Topic: “control and management in sports training. Use of modern technical means during training Basic methods of control in sports

Control and modeling in sports.

To objectively manage the process of sports training, evaluate changes in the functional state of an athlete that develop as a result of a relatively long period of training under the influence of the loads of individual classes and microcycles, as well as the loads of individual exercises when performing training programs. In accordance with this, it is customary to distinguish three types of control: stage-by-stage, current and operational.

Main tasks step-by-step control are to determine changes in the athlete's condition under the influence of a relatively long period of training and develop a strategy for the subsequent macrocycle or training period. Consequently, in the process of step-by-step control, the level of development of various aspects of preparedness is comprehensively assessed, deficiencies in preparedness and further reserves for improvement are identified. As a result, they are developing individual plans construction training process for a separate training period or the entire macrocycle. The frequency of examinations during stage-by-stage control can be different and depends on the characteristics of the annual planning of the specific sport, material and technical conditions. The most effective form of stage-by-stage control is when examinations are carried out three times in the macrocycle - at the first and second stages of the preparatory and in the competitive period. If 2-3 macrocycles are planned during the year, a phased examination is carried out during the competitive period - once per macrocycle, and on the basis of these data the training process is built in the subsequent macrocycle.

Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the identity of the conditions when conducting stage-by-stage examinations and to eliminating the possible influence of previous training loads on their results. Experts strive to select tests whose results do not reflect the dynamics of the athletes’ everyday capabilities during the applied loads. Otherwise, it is possible to record not actual changes that have occurred in the athlete's condition as a result of training, but only some current changes in his condition, which can fluctuate significantly over several days. However, in sports practice, objective assessment athlete's preparedness is possible, as a rule, only in the process of using specific tasks for a given sport of loads that require the utmost mobilization of the corresponding functional capabilities. The level of their manifestation fluctuates under the influence of the direction and magnitude of individual training loads preceding the examination, the psychological state of the athletes, etc. Therefore, an objective manifestation of an athlete’s functional capabilities in most tests is possible only after special training for examination. Preparation consists of eliminating fatigue from previous training work, setting athletes up to take test programs seriously, etc. For stage-by-stage control, athletes must, firstly, be brought into optimal condition and, secondly, ensure, if possible, standard examination conditions.

Under current control an assessment of work of various primary directions is carried out, determination of the formation of the process of fatigue of athletes under the influence of the loads of individual activities, taking into account the course of recovery processes in the body, features of interaction with loads of different magnitude and direction during the day or microcycle. This allows you to optimize the process of sports training during the day, micro- and mesocycle, create best conditions for the development of specified adaptive changes.

Operational control is aimed primarily at optimizing training programs, selecting such exercises and their complexes that will most contribute to solving the assigned tasks. A wide variety of tests can be used here to identify the optimal work and rest regime for each athlete, work intensity, weight load, etc. These types of control serve as the basis for the development of appropriate training plans: long-term – for the next training microcycle or stage; current – ​​for mesocycle, microcycle, lesson; operational – for a separate exercise or a complex of them.

During the control process the following is assessed:

Efficiency competitive activity;

State of the art motor qualities, technical and tactical mastery, mental and integral preparedness;

Capabilities of individual functional systems and mechanisms that ensure effective operation;

The body’s reaction to the proposed training loads, the peculiarities of the processes of fatigue and recovery;

Indicators of the load of various structural formations of the training process - exercises, individual classes, micro-, meso- and microcycles, etc.

The choice of certain indicators depends on the type of control and its specific tasks. Depending on this, the control program can include a wide range of parameters that allow obtaining comprehensive information about the athlete’s condition and his functional capabilities, or be based on individual private indicators, taking into account which can improve the planning of individual components of the training load.

Lecture 21 control in sports training

1.Characteristics of complex control in sports.

2. Types of control.

3. Requirements for control indicators.

1. Characteristics of complex control in sports

Currently, the training process aimed at showing high results by an athlete is unthinkable without: planning and control, good medical support and material resources, qualified coaching staff and qualified selection for sports, etc. All of the above and debugged into the system gives the result of Olympic Games and international competitions, our country is recognized throughout the world as a sports power.

So, one of the most important aspects of sports training is control.

The most informative and complete is comprehensive control. Based on comprehensive monitoring, it is possible to correctly assess the effectiveness of sports training, identify strong and weak sides preparedness of athletes, make appropriate adjustments to their training program, evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen focus of the training process, one or another decision taken trainer.

