Working on technology. The importance of the level of development of an athlete’s motor qualities for technical mastery Types of technical training in sports

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1. Objectives and content

2.1 Preliminary notes

Bibliography

1. Objectives and content

"Technical training" An athlete is called teaching him the basics of the technique of actions performed in competitions or serving as training tools, and improving selected forms of sports technique. Like any worthwhile training, technical training The athlete represents the process of managing the formation of knowledge, abilities and skills (in this case, knowledge, abilities and skills related to the technique of motor actions).

When talking about “sports equipment,” we must distinguish between two meanings of this term. Firstly, an ideal “model” of competitive action (mental or described in words, in graphic, mathematical or other form), developed on the basis of practical experience or theoretically (“model of sports technique”). Secondly, the athlete’s actually developing (or already formed) way of performing a competitive action, which is characterized by one or another degree of effective use by the athlete of his capabilities to achieve a sports result. Sports technique as a way of performing individual competitive actions is directly related to sports tactics as a general way of combining the entire set of these actions in order to achieve a competitive goal (i.e. a form of organization competitive activity generally). The differences between these concepts are not absolute. During the competition sports equipment practically inseparable from tactics, which is expressed in the concept of “technical-tactical actions.”

Existing views on sports and technical skill are associated with the assumption that in the process sports improvement the athlete's technique should approach some ideal that reflects the most effective ways performing sports activities. True, the search for a standard of ideal technique has so far led to the identification of only some biomechanical laws of sports activities. In practice, the coach and athlete always face the problem of developing and correcting specific models of sports equipment that would correspond to their individual morpho-functional characteristics and planned achievements. Moreover, the real forms of actions mastered by an athlete at the beginning of a sports career cannot completely coincide with the models of technique suitable for subsequent stages, since the technique of movements is decisively determined by the degree of development of the physical and mental qualities of the athlete, which naturally change in the process of sports improvement. In accordance with their change, the forms must also change individual equipment. This means that the athlete’s technical training does not have an “end point”: it is carried out throughout sports activities.

The most common criterion for the effectiveness of sports equipment is determined by the difference between the actual sports result and the calculated result that the athlete could show if he had fully used his physical capabilities. To quantify the degree of perfection of technology according to this criterion, a number of measurement and calculation procedures have been developed, which are used in cases where a sports result can be objectively measured. For example, the technical efficiency coefficient is calculated - KHP (V.M. Dyachkov) using the formula:

Where W-- the motor potential of an athlete, identified through special tests and calculations, h-- calculated sports indicator. Obviously, the more fully an athlete uses his motor potential, the more perfect his technique.

Quite a lot of private indicators of the effectiveness of technology in individual sports are also used, for example:

in weightlifting - the height of the barbell at the moment of squatting (all other things being equal, the lower this height, the more “technically” the athlete performs this phase of the exercise - (A.V. Chernyak);

in the race long distances-- the ratio of the duration of the flight and support phases of the running step or the ratio between the frequency and length of steps (Yu. Tyurin);

in acrobatics - the difference in the time spent in flight when performing simple and complex acrobatic jumps (the smaller it is, the better the technique - L.M. Raitsin, B.A. Burakov).

It is more difficult to determine the overall effectiveness of technique in sports where results are not yet measured by objective quantitative measures. To judge it, here we use expert estimates (for example, in points), calculated estimates entered according to particular indicators of the effectiveness of actions in competitions (for example, attacking actions in games, martial arts), as well as biomechanical analysis based on the comparison of individual parameters of movement technique with reference values, and other methods.

The criteria for sports and technical mastery are, at the same time, indicators of reliability of equipment, volume (quantity) and variety of mastered techniques. The simplest indicator of the reliability of a technique can be the percentage of successful and unsuccessful attempts in the total number of attempts used by an athlete in competitions or in estimates to achieve the intended result (V. M. Dyachkov). The volume and variety of an athlete’s technical fund have different meanings in various types sports - the greatest in sports games, martial arts and all-arounds, the smallest in monostructural sports, but in any case this important factors sports and technical readiness.

Tasks and sections of an athlete’s technical training. The central task in sports and technical training is to develop such skills in performing competitive actions that would allow an athlete to use his capabilities in competitions with the greatest efficiency, and to ensure the steady improvement of technical skills in the process of many years of sports. This formulation, in fact, contains a number of tasks: knowledge of the theoretical foundations of sports technology (which is one of the main tasks of theoretical training); modeling of individual forms of movement techniques that correspond to the athlete’s capabilities; developing the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in current competitions; subsequent transformation and updating of forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports improvement), the creation at a sufficiently high level of sports mastery of fundamentally new versions of sports equipment that have not been used by anyone before, etc. All this relates primarily to the content of special sports and technical training.

The main features of setting and implementing technical training tasks in various sports arise from the specific requirements for the composition of the necessary skills and abilities, their properties (stability, variability, etc.) and the relationship between technical readiness and other aspects of the athlete’s preparedness.

