed at improving the developed skills, increasing the range of their appropriate variability (variability), stability (resilience), and reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparatory period and extends to the competitive period as a whole. The main objectives of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are. (V.I. Dyachkov, L.P. Matveev, V.N. Platonov):

• 1. achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills that form the basis of technical techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;
• 2. partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of kinematics or dynamics of individual parts of the skill from the point of view of the achievements of modern science and the requirements of sports practice.

To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercise in various conditions of the body are used; to solve the second - a method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of associated influences.