Comprehensive control- this is the measurement and evaluation of various indicators in training cycles in order to determine the level of preparedness of an athlete (pedagogical, psychological, biological, sociometric, sports-medical and other methods and tests are used).

The complexity of control is realized only when three groups of indicators are recorded:

indicators of training and competitive influences;

indicators of the athlete's functional state and preparedness, registered under standard conditions;

indicators of the state of the external environment.

Complex control in most cases is implemented during testing or the procedure for measuring results in tests. There are three groups of tests.

First group of tests- tests performed at rest. These include indicators of physical development (height and body weight, thickness of skin and fat folds, length and girth of arms, legs, torso, etc.).

Test(from lat. test - task, test) - a method of personality research, based on its assessment based on the results of a standardized task, test, test with a predetermined reliability and validity. At rest, the functional state of the heart, muscles, nervous and vascular systems. This group also includes psychological tests.

The information obtained through the tests of the first group is the basis for assessing the physical condition of the athlete.

Second group of tests- these are standard tests when all athletes are asked to perform the same task (for example, run on a treadmill at a speed of 5 m/s for 5 minutes or do pull-ups on a bar 10 times within 1 minute, etc.). The specific feature of these tests is to perform an unlimited load, and therefore motivation to achieve the maximum possible result is not needed here.

Third group of tests- these are tests during which you need to show the highest possible motor result. The values ​​of biomechanical, physiological, biochemical and other indicators are measured (forces exhibited in the test; heart rate, MOC, anaerobic threshold, lactate, etc.). The peculiarity of such tests is the need for a high psychological attitude and motivation to achieve maximum results.

Based on the tasks of managing the training of an athlete, there are operational, current and stage control.

Operational control is aimed primarily at optimizing training programs, selecting such exercises and such complexes that will most contribute to solving the assigned tasks. A wide variety of tests can be used here to identify the optimal work and rest regime for each athlete, work intensity, weight load, etc. These types of control serve as the basis for the development of appropriate training plans: long-term - for the next training macrocycle or stage; current - for mesocycle, macrocycle, lesson; operational - for a separate exercise or their complex.

Current control- here an assessment of the work of various primary directions is carried out, determination of the formation of the processes of fatigue of athletes under the influence of the loads of individual activities, taking into account the course of recovery processes in the body, the features of interaction with loads of different magnitude and direction during the day or microcycle. This allows you to optimize the process of sports training during the day, micro- and mesocycle, and create the best conditions for the development of specified adaptive changes.

Stage control- the main objectives are to determine changes in the athlete’s condition under the influence of a relatively long period of training and develop a strategy for the subsequent macrocycle or training period. Consequently, in the process of step-by-step control, the level of development of various aspects of preparedness is comprehensively assessed, deficiencies in preparedness and further reserves for improvement are identified. As a result, individual plans for building the training process are developed for a separate training period or the entire macrocycle.

The frequency of examinations during stage-by-stage control can be different and depends on the characteristics of annual planning, the specifics of the sport, and material and technical conditions. The most effective is this form of stage-by-stage control, when examinations are carried out three times in the macrocycle - at the first and second stages of the preparatory and in the competitive period. If 2-3 macrocycles are planned during the year, stage-by-stage examinations are carried out during the competitive period - once in the macrocycle, and on the basis of these data the training process in the subsequent macrocycle is built.

Particular attention should be paid to the identity of the conditions when conducting stage-by-stage examinations and to eliminating the possible influence of previous training loads on their results. Experts strive to select tests whose results do not reflect the dynamics of the athletes’ everyday capabilities during the applied loads. Otherwise, it is possible to record not the actual changes that have occurred in the athlete’s condition as a result of training, but only some current changes in his condition, which can fluctuate significantly over the course of several days. However, in sports practice, an objective assessment of an athlete’s preparedness is possible, as a rule, only in the process of using loads specific to a given sport, requiring the utmost mobilization of the corresponding functional capabilities. The level of their manifestation fluctuates under the influence of the direction and magnitude of individual training loads preceding the examination, the psychological state of the athletes, etc. Therefore, an objective manifestation of an athlete’s functional capabilities in most tests is possible only after special preparation for the examination. Preparation consists of eliminating fatigue from previous training work, setting athletes up to take test programs seriously, etc. For stage-by-stage control, athletes must, firstly, be brought into optimal condition and, secondly, ensure, if possible, standard examination conditions.