Thus, when specializing in a monostructural sport, the subject of in-depth technical improvement over many years is the same (basically) competitive exercise (jump, shot put, running (over a given distance, etc.). One of the most difficult tasks here is the periodic transformation and renewal of extremely firmly established forms of movements in order to bring them into line with the increasing level physical fitness athlete. In all multi-structure sports (not counting double and all-around sports with a permanent competitive program), the athlete’s technical arsenal is in principle unlimited: it is updated either under the terms of the periodic change of the compulsory competition program (in gymnastics and similar sports), or on the own initiative of the coach and athlete . In this regard, problems arise in the optimal distribution over time of extremely extensive educational material and other specific problems. The particularly close relationship between technique and tactics in these sports requires that in the training process technical skills be presented mainly in the form of unified structures - technical-tactical actions. Therefore, technical training in multi-structural sports not only at the stage of improving skills, but also at the stage of their formation directly goes into tactical training.

2. Fundamentals of technical training methods during training

2.1 Preliminary notes

Composition of means and methods. The main practical means of technical training for an athlete are preparatory exercises that have significant structural similarities with competitive actions, training forms of competitive exercises and the competitive exercises themselves with all their inherent features, and additional ones are general preparatory exercises. In the course of learning the technique of competitive actions, consolidating and improving the developed skills, many types of exercise methods are used (methods of dismembered - constructive and integral exercises with selective isolation of details, standard-repeated and variable exercises, etc.), which are combined in a certain order, depending on the technical characteristics of the chosen sport and the stages of technical training.

Stages of technical preparation. In the very general view The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into two main stages: the first stage of “basic” technical training and the second stage of in-depth technical improvement and mastery of the heights of sports and technical mastery.

First stage. It basically coincides with the first half of the preparatory period of large training cycles, when all the athlete’s preparation is subordinated to the need to create (expand, improve) the prerequisites for the formation sports uniform. In technical training, this is the stage of “constructing” a model of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improving its prerequisites, practical mastery, learning (or relearning) individual movements that are part of competitive actions, and forming their general coordination basis.

Second phase. At this stage, technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of holistic skills of competitive actions as components of sports form. As a rule, it covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period of large training cycles (special preparatory stage).

Third stage. Technical training at this stage is built within the framework of immediate pre-competition training and is aimed at improving the acquired skills, increasing the range of their appropriate variability and the degree of “reliability” in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparatory period of training and extends to the competitive period (the period of the main competitions). In the case of a large extent of the latter, technical training mainly retains the features that characterize it at the third stage, and is only partially modified depending on the characteristics of the structure of the competitive period.

It should also be taken into account that these stages are highlighted only in relation to the main object of technical training athlete-technician competitive actions. In fact, the process of technical training is always “multi-layered”: simultaneously with the formation of some new skills (or their elements), the destruction, transformation, stabilization and improvement of others occurs.

2.2 Features of the methodology for developing skills when developing new sports equipment (or partially updating it)

The transformation of skills that no longer contribute to the growth of achievements, and the formation of new skills that correspond to the target achievement, are the main tasks in the technical training of a progressive athlete, which must be solved in the first half of the training cycle.

As is known, the greatest number of new skills have to be mastered in multi-structure sports. In monostructural sports, where a competitive exercise remains basically the same over a number of large training cycles, the complexity of technical training tasks is largely determined by the difficulties of restructuring firmly established skills and transitioning to new variants of technique that correspond to the increasing level of physical fitness of the athlete. The most difficult tasks arise when reaching the highest levels of sports improvement, when the coach and athlete strive to create new forms of technique that have no direct analogues in existing practice. In such cases, modeling technology and searching for ways to practically implement the model acquire the character of a truly creative problem. The more complex the problem, the more fundamental prerequisites are required to solve it, of course.

Therefore, regardless of the athlete’s qualifications, in each large training cycle, before forming or consolidating the technique of competitive actions as a whole, it is necessary to create the most favorable preconditions for its progressive changes.

The most important of these prerequisites are to increase the level of physical and mental preparedness of the athlete, develop his coordination and related abilities, as well as replenish the fund of motor skills and abilities that contribute to the formation of new forms (variants) of competitive actions

Formation of an indicative basis for a new competitive action. Modern psychological studies of the learning process emphasize the primary role in the formation of an action of its indicative basis (initial images, ideas that the learner develops about the content, methods and conditions of performing the action).

The peculiarities of the formation of the indicative basis of competitive actions in a qualified athlete are due, firstly, to the fact that the image he creates - a model of a new (or updated) action technique from the very beginning is based on previously acquired motor experience. Secondly, if the form of action is truly new (has no direct analogies in the existing practice of sports), it initially cannot be observed in in kind(as an external object of observation), and therefore it has to be represented only in the form of a model (mental, graphic, etc.).

Such methods and techniques are currently being developed in several directions. Along with methods of theoretical development, action models are used different ways graphic representation of movements, techniques for modeling spatial parameters of movements on dummies and mechanical models (for example, on a model of the “gymnast’s body - gymnastic apparatus"), speed, tempo and rhythm of movements using electronic equipment (tape recorder, light leaders, sound leaders, rhythm leaders, etc.), etc. But the approximate basis of motor action remains extremely incomplete until real muscle-motor sensations and ideas arise. They are formed at the first stage by skillfully selected leading exercises, directed “feeling” of movements on special simulators and other devices with the introduction of object reference points into the action environment, and then - after the formation of initial ideas - by ideomotor exercises.

Ways of practical learning. At the first stage in the technical training of an athlete in the formation of a new (or updated) technique of competitive actions, methods of dismembered - constructive exercises, as a rule, prevail. A holistic competitive action is performed as if in a dismembered form, highlighting its phases, followed by combining the parts into a whole.

Exceptions most often occur in cyclic sports, where the natural unity of movements encourages preference for holistic exercise methods. However, in these sports, an approach involving the use of simulation and other special preparatory exercises.

To be specific general rules learning motor consequences in relation to the technical training of an athlete and the following provisions are important.

1. Exercises aimed at forming (transforming) competitive actions “in parts” should not differ significantly in their main structural characteristics from the reproduced “parts” of a competitive exercise (to ensure this, a sufficiently qualified analysis is needed).

2. The order of formation or restructuring of the phases (operations) of a competitive exercise depends both on the characteristics of its structure and on the preparedness of the athlete, including the motor experience he has acquired. Within the framework of the phases being performed, it is advisable to first formulate or clarify specific motor tasks, boundary - “input” and “output” - positions (initial and final poses in the supporting position of the body, the relative position of the parts of the motor apparatus), and then - the method of transition from the initial to the final position (X. X. Gross).

3. Regardless of whether the action is learned primarily in parts or immediately as a whole, the athlete must at the first stage learn to “operationally” control and correct movements (first visually, then kinesthetically, without the participation of vision), for which it is necessary to know exactly the main “control” points" in each phase (positions and relative positions of the parts of the motor apparatus, etc.). Phase-by-phase formation of action allows you to overcome the difficulties of self-control of fast-paced sports movements, especially when methods of objective “urgent information” are used in parallel.

4. It is advisable to consolidate the skills of dismembered performance of a competitive exercise only if there are no serious obstacles to combining the parts into a whole.

5. The successful implementation of tasks for the formation of a new technique of competitive actions to transform old skills at the first stage is largely determined by the use of methodological approaches and techniques that facilitate technically correct execution of exercises, especially when they are distinguished by coordination complexity and are associated with extreme efforts of a speed-strength nature.

The main methodological issue when facilitating is its optimal formation, because excessive relief leads to the formation of a skill that does not correspond to the characteristics of the competitive exercise. This explains the increasing attention to the development of “training” simulators and other devices with the measured application of external mechanical forces and restrictive conditions that help the athlete comply with the given movement parameters (simulators for learning and refining rotational movements in gymnastics, final efforts in throwing, take-offs in jumps, spatial parameters and coordination of movements in swimming, rowing, skiing, skating, etc.).

Formation of rhythm as a core line in technical training. The most important complex characteristics The technique of a holistic sports action is, as is known, its rhythm, expressing the natural order of connection of all its components. The formation and optimization of the rhythm of competitive actions represent, in essence, the central problem of the entire technical training of an athlete, associated simultaneously with the tasks of developing coordination abilities, improving the accuracy of movements in time and space, and the ability to optimally regulate muscle tension and relaxation.

Since the rhythmic structure of newly formed complex sports actions does not initially exist for the athlete in finished form, on the way to its formation, first of all, the task is to create an idea of ​​​​the standard rhythm. When the technique of action is not fundamentally new, this problem is solved by such methods and techniques as demonstration of examples of technically perfect execution of an action with a focus on its rhythm, film and video tape demonstration at a normal and slow pace with sound recreating the dimension of movements, reproduction of rhythm according to a given pattern by voice (rhythmic counting), imitative movements (tapping rhythm), ideomotor representations, etc. The standard rhythm of new movements is created by analogy with the rhythmic structure of known forms, modifying it on the basis of indicative outlines or analytically - by calculation.

As noted, the rationalization of means and methods of sports and technical training was expressed in the development of new approaches to the formation of the rhythm of movements on a modern hardware basis. A number of experimental versions of rhythm leaders (automatic devices that set the generated rhythm of movements using sound and light signals according to a certain standard) and rhythm informants (which compare the actual rhythm of movements with the given one and signal a mismatch) have already been created. As a rhythm leader, for example, a tape recorder is used, on which a reference rhythm is reproduced in the form of musical-like phrases or rhythmic signals, compiled on the basis of an analysis of examples of exemplary exercise performance (multi-tone rhythmic signals are perceived and reproduced by the athlete, as the experiment has shown, better than single-tone ones - - R.V. Galstyan).

The problem of individualizing the rhythm of movements arises as soon as the idea of ​​a reference rhythm is created, since the latter cannot fully correspond to the individual dimension of the athlete’s movements. The rhythm is individualized through its controlled reproduction by the athlete (first mentally in combination with speech and motor imitation, then in the process of integral execution of the formed actions with an objective assessment of the parameters of movements and their overall effectiveness).

Lesson mode. Technical training at the first stage of a large training cycle takes place in especially voluminous conditions. physical training. When determining under these conditions the appropriate frequency of classes aimed at developing new forms of coordination of movements and the amount of work, they are usually guided by the rule “more often is better, but little by little.” Quite high efficiency of work on the formation and restructuring of complex sports and technical skills, apparently, in most cases is ensured by daily classes, each of which includes such work in a relatively small volume. Its effectiveness decreases significantly with increasing intervals between classes, even if the amount of work is one-time.

The effectiveness of “technique” exercises is determined not by the magnitude of functional shifts leading to fatigue, but by the accuracy and accuracy of the developed forms of coordination of movements

On the combination of technical and physical training. At the beginning of the preparatory period of the training cycle, physical training, in its focus and effectiveness, seems to be ahead of the formation (or transformation) of movement technique: *the general level of physical fitness increases at a particularly high rate, and the level of technical readiness is inevitably limited by the fact that new (or updated) skills are still just being formed. At the same time, a large volume physical activity, characteristic of this stage, may temporarily impede the formation of skills.