Table 8 - the main content of integrated control and its varieties

Control is an operation by which the relationship between the content of training and its consequences is determined. It is closely related to planning. Only on the basis of data from monitoring the dynamics of the athlete’s functional state, his sports results, general and special preparedness, it is possible to draw up training plans, adjust their implementation, and manage the training process.

The main source of information about the effectiveness of the training process is pedagogical control, which also takes into account other information, for example,
medical observation data.

Pedagogical control is the process of obtaining information about the impact of activities physical exercise and sports on the body of those involved in order to increase the efficiency of the educational and training process.

The main task of pedagogical control is to obtain information about the main results of the training process, these are:

athlete's condition;

training and competitive loads, athletes’ behavior when performing them;

level of technical readiness;

sports results.

The main thing in pedagogical control is the assessment of the state characteristic of an athlete at a certain moment in the training process.

In the theory of sports, there are three leading forms of pedagogical control over the athlete’s condition: stage-by-stage, current, and operational control.

Step-by-step control, the purpose of which is to assess the athlete’s permanent condition over a relatively long period of time: weeks, months; this form of control provides information about the degree of preparedness of the athlete at one or another stage of the year-round process; on its basis, stage-by-stage training tasks are set, performance results are planned;

Current control, the purpose of which is to determine fluctuations in the athlete’s condition
in training microcycles.

Operational control, the purpose of which is an express assessment of the state in which the athlete is currently located.

During step-by-step control, the source of information about the athlete’s condition can be:

materials of a comprehensive examination of athletes according to a wide program using special equipment;

results of control tests, competitions, estimates;

final data from pedagogical observations of athletes and analysis of their diaries;

dispensary examination data.

For current and operational control, the source of necessary information is:

data from pedagogical observations of athletes’ behavior during training

and competitions;

results of training and competitive exercises;

standard tests – standards (tests) for determining the special performance of an athlete;

data on the athlete’s self-control and well-being;

some hardware methods for urgent information about the athlete’s condition.

The methods of urgent information that are used during the educational and training session are specific to the sport, while many other methods of operational and current control may be common to a number of sports.

The most common methods of obtaining objective information about an athlete’s condition are examinations carried out using special equipment.
and testing. Mainly the functional state of the body of athletes is studied,
their mental functions, special performance.

To assess the functional state, pulsometry, electrocardiography, respiratory function testing, myotonometry, and reflexometry are used.

Special performance is studied in the process of performing exercises related to sports specialization, with simultaneous registration of data on the physiological cost of work.

Using the considered methods of pedagogical control, the athletes' tolerance to training and competitive loads and their effect on the body are also assessed. To assess the behavioral reactions of athletes, mainly psychological and pedagogical methods are used: fixed observation, survey, conversation, etc.

Information about the technique of performing movements is obtained using film and photography, television recording, biomechanical analysis, as well as indicators of pedagogical observation during training and competitions.

Basic control data is taken into account in plans, log books, and diaries. The plans for educational and training work indicate the actual implementation training tasks in certain quantitative measures.

The logbook of educational and training work records the necessary reference data about athletes, sporting achievements, individual tasks, results of control and test tests, medical and special examinations, attendance, focus and content of classes.

The athlete’s personal data is entered into the athlete’s diary, sports biography, control tasks and standards, results of assessments and control tests, number,
date, duration of training, amount and nature of work done.
The state of health before and after training (pulse, appetite, mood, etc.) is noted daily. The impact of restorative agents and sleep quality are assessed. Data regarding the content of training and the body’s reaction to them are subsequently summarized for a microcycle (week), month, stage, period.

Separate documents - protocols, reports, special accounting forms - accumulate information about the results of competitions, phased in-depth examinations, and control tests.

Improving control of the training process is associated with the development and implementation of information and management systems. The coach is unable to obtain and comprehend the huge amount of information necessary for optimal planning of the modern training process. Computer technology helps with this.

The tasks of monitoring general physical fitness include:

ensuring comprehensive and harmonious physical development of the human body;

health promotion;

creating a base for special physical training in professional or sports activities.

Main types of physical training - special physical training, sports training, technical training, tactical training.

Special physical training is a process that ensures development physical qualities, specific to specific sports or specific types of work by profession.

Special physical training ensures the selective development of individual muscle groups that bear the main load when performing specialized exercises.

Sports training is a long-term pedagogical process aimed at using the entire set of training and non-training means, methods, and conditions with the help of which the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements is ensured.

Readiness to achieve sports results is characterized by the appropriate level of development of physical qualities - strength, speed, endurance and others (physical training), the degree of proficiency in technique and tactics (technical and tactical training), the necessary level of development of mental and personal properties (psychological preparation) and the appropriate level knowledge (theoretical training).

Technical training is the process of learning how to perform physical exercises and techniques.

By perfect technology we mean the most rational, effective ways performing a motor action in order to achieve the best result.

Under tactical training understand a specific generally accepted and natural process that has developed in sports practice, on the basis of which an athlete must learn to adapt to any opponent and any situation, rationally and purposefully using his physical qualities and technical skills in competitions.

The basis of tactical activity is mental activity higher parts of the brain. Tactical activity is complex in nature and includes the intellectual and physical abilities of a person.

The forms of tactics are related to the nature of the competitive struggle. It is necessary to distinguish between passive and active tactics. Passive tactics are deliberately giving the initiative to the enemy. Active tactics are imposing on the enemy actions that are beneficial to oneself (ragged running, slow play in the center with a jerk).

During the process of pedagogical control, the athlete’s psychological preparation is also checked.

Psychological training is a set of psychological and pedagogical activities aimed at the formation of such mental functions, states and personality traits that ensure the successful solution of training tasks and participation in competitions.

Psychological preparation includes two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects: moral-volitional and special psychological preparedness.

Moral and volitional preparation is associated with such qualities as determination - the ability to clearly define immediate and long-term goals and objectives. Determination
and courage - reasonable risk combined with thoughtful decisions. Perseverance - the desire to achieve a goal, self-control and endurance - the ability to control your thoughts
and actions in conditions of emotional arousal, initiative - implies creativity, personal initiative, resourcefulness and intelligence and independence.

In the process of playing sports, will and character are developed, because it is necessary to follow a strict regime, endure heavy loads, overcome negative emotions and various difficulties.

With the help of special psychological training, psychophysical resistance to different conditions external environment: the ability to demonstrate stability of attention and memory in conditions of mental fatigue and neuro-emotional stress; ability to perceive and process information under time pressure; the ability of the brain to form anticipatory reactions that precede real motor action.

The practical implementation of pedagogical control is carried out in a system of specially implemented checks included in the content of classes on physical education.
Such checks allow you to keep systematic records in two most important areas:

degree of mastering the technique of motor actions;

level of development of physical qualities.

In the system of monitoring the mastery of motor action techniques, carried out by a physical education teacher in the process of pedagogical control, it is customary to distinguish three types of checks:

preliminary (control standards);

current (noted in the journal);

final (taking state tests).

Methods of pedagogical control include:

° survey of students;

° analysis of working documentation of the educational and training process;

° pedagogical observations during classes;

° registration of functional and other indicators;

° testing of various aspects of preparation.

Self-control

Self-control is necessary to ensure that exercises have a training effect and do not cause health problems.

Self-monitoring consists of simple publicly available observation techniques and consists of taking into account subjective and objective indicators, such as well-being, sleep, appetite, desire to exercise, exercise tolerance, etc.

Objective indicators are the method of monitoring weight, pulse, spirometry, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and dynamometry. Self-control must be carried out during all periods of training and even during rest. Self-control has not only educational value, but also teaches you to be more conscious about your activities, to observe the rules of personal and public hygiene, study, work, life and rest. The results of self-control should be regularly recorded in a special self-control diary.

Medical supervision

Medical control is a scientific and practical branch of medicine that studies the state of health, physical development, and functional state of the body of those involved in physical exercises and sports.

The main task of medical supervision is to ensure the correctness and high efficiency of educational training sessions and sports events.

Medical control is intended to exclude all conditions under which negative effects from physical exercise and sports may appear on the body of those involved. Medical supervision is prerequisite prevention of injuries in the process of physical education of students and is carried out in accordance with the “Regulations on medical control over physical education at a university.”

Medical control at the university is carried out in the following forms:

regular medical examinations and monitoring of those involved in physical exercises and sports;

medical and pedagogical supervision of students during classes and competitions;

sanitary and hygienic control over the conditions of classes and competitions;

sanitary educational work and promotion of physical culture and sports, healthy image life;

prevention of sports injuries and diseases;

carrying out comprehensive and restoration measures.