To eliminate excessive “divergence” between the effects of technical and physical training, it is necessary, firstly, to ensure optimal distribution of loads associated with these aspects of training (both in the structure of individual training sessions and in general across stages); secondly, to use special methodological approaches that promote the organic combination of physical and technical training. The general idea of ​​the approaches is expressed by the “principle of directed conjugation” (V.M. Dyachkov and others). It provides, in particular:

bringing the method of performing preparatory exercises, which serve as means of developing physical abilities, closer to the features of the technique of the competitive actions being formed;

performing exercises that include previously formed competitive actions (or their elements) with additional dosed weights.

technical training athlete

2.3 Features of the method of stabilization and improvement of developed skills

Determining focus and particular tasks. As the preparatory period ends and during the competitive period of a large training cycle, the tendencies leading to the stabilization of competitive skills and the achievement of an appropriate degree of their variability consistently intensify in the athlete’s technical training. These trends suggest opposing and at the same time internally interconnected methodological approaches. First, the tasks of clarification and relative consolidation are solved primarily technical characteristics competitive actions in relation to the achieved level of special training, then - the task of ensuring the necessary variability and high “reliability” of the action technique in relation to the specific conditions of the competition.

Paths and conditions for initial stabilization of skills.

The rules for an appropriate methodology for stabilizing sports skills are determined, in particular, by the following provisions.

1. Stabilization of a skill occurs the easier the more standard its reinforced features are reproduced in the process of repeated execution of an action.

2. Efforts aimed at stabilizing skills, of course, lose their meaning if errors and imperfections are reinforced.

3. It is advisable to consolidate the skills of competitive actions to the extent that this gives them the necessary stability but does not turn them into stereotypes and is consistent with the general trend in the development of fitness at this stage of training. As is known, different sports require different degrees of stabilization of skills and their components.

4. In the process of consolidating the formed skills of competitive actions, all parameters of exercises that ensure stabilization should gradually approach the target ones (adequate to the sports achievement outlined in a given training cycle.

Methodological approaches and techniques aimed at expandingtionrangevariability of skills. The reliability of sports equipment also depends on the ability to change the formed skills in accordance with the changing conditions of the competition, and, consequently, on the range of variability of skills.

The appropriate variability of the technique of competitive actions is characterized by their justified variability, which is adequate to the conditions of the competition and contributes to the effectiveness of the actions. It allows deviation from the fixed forms of movements, but no more than is necessary to achieve the competitive goal.

The widest range of justified variations of operational settings is typical for sports with a non-standard composition of actions, continuously changing as competitive situations change ( sport games and martial arts).

From a methodological point of view, it is necessary to distinguish between two types of approaches and corresponding private techniques aimed at expanding the range of variability of fixed skills:

a) strictly regulated variation, when its direction and degree are strictly prescribed training task, are reflected in the corresponding attitude of the athlete and are provided with precise regulation of external influences;

b) not strictly regulated variation, when the orientation towards variation, although set, but its implementation depends on uncertain variations in external conditions.

Variation tasks performed without external regulatory influences place increased demands on the ability to accurately regulate one’s movements and actions, which can help improve specialized sensations, perceptions, and ideas (“muscle sense,” “sense of speed,” “sense of tempo,” “sense of rhythm”, etc.), developing coordination abilities, and therefore ensuring the reliability of the formed movement technique.

Methods of variation associated with deliberate changes in external conditions, which, as it were, “forcibly” give variations of actions a strictly directed nature (the introduction of precisely conditioned opposition from a partner in martial arts and sports games, dosed changes in external weights, the use of simulators, devices and equipment that allow directional variation of the exercise , etc.) are used both to facilitate and to complicate the tasks of managing actions. In the first case, they provide the greatest accuracy in completing the task, but free the athlete from the need to overcome coordination and other difficulties. At the stage of improving developed skills, such methodological techniques should be purely complementary to techniques that require significant mobilization of mental and physical capabilities athlete.

Techniques of not strictly regulated variation are associated with several methodological approaches that differ in the specific meaning, methods and conditions of variation. In particular, you need to keep in mind:

a) variation associated with solving tactical problems in conditions of strictly regulated interactions of opponents or partners. This is, so to speak, free tactical variation (free battles and fights in unities, practicing technical techniques as part of game combinations that overlap during training games, etc.);

b) game variation associated with the use of elements of game and competitive methods in training (“running game” - fartlek, game competition in the art of building new movements and connections among gymnasts, acrobats, divers, etc.);

c) variation associated with the use in training of unusual conditions of the natural environment and unusual apparatus, inventory, equipment for the purpose of special mental training and increasing the stability of skills in performing cyclic exercises on rugged terrain, in adverse meteorological conditions, periodic transfer of classes from usual conditions gym in unusual, performing exercises on an unusual supporting surface with different quality sports equipment and so on.

Ways and conditions for increasing the “noise immunity” of skills. It is not difficult to conclude that most of the methodological techniques that ensure appropriate stability and variability of sports skills can also be considered as ways to ensure the reliability of the technique of competitive actions. The “reliability” of an athlete’s actions in competitions is a complex result of improving his skills and abilities, guaranteeing high efficiency of actions, despite emerging external and internal interference (“noise immunity”). Along with the stability and variability of skills, it is determined by mental stability, special endurance, a high degree of development of coordination and other abilities of the athlete. The main ways and conditions for increasing their “noise immunity” (except for those mentioned earlier) are:

Adaptation of skills to the conditions of extreme manifestations of physical qualities in training. The technical training of an athlete in these conditions organically merges with his special physical training. The main adapting factor in this case is the volume and intensity of specific training loads, close to competitive ones and exceeding them (in certain parameters).

Modeling mentally stressful situations and introducing additional difficulties. As the newly formed (or transformed) skills of competitive actions stabilize, one of the necessary conditions for further increasing their reliability is overcoming discoordinating interference that arises in technically intense situations typical for sports competitions. As the period of the main competitions approaches, it is necessary to more fully simulate in training competitive situations that introduce mental tension; this helps to increase the degree of reliability of the formed skills, if, of course, enough are used at the same time effective methods objective control and correction of penetrating errors, as well as methods of volitional and special mental training that mobilize the athlete to overcome difficulties.

Competitive practice. Systematic participation in training and official competitions of various ranks as a factor in consolidating and improving new updated forms of sports equipment is advisable to use after the initial stabilization of the formed skills has been ensured (while they are unstable, there is no point in testing their strength in competitions: this will contribute to the restoration of old ones skills.

Bibliography

1. Theory and methodology physical education. Textbook for physical institutes. culture under the general ed. L. P. Matveeva and A. D. Novikova. M., FiS, 1976. Volume II, ch. 2.2.

2. About the structure of long-term training. Sat. scientific works under general ed. L. P. Matveeva. M., GCOLIFK, 1974.

3. The doctrine of training (introduction to the general methodology of training). Under general ed. D. Harre. M., FiS, 1971. Section. 2.2.

4. Training of young athletes. Sat. under General ed. V. P. Filina. M., FiS, 1965.

5. Basics sports training. Training manual for institutes physical culture. M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 1977. Under the general title. ed. L.P. Matveeva.

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In various sports, the process of technical improvement is characterized by its own specifics. It is determined by the characteristics of the corresponding motor activity, in particular kinematic and dynamic structures, as well as the variability of actions. From this point of view, individual sports are grouped into three main groups (D. D. Donskoy). This classification, although conditional, is considered a good guideline in the selection of means and methods for improving technical skills.

First group - sports that have a stable kinematic structure (sports and gymnastics, figure skating, diving, etc.). A characteristic feature of this group of exercises is that their form and character are pre-established on the basis of a rational biomechanical structure and a number of requirements for style and aesthetics, which obliges the athlete to comply with them. The main task set here is to increase stability and quality of performance. Consideration of the technical arsenal is provided through the modeling of new exercises, the dynamic and energy characteristics of which must correspond to the individual capabilities of the athlete. Special attention in this group, when improving technical skill, one must turn to the optimal sequence of exercises in terms of difficulty, complexity, style, aesthetic value, etc.

Second characteristic feature technical training is strict consistency and systematic control in the execution of each element and timely elimination of errors. These requirements increase the role of additional (corrective) information on the part of the coach, the main task of which is to create an individual style for the fullest manifestation of the athlete’s personal abilities.

Second group - sports that have a stable dynamic structure ( Athletics, weightlifting, skiing, swimming, skating, etc.), in which there is active promotion. Characteristic of these sports is the achievement of maximum results on the basis of created stable dynamic structures, which open up the opportunity for optimal use of the athlete’s motor potential. The basis of technical mastery here is built on the athlete’s perfect mastery of rational execution techniques with a high level of general and special physical training. Most important criteria grades serve high and stable sports results. To improve the structure of movements in this group, imitation, special and auxiliary exercises are widely used, which are used in strict accordance with the biomechanical characteristics of motor activity. Within the annual cycle, the following sequence of improving technical skills is recommended:

• improvement of individual elements and subsystems and their gradual integration into an integral system (competitions are not held during this stage);
• increasing the speed and stabilization of the rhythm of movements with the completed structure of the elements in the system (competitions at this stage are of an educational and training nature);
• adaptation of the movement system to the conditions of competition and the formation of motor and psychological settings to achieve maximum results (a series of preparatory and main competitions is held).

Third group - sports that have variability in motor activity (all sports games and martial arts - all types of wrestling, boxing, fencing, etc.). Unlike sports that have a stable structure of technique, movements in this group are characterized by great variability in spatial, temporal and power characteristics. In changing and challenging environments wrestling motor actions are distinguished by a wide variety of options for the most appropriate solution to emerging problems. Along with mastering a wide range of offensive and defensive means and methods, competition participants have in their arsenal “signature” techniques and combinations that characterize their individual characteristics. One of the main distinguishing features of technical skill in this group is the ability to anticipate the enemy’s actions through a whole system of distracting (camouflage and combination) movements. This requires that a significant portion of the technical preparation work be carried out in or near competition conditions. Of decisive importance for the effectiveness of technical training is the formation of motor skills and abilities, carried out in inextricable connection with motor qualities, and above all with special dexterity. Thus, a very accurate differentiation of spatial, temporal, strength and speed-strength characteristics of motor activity is obtained.

Honored Coach of the USSR, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Professor N. G. Ozolin proposed interesting new and problematic searches and approaches to sports improvement from both a scientific and practical point of view.

In table Table 6.3 shows the types of sports readiness and some of its components. In particular, the author notes that each sport has its own characteristics that determine specific requirements for the athlete’s preparedness.