For students, a medical examination is carried out before starting school year once a year. For persons with health problems - 2 times a year. For people actively involved in sports, 3 – 4 times a year.

Annual medical examinations of students allow us to study the state of health, physical development and functional abilities of the most important systems of the body, as well as establish the medical group of students involved.

Established by long-term practice of medical supervision, students are divided into groups: basic, preparatory and special.

The main group – without deviations in health status.

Preparatory group - without deviations, but with insufficient physical development and preparedness.

Special group - have health conditions that require limited physical activity.

This allows you to dose correctly physical exercise during physical education classes in accordance with the health status of the students.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Open International University of Human Development “Ukraine”

Gorlovka branch

Department of Physical Rehabilitation

ABSTRACT

discipline: Theory and methodology of physical education

SUBJECT: " Comprehensive control in sports training ”

Completed:

2nd year student of group FR-06

day department

Faculty of “Physical Rehabilitation”

Vaskin Konstantin Evgenievich

INTRODUCTION

The effectiveness of the athlete’s training process in modern conditions is largely due to the use of means and methods of integrated control as a management tool that allows for feedback between the coach and the athlete, and on this basis, increasing the level of management decisions in the preparation of athletes.

The purpose of control is to optimize the process of training and competitive activity of athletes based on an objective assessment of various aspects of their preparedness and functional capabilities of the most important systems of the body. This goal is realized by solving a variety of particular problems related to assessing the conditions of athletes, their level of preparedness, implementation of training plans, the effectiveness of competitive activities, etc.

Information that is the result of solving particular control problems is implemented in the process of making management decisions used to optimize the structure and content of the training process, as well as the competitive activity of athletes.

The subject of control in sports is the content of the educational and training process, competitive activity, the state of various aspects of athletes’ preparedness (technical, physical, tactical, etc.), their performance, and the capabilities of functional systems.

Types of integrated control

In sports practice, it is customary to distinguish three types of control: stage-by-stage, current and operational, each of which is linked to the corresponding type of athletes’ conditions (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Basic terms and concepts used in monitoring the training of athletes (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979)

Stage control allows you to assess the athlete’s staged state, his preparedness, which is a consequence of the long-term training effect. Such conditions of an athlete are the result of long-term preparation - over a number of years, a year, a macrocycle, a period or a stage.

Current control, based on the results of which daily fluctuations in preparedness are determined , aimed at assessing current states, i.e. those conditions that are a consequence of the loads of a series of classes, training or competitive microcycles.

Operational control, which allows you to determine the athlete’s condition directly at the time of performing exercises, provides for the assessment of operational states - urgent reactions of the athletes’ body to loads during individual training sessions and competitions.

Each coach has to make three types of plans:

1) plan for conducting a training session; 2) microcycle plan

(V sports games– inter-game cycle); 3) plan (program) of preparation for the stage, period. The need for these three planning documents is determined by the following circumstances. The purpose of training is to influence the athlete’s condition; as a result of such influence the state changes.

Sustainable (staged) the condition can be maintained for a relatively long time: weeks or even months. A complex characteristic of an athlete’s staged state, reflecting his ability to demonstrate sporting achievements, is called preparedness, and the state is optimal (best for at this moment training) preparedness – sports form. It is obvious that within one or several days it is impossible to achieve the state sports uniform or lose it. The staged state is the result of many training sessions, the effects of which are gradually added up. Therefore, it is true that the basis of stage states is the cumulative training effect (CTE).

Current state characterized by daily fluctuations in the level of preparedness (staged state) of athletes. The load of any activity increases or decreases this level. But usually such changes are eliminated in the rest intervals between classes. They are based on delayed training effect (LTE). The current state of the athlete determines the load of training sessions in the training microcycle.

A special case of the current state, characterized by the ability to show a result close to the maximum in a competitive exercise in the coming days, is called current readiness.

The state of the athlete at the time of performing the exercise (or immediately after its completion) is called operational. It is unstable and changes quickly after resting between repetitions of an exercise or reducing the load on it. The operational state changes during the training session. The trainer can control these changes if he correctly plans the duration and intensity of the exercises, rest intervals, and number of repetitions. The readiness to show a result close to the maximum in a competitive exercise is called operational.