Accordingly, they also determine complexes of preparedness components, points of application of influences and loads that create a particular and general increase in the athlete’s preparedness. And the deeper and broader the coach’s knowledge about everything that makes up his student’s sports readiness, the more accurate and successful the training program will be drawn up and implemented.

When determining the components of preparedness, two groups should be distinguished: the first, determined to a greater extent by genetic prerequisites; the second, depending on the degree of training.

Table 6.3

Types of sports readiness and some of its components (according to N. G. Ozolin)

Continuation of the table. 63

Continuation of the table. 6.3

Continuation of the table. 6.3

End of table. 63

When selecting promising athletes, it is especially important to take into account the components of the first group. All components of sports readiness are interconnected and manifest themselves as numerous morphoanatomical, physiological, biochemical and motor capabilities of a single organism.

Leading components are determined by indicators control exercises for strength, speed, endurance, etc. It is still widely believed that in some sports technique is decisive, in others - strength, in others - speed, in others - endurance. And today, accordingly, the coach often has a desire to direct all the athlete’s efforts to the development of the leading component of preparedness. But this is far from the best way. Currently, it is no longer possible to conduct training without taking into account the capabilities of all components that make up special preparedness (N. G. Ozolin).

Significant reserves for increasing the efficiency of improving technical and tactical skills are associated with the development of new methods and informative tests in various sports.

• Kinematics is a branch of mechanics that studies the characteristics of the motion of bodies without taking into account their mass and the forces acting on them.

Technique is a set of motor actions aimed at achieving results in a specific sport.

Technical readiness (technical skill) of athletes is characterized by what and how the athlete can do. Depending on this, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of an athlete’s technical preparedness are distinguished. Quantitative indicators include volume, versatility and rationality of technology, and qualitative indicators include efficiency and mastery.

Volume of technique (or training) determined by the number of motor actions that an athlete from a given sport can perform. In this case, technical readiness is assessed based on the fact of “passed or failed”. High-class gymnasts can perform about 120-200 elements on each apparatus, therefore, on six apparatus they can perform about 750-1000 elements.

Competition volume technique is determined by the number of technical actions that an athlete performs under competition conditions. It is significantly less than training, variable and depends on qualifications, opponent, tactics, etc. Thus, in wrestling, athletes perform their favorite attacking “signature” technique (1-2 techniques), in cyclic sports (for example, running, race walking etc.) the competitive volume of technique is represented by one repeatedly repeated movement (step).

In practical activities, the coach tries to bring the volume of technique and tactics of students closer to the technical level. arsenal of this sport. Only a high-class athlete owns the entire arsenal, but it is realized only in a calm environment. In a competitive (stressful) environment, only the competitive volume of technique is implemented.

Versatility of technology An athlete is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions, the ability to perform technical actions from various technical groups (in gymnastics - the ability to perform elements on various apparatus, in wrestling - grabs with hands and feet, actions in attack and defense). A special case of the versatility of the technique is the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left side. The choice of one side when performing asymmetrical movements is called lateral preference.

There are training and competitive versatility. Training versatility is higher than competitive versatility. This is due to the fact that in important meetings with opponents of different classes, the athlete uses a limited number of techniques.

Rationality of technique - compliance of movement technique with the individual typological characteristics of the athlete, the conditions of competitive activity and the ability to achieve the maximum possible result.

For example, in freestyle swimming, all athletes use the front crawl, although it is not prohibited to use any other style.

In the history of the development of any sport, there are periods of change from one style of performing a competitive exercise to another, more rational one. No one uses the back breaststroke method in swimming, the four-step stroke in cross-country skiing, or the “step over” or “crossover” method in high jumping; they have been replaced by faster and less energy-intensive methods for qualified athletes. For mass athletes or during the training process, these methods can still be used.

To determine the qualitative side of an athlete’s technical readiness, efficiency and mastery indicators are used.

Efficiency of sports equipment - this is the ability to achieve the maximum possible result with minimal energy consumption, the degree of proximity to the individually optimal option.

The effectiveness of sports equipment is assessed in different ways.

1. Integral when assessing the effectiveness of the exercise technique as a whole.

2. Differential, during which the effectiveness of certain elements of a competitive or training exercise is determined. Thus, the assessment of rowing technique is carried out according to the ratio of the time of pulling and carrying the oar.

3. Differential-total assessment. In this case, after determining the effectiveness of the technique of each element of the exercise, the assessments are summed up and an overall score is displayed.

Most widespread in modern sports received a differential rating.

There are three groups of technology efficiency indicators:

1. Absolute efficiency assessed by comparing the technique of the athlete's movement under study with a standard (model) selected on the basis of biomechanical, physiological (technique that ensures muscle relaxation), psychological (use of sudden actions that are inconvenient for the opponent) and aesthetic considerations. At its simplest, the absolute effectiveness of a technique is assessed by the result, but it is not a convincing indicator of the effectiveness of the technique, since it itself depends on many factors. For example, one of the technical indicators can be selected as a standard, by which the technique as a whole is assessed (the height of the rise of the central gravity during high jumps)

2. Comparative effectiveness is determined based on a comparison of the athlete’s movement technique with the technique of a similar movement performed by a highly qualified athlete.

The comparison procedure in this case is aimed at searching for discriminative indicators of technology, i.e. those whose values ​​are not the same for athletes of different qualifications and change with the growth of sportsmanship. To do this, biomechanical indicators of the exercise technique are recorded, and then a comparative analysis is carried out.

Two approaches are used to determine discriminative characteristics:

a) comparison of technical indicators of high and low qualified athletes;

b) calculation of correlation indicators and regression equations between sports results, on the one hand, and technical indicators, on the other.

3. Implementation efficiency is determined by comparing the result shown by the athlete in a competitive exercise with the result that the athlete could show if he had effective technology movements. The indicator of implementation efficiency in this case is the so-called regression residual, i.e. the difference between the actual and the expected result.

In this case, it is assessed by how well the athlete used his motor and functional capabilities in movement.

Practical implementation efficiency is assessed by comparing the result directly in a competitive exercise and the result of an exercise that allows you to assess the level of development of a certain ability (for example, when running 110 m, the level of manifestation of speed abilities is assessed by running smoothly at 100 m, the difference between 100 m and 110 m s/b should be about 3 s, if more, then the hurdle running technique is ineffective).

Also, the implementation efficiency can be assessed by energy expenditure when performing the assessed sports movement (oxygen consumption, pulse value).

Technique mastery is the degree of consciousness control over the execution of a motor action.

In this aspect, the concepts of motor knowledge, motor skill, motor skill and motor stereotype were introduced.

For well-mastered movements (motor skill and motor stereotype) the following are typical:

1. Stability of technical characteristics and results under standard conditions. An athlete who has mastered a motor action at the level of a motor skill under standard, relatively unchanged conditions, performs it with a small spread of characteristics during multiple attempts (reproducing the result in shooting, gymnastics). If there are deviations in the initial phases of the movement, they are corrected and in the final phases the movement is performed stably.

2. Stability (low variability) of technique and results under variable conditions, maintaining the efficiency of equipment under variable conditions. Variable conditions can be a change in the athlete’s condition (fatigue, emotional arousal), opponent’s actions, external conditions (equipment, support surfaces, weather conditions).

3. Maintaining motor skills during breaks– the better a motor action is mastered, the faster it will recover (less time is the period of skating in speed skating, attempts in gymnastics). There are motor actions that are mastered in childhood and remain for life (swimming, riding a bike).

4. Automation of execution– the ability to perform a movement without specifically fixing attention during execution. This is determined by the method of additional tasks (the ability to perform other mental operations in addition to motor actions).

There are two main methods of monitoring the technical skills of athletes: visual and instrumental.

The first is the most common method in general and one of the main ones in sports games, martial arts, gymnastics and some other sports.

Visual inspection is carried out in two ways:

1) during direct observations of the athlete’s actions;

2) using VCR technology.

The instrumental control method is intended to measure the biomechanical characteristics of equipment. Time, speed and acceleration as a whole and its individual phases, effort during movement, position of the body or its segments are subject to registration.

Introduction

A rapidly developing sport, steadily increasing competition in the world sports arena With the ever-increasing level of sports results, more and more new problems are being put forward for athletes.

High level modern sports results require from the athlete not only a high level of physical fitness, but also perfect mastery of rational movement techniques, as well as the ability to act creatively and independently in non-standard situations. Therefore one of current problems sports training is the problem of increasing technical skill. Previously, this issue was not given due attention. The fragmentation of sport research has led to a narrow understanding of the problem and different views on the improvement and assessment of technical skill. Research in the field of systems and methods of sports training (N.G. Ozolin, L.P. Matveev), teaching motor actions (V.D. Maznichenko, M.M. Bogen), physiology and biomechanics in cyclic sports (N.V. Zinkin, D. D. Donskoy, V. M. Zatsiorsky, V. B. Issurin), sports psychology (I. P. Ratov, A. Ts. Puni) are largely fundamental in nature, but consider the problem of technical improvement from highly specialized positions.

We consider technique in any sport as a specialized system of simultaneous and sequential movements aimed at rationally organizing the interaction of internal and external forces involved in a motor act, with the goal of using them most fully and effectively to achieve higher athletic results. Depending on the specifics of the sport, the concept of technique is somewhat more specific.

Technical mastery usually means perfection of the motor component, but this is far from sufficient. Technical skill is a broader concept, including not only the motor side of the action, but also all those processes that are involved in the regulation and control of movements and ensure their high final effect (V.M. Dyachkov, V.M. Klevenko, N. A. Khudadov).

An athlete’s technical skill is determined not only by the ability to show high result, maintain the stability of the biomechanical structure or, conversely, make changes depending on conditions and factors that disrupt the work, but also the ability to find that unique individual style of performing an action that suits him (the athlete) in a given period of time, the ability to be in a state of “search” throughout his entire sports career.

Objective assessment of technical skill.

Theoretical aspects of technical skill of athletes

Concepts - technical training, sports technique and technical skill of athletes

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection (L.P. Matveev, 1982: N.G. Ozolin, 2002; V.N. Platonov, 2004; V.P. Savin, 1990, 2003, etc. ).

Sports technique is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques.

1. Speed-strength types ( sprint running, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of a competitive exercise, for example, during take-off in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in throwing a javelin, discus, etc. .d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, ski race, cycling, etc.). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability of the athlete’s actions in the constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle (Yu.F. Kuramshin, 1999).

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can perform and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery.

There are general and special technical training.

General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

The following tasks are solved in the process of general technical training:

1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides solutions to the following tasks:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. Create new versions of sports equipment that have not been used before.