Depending on the number of particular tasks and the volume of indicators included in the survey program, in-depth, selective and local control are distinguished . In-depth control is associated with the use of a wide range of indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the athlete’s preparedness, the effectiveness of competitive activity, and the quality of the educational and training process at the previous stage. Electoral control is carried out using a group of indicators that allow assessing any aspect of preparedness or performance, competitive activity or the educational and training process. Local control is based on the use of one or several indicators that allow one to assess relatively narrow aspects of motor function, the capabilities of individual functional systems, etc.

In-depth control is usually used in the practice of assessing a staged state, selective and local - current and operational.

Depending on the means and methods used, control can be of a pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological nature.

In the process of pedagogical control, the level of technical, tactical and physical fitness, features of performance in competitions, dynamics of sports results, structure and content of the training process, etc.

Socio-psychological control is associated with the study of the characteristics of an athlete’s personality, their psychological state and preparedness, the general microclimate and conditions of training and competitive activity, etc.

Medical and biological control involves assessing the state of health, the capabilities of various functional systems, individual organs and mechanisms that bear the main load in training and competitive activities.

Currently, in the theory and methodology of sports training, in the practice of sports, the need to use the entire variety of types, methods, and means of control in the aggregate is realized, which ultimately led to the emergence of the concept of complex control.

Under comprehensive control one should understand the parallel use of staged, current and operational types of control in the process of examining athletes, subject to the use of pedagogical, socio-psychological and medical-biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of preparedness, the content of the educational and training process and the competitive activity of athletes.

The purpose of stage-by-stage control is to obtain information on the basis of which it is possible to draw up training plans for a period, stage or some other relatively long period. The stage control program is formed as follows.

One block (battery) consists of non-specific tests common to many sports. They are designed to assess the physical condition of an athlete.

Criteria physical performance in such tests are:

1) the time during which the athlete could complete the task;

2) the amount of work (it is defined as the product of average power and test time);

3) maximum oxygen consumption..

In addition, indicators such as maximum pulmonary ventilation (MPV), concentration of lactic acid in muscles and arterial blood, maximum oxygen debt (MCD), etc. are directly measured or calculated.

The values ​​of all these indicators are compared: with the initial ones (rest indicators) and with the amount of work in the test. Based on the initial data and comparison results, a conclusion is drawn about the health and physical performance of athletes.

The second block consists of specific tests, the structure of which must correspond to the structure of the competitive exercise. The measure of their information content is determined by the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between results in competitions and achievements in tests.

Stage-by-stage control involves recording achievements in competitions and tests (or only tests) at the beginning and end of the next stage of preparation. Analysis of control results is carried out on the basis of assessing the relationship between gains in achievements in competitive exercises and tests, on the one hand, and partial volumes of loads per stage, on the other. For this purpose, partial volumes of specialized and non-specialized exercises, as well as exercises of different directions, are compared with indicators of the cumulative training effect. In the simplest case, an ordinary schedule is drawn up, but it is best to use a computer for this.

In the process of comparison, load zones and exercises are identified, the use of which led to an increase in sports results, performance indicators, etc.

When organizing stage-by-stage control, the same tests should be used at all stages of preparation (such tests are called end-to-end tests). In this case, you can obtain the dynamics of indicators and analyze it. But in some cases it is advisable to supplement this battery with other tests. Based on their results, the solution to specific tasks of the stage is verified. For example, if during it a concentrated strength training, specialized strength tests should be included in the control program.

The main task of current monitoring is the collection and analysis of information necessary for planning loads or their correction in training microcycles.

The effectiveness of such regulation is manifested in bringing real training results closer to the expected ones. In addition, the coach gradually accumulates information about the consequences of different load rationing schemes in microcycles. He systematizes it and further more reasonably distributes the volume and content of loads across the days of the microcycle.

The main thing in this approach is the selection of metrologically correct current control tests. Their information content is determined based on a comparison of the daily dynamics of test results with the following criteria:

1) achievements in a set of tests;

2) indicators of the training load being performed.

In the first case, the athlete's results on several tests are recorded daily. It may turn out that the dynamics of these results are unidirectional. In this case, you need to select one from this group of tests and use it for ongoing monitoring. The most informative tests are those in which the results change the most after completing training tasks. For example, after speed-strength loads (jumps, quick exercises with weights, etc.) the hardness of relaxed muscles increases. Therefore, hardness values ​​measured with a myotonometer can be used for routine monitoring.

The reliability of monitoring tests is high if the variance of repeated measurements taken on one day is much less than the variance of the results of daily measurements.