Technical skill of athletes is an integral concept of the theory and methodology of sports training. It, in turn, is based on such fundamental concepts as sports technique and technical training. Technical mastery is the result of the development of effective techniques for a particular sport and the successful implementation of the pedagogical process of technical training itself. The high quality of the technique and technical training process usually results in athletes acquiring a level of technical skill that provides them with a fairly high probability of achieving record results.

In order to significantly increase the efficiency of preparing athletes for major competitions, it is necessary, at a minimum, to solve all the problems that arise in the way of improving their technical skills.

The first problem is that the most essential aspects of the development of rational models of sports equipment in various sports have not been sufficiently studied in theory and practice.

The second problem is that in the methodological support of the training process of highly qualified athletes in most sports, the main emphasis of training is, as a rule, aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of athletes and there are practically no special developments in the field of methodology for improving their technical skills.

Thus, it is obvious that in order to radically improve the quality of training of highly qualified athletes, the following should be done:

· significantly increase their level of technical proficiency, mainly through increased efficiency research work in this direction;

· identify the biomechanical structure of competitive activity in each specific sport;

· develop biomechanical models of the best examples of motor action techniques;

· create a methodology for mastering these models, based on the technology of didactic biomechanics and psychomotorics, adequate to the motor skills of each sport;

· provide a system of objective pedagogical control of the process of technical training and assessment of the level of technical skill of athletes;

· provide athletes with such technical and training means, uniforms and equipment that meet the requirements of ergonomic biomechanics.

Based on the above, one of the main directions for improving the quality of the training process can be considered the development of more effective means and methods for improving the technical training of athletes based on objective knowledge about the systemic and structural organization of competitive exercises.

The importance of the level of development of an athlete’s motor qualities for technical mastery

The technical skill of an athlete depends on the level of development of motor qualities - strength, endurance, flexibility, speed, coordination abilities. Somatic features of those involved, topography muscle strength, body proportions also influence the technique of performing competitive exercises. The level of manifestation of motor qualities, in particular endurance, is closely related to the efficiency of technique, the development of mental stability to overcome severe fatigue, and the ability to implement rational tactics during competitions. Each of these factors, as shown by numerous studies, has a significant impact on sports achivments athletes. True, the plasticity of the body allows compensatory mechanisms to somewhat smooth out the absence of one of them, but this comes at a very high price. The degree of development of compensation factors should significantly exceed their average level of development, which is usually sufficient with a normal ratio of the most important characteristics. In the study of V.G. Semenov, there is evidence that the discrepancy between the level of development of qualities and the type of sport is always compensated by the excessive development of other qualities that allow the movement to be performed with the strength or speed necessary for victory. However, some characteristics of athletes, which are the most important for a given sport, cannot be compensated for at all. For example, the lack of a certain body mass in a hammer or shot thrower is unlikely to be effectively replaced by any functional or mental factors. “Only a comprehensive constitutional - pedagogical - functional approach in its trinity allows us to objectively assess the individual, his functional capabilities and predict the further development of soma and functions. There are no functional changes that are not based on morphological changes, just as there are no morphological changes without changes in functional indicators.”

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports equipment - This is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques:

1. Speed-strength types (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of the competitive exercise

2. Sports involving endurance (long-distance running). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

3. Sports involving the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability in the changing conditions of competitive struggle.

An athlete’s technical preparedness is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique. A high level of technical readiness is called technical skill.

The criteria for technical mastery are:

1. Volume of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

2. Diversity of technology - the degree of diversity of technical techniques. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions - sports games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.

3. Efficiency of mastering sports equipment, the proximity of the sports technique to the individually optimal option. The effectiveness of technology is assessed in several ways:

a) comparing it with some biomechanical standard. If a technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is considered the most effective;

b) comparison of the assessed movement technique with the technique of highly qualified athletes;

c) comparison of sports results with results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the motor potential of an athlete - strength, speed-strength, etc. For example, a run of 30 m is performed from a low and then a high start. The time difference will characterize the effectiveness of the low start technique;

d) comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and effort when performing a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the efficiency of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.

4. Mastery of movement techniques. This criterion shows how a given technical action is memorized and consolidated.

For well-mastered movements the following are typical:

a) stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively small variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s condition changes, the opponent’s actions change in difficult conditions);

c) maintaining motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types of preparation:

General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities. Special training aimed at mastering special technical methods inherent in a particular sport and sports specialization.

Objectives of general technical training:

1.Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Objectives of special technical training:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To develop new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique using the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of tools and

sports training methods. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;

b) demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;

d) use of subject and other reference points;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods that are based on the athlete performing any physical exercise:

a) general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills and abilities that are the foundation for the growth of technical skill in your chosen sport;

c) methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, consolidating and improving the technique of a holistic motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in annual and multi-year training cycles.

Assessment of technical readiness. Control over technical readiness consists of assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of an athlete’s technique when performing competitive and training exercises.

Equipment control is carried out visually and instrumentally. The criteria for an athlete's technical mastery are the volume of technique, versatility of technique and efficiency:

· The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that the athlete performs on training sessions and competitions. He is controlled by counting these actions.

· The versatility of the technique is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions that the athlete masters and uses them in competitive activities. They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left side (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

· The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal option. An effective technique is one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within a given movement.

· Sports performance is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of a technique are based on the realization of the athlete’s motor potential.

In cyclic sports, indicators of technical efficiency are especially important, since there is a very clear pattern - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical expenditure per unit of sports performance indicator (meter of distance).