For example, the reliability of a strength test will be high if the variation in repeated measurements (in one day) is plus or minus 50 N, and the variation in strength from day to day is plus or minus 500 N.

The main task of operational control is an express assessment of the state in which the athlete is at the moment or immediately after the end of an exercise (series of exercises, class). The content of this type of control also includes an urgent assessment of exercise technique and tactics.

Operational control is the most important, since its results are used to judge whether the real immediate training effect (ETE) corresponds to the planned one.

Operational control and planning can be divided into three stages. The first focused on what the athlete should do during the training session. Therefore, the exercise plans, how to perform them, dosage, etc. were written out in detail in the outline plans. The proper training effect of the work was not indicated, but our best coaches, of course, assumed that if the athlete fully completed the task, this would lead to the achievement of the required effect.

The second stage is characterized by the fact that, along with the description of the methodology for performing the exercises, instructions about the proper standards of training effects began to appear in the notes. For example, an athlete must not only run 400 meters six times, but do it in such a way that the heart rate during running does not fall below 180 beats per minute, and begin the next repetition when its values ​​decrease to 120 beats per minute.

The acceleration of the scientific and technical process in sports affected, first of all, the increase in the efficiency of operational control and load planning. The training process is increasingly becoming a process of managing immediate training effects. This is what distinguishes the third stage of development of the operational control and planning methodology.

First, the proper training effects are set, and then training tools and methods are selected that allow them to be achieved. In this regard, very stringent requirements are imposed on the tests and operational control methods that must confirm the achievements of the planned STE. If conditions allow, then control is carried out directly during the exercise. If not, then immediately after its completion.

The information value of operational control tests is determined by how sensitive they are to the load being performed. This requirement is best satisfied by biomechanical, physiological and biochemical parameters. The amount of information content of OK tests is determined by the value of the correlation coefficient calculated between changes in the criterion and changes in the test.

The reliability of operational control tests depends, first of all: a) on the accuracy of reproducing the load value in repeated attempts; b) from the constancy of athletes’ preparedness at different stages of testing. So, for example, if on the first day of operational control the heart rate while running at a speed of 7.8 m/s reached 185 beats/min, then when tested again on the second day the heart rate will be the same only if the running speed does not change.

Depending on the planned focus of the training exercises, the content of operational control and the criteria used for the athlete’s condition change. For example, in training sessions for aerobic and mixed training, an informative criterion is heart rate: in the range from 130 to 180 beats/min, its values ​​are linearly related to exercise power and oxygen consumption. Therefore, if a coach registers an athlete’s heart rate at 150 beats/min in one case, and 170 beats/min in the second, then he can be sure that oxygen consumption has increased.

But in anaerobic exercises, heart rate ceases to be an informative indicator, since it does not say anything about the degree of intensification of anaerobic processes. Therefore, if an athlete’s heart rate is 200 beats/min in one case, and 220 beats/min in another, this does not indicate greater activity of the energy mechanisms that are fundamental in such work.

Bibliography

1. Geselevich V.A. Trainer's medical reference book. – Ed. 2nd add. and processed – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1981. – 271 p., ill.

2. Godik M.A. Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1988. – 192 p.

3. Godik M.A. The athlete's condition and types of control. – In the book: Sports metrology: Textbook for physical institutes. cult. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1988, p. 161 – 172.

4. Zatsiorsky V.M. Physical qualities of an athlete. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1970. – 200 p.

5. Ivanov S.M. Medical supervision and physiotherapy. – M.: Medicine, 1970. – 472 p.

2. Types of control

Control over competitive influences has two directions: monitoring the results of competitions in training cycles and measuring and assessing the effectiveness of competitive activity.

Control over competition results consists of assessing the effectiveness of performance in competitions in a certain (most often annual) training cycle. The dynamics of competitive activity indicators in the training cycle are often used as a criterion to assess the state of an athlete’s athletic form. For example, some experts believe that an athlete is in a state of sports form as long as the fluctuations in his results in competitions lie in the 2-3% zone. These values ​​largely depend on the characteristics of the sports discipline.

Measuring and assessing the effectiveness of competitive activities. Modern measuring and computing technology makes it possible to register dozens of different indicators of a competitive exercise and competitive activity. So, for example, in such a simple exercise as running 100 m, you can measure the reaction time of a sprinter, the time he reaches maximum speed, the time he holds and falls, the length and frequency of steps at various sections of the distance, the time of support and flight, the horizontal and vertical components of the effort , fluctuations in the general center of mass of the body, angles at the joints in various phases of the support and flight periods, etc. It is simply impossible for a coach to register them all and then analyze them, comparing them with the criteria of training activities and indicators characterizing the preparedness of athletes. Therefore, it is necessary to select from a variety of indicators of a competitive exercise only informative, which should be measured during control.

Control over training influences consists of systematically recording quantitative values ​​of the characteristics of training exercises performed by an athlete. The same indicators are used for both control, and for planning loads

The main indicators of load volume are the number training days; number of training sessions; time spent on training and competitive activities; quantity, mileage of specialized exercises.

Indicators of load intensity are the concentration of exercises in time, speed, and power of exercises.

In the process of load control, the volume of specialized exercises is summed up; volume of exercises performed in separate intensity (power) zones; volume of exercises aimed at improving general and special physical, technical and tactical readiness; the volume of rehabilitation exercises performed in microcycles, monthly and in an annual cycle. Comparison of these indicators with the dynamics of sports results allows the coach to identify rational relationships between individual types of training loads, the timing of achievement top results after their peak values, a period of delayed transformation of training loads into high sports results.

Monitoring the athlete’s state of readiness. Assessment of the athlete’s state of readiness is carried out during testing or during competitions and includes:

assessment of special physical fitness;

assessment of technical and tactical readiness;

assessment of psychological state and behavior at competitions.

Assessment of the state of health and basic functional systems is carried out, as a rule, by medical and biological methods by specialists in the field of physiology, biochemistry and sports medicine. The methodology for this control is given in special textbooks.

Assessment of special physical fitness consists of individual assessments of the level of basic physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance and flexibility. In this case, the main attention is paid to the leading physical qualities or individual abilities that make up these general concepts for a given sports discipline.

Assessment of technical readiness. Control over technical readiness consists of assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of an athlete’s technique when performing competitive and training exercises.

Equipment control is carried out visually and instrumentally. The criteria for an athlete's technical mastery are volume of technique, versatility of technique, and efficiency. The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs during training sessions and competitions. He is controlled by counting these actions.

Versatility of technology is determined by the degree of variety of motor actions that the athlete masters and uses them in competitive activities. They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left side (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

Efficiency of technology determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal option. An effective technique is one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within a given movement.

Sports result- an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of technology. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of a technique are based on the realization of the athlete’s motor potential. In cyclic sports, indicators of technical efficiency are especially important, since there is a very clear pattern - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical expenditure per unit of sports result indicator (meter of path).

Tactical readiness assessment.

Monitoring tactical readiness consists of assessing the appropriateness of an athlete’s (team’s) actions aimed at achieving success in competitions. It provides control over tactical thinking, tactical actions (the volume of tactical techniques, their versatility and effectiveness of use).

Typically, control of tactical readiness coincides with control of competitive activity.

Control over environmental factors.

In order to make the right decision based on the results of complex control, it is necessary to take into account the conditions in which the competitive activity took place, as well as the implementation of control standards in training activities. In addition, the very implementation of training programs often depends on the state and conditions of the external environment.

In practice, it often happens that the level of preparedness of an athlete is quite high, but environmental factors did not allow him (the team) to show high results.

These factors include:

the climate of a specific geographical area and the degree of adaptation to these conditions (temperature and humidity of the environment, intensity of solar radiation, wind direction, atmospheric pressure);

state sports facility or competition tracks (their coverage, lighting, size, microclimate, sliding conditions on ice or snow);

quality sports equipment and equipment, protective structures;

behavior of spectators (factor of own and foreign field);

socio-psychological situation in the places where athletes are accommodated;

objectivity of judging;

duration of travel, conditions of accommodation, food and rest for athletes.

During the control process the following is assessed:

effectiveness of competitive activity;

level of development of motor qualities, technical and tactical mastery, mental and integral preparedness;

the capabilities of individual functional systems and mechanisms that ensure effective competitive activity;

the reaction of the athlete’s body to the proposed training loads, the peculiarities of the processes of fatigue and recovery;

load indicators of various structural formations of the training process - exercises, individual sessions, micro-, meso- and macrocycles, etc.

The choice of certain indicators depends on the type of control and its specific tasks. Depending on this, the control program can include a wide range of parameters that allow obtaining comprehensive information about the athlete’s condition, his functional capabilities, or be based on individual private indicators, taking into account which can improve the planning of individual components of the training load.