Technical methods of movement in combat with equipment. Combined arms combat, types of combat. Move all attackers

In battle, depending on the nature of the terrain, the conditions of the situation and the impact of enemy fire, a soldier, when operating on foot, can move at an accelerated pace or run (in full height or crouching), running and crawling.

Areas of terrain hidden from enemy observation and fire are covered at an accelerated pace or running. The average pace of accelerated walking is 130-140 steps per minute, step length is 80-90 cm.

Stride lengthening is achieved through faster and fuller rear extension standing leg and greater extension of the other leg with the hip forward. Long-term movement at an accelerated pace is tiring, so when moving at high speed it is advisable to alternate between walking and running. The soldier moves in the same way during the attack. In this case, the weapon is held in a position for immediate opening of fire.

For covert movement in areas with low shelters (low bushes, tall grass, ditch, etc.), crouched walking is used. With this method of movement, you need to bend your knees, lean your body forward, look ahead and move with long strides. All movements are performed freely, without tension.

Depending on the nature of the terrain, movement through it has its own characteristics. Movement up the slope is carried out in a shortened step with the body tilted forward. If the slope is very steep, the ascent should be done in zigzags, that is, move alternately with your right and left sides towards the slope on slightly bent legs, resting the ribs of your soles and heels on the ledges of the mountain. You can also climb steep climbs straight, holding onto branches, bushes, tufts of thick grass, etc. with your hands, placing your feet on the entire foot in a herringbone pattern (with your toes pointed to the side).

Moving down the squabble is done with a free step, placing the foot on the heel, tilting the body back. Descent down steep slopes can be done sideways, with side steps, if possible holding onto the unevenness of the slope with your hand.

Movement on viscous or slippery ground is done in short steps; The legs should be moved quickly so that they do not have time to sink deeply into the soil or slide off the support. You need to place your foot on the entire foot and try to choose harder areas for support (bumps, furrows, ledges, roots, etc.).

Running can be used to overcome certain sections of terrain (slow, fast and at an average pace).

Slow running applies to long distances. When running, the body leans forward slightly more than when walking. The running pace is 150-165 steps per minute with a stride length of 70-90 cm.

Running at an average pace is done with a free swing step. The body is held with a slight tilt forward. Rapid forward movement is ensured by an energetic rear push, after which the leg, bent at the knee, is carried forward and upward by the thigh and placed on the entire foot. The shin should not be brought forward strongly, and the foot should not be placed on the ground far from the projection of the center of gravity, since with such a placement of the foot on the ground, the braking effect of the front push, directed in the opposite direction, increases. Running pace - 165-180 steps per minute, step length - 85 - 90 cm.

Speed ​​running used during dashes, when running out of cover to combat and transport vehicles, during the take-off run before overcoming obstacles.

The body leans forward more than when running at an average pace, and pushing off with the foot and moving the arms is done more energetically. Increasing the length of the step is ensured by pushing the leg back and quickly moving it forward with the thigh. After pushing off, the leg is brought forward upward with the knee bent and gently placed on the front of the foot, followed by support on the entire foot. Running pace - 180-200 steps per minute, step length - 120-150 cm.

Dashes are used to quickly approach the enemy in open areas.

To run from a prone position, you must first put the weapon on safety, at a preliminary command, outline the path of movement and a hidden stopping place, then, at the executive command, quickly jump up, as when executing the “Stand up” command, and quickly run to the intended place. At the point of stopping, take a running start and lie down on the ground, crawl slightly to the side, and upon reaching the place indicated in the command, in addition, prepare to fire.

The length of the run between stops depends on the terrain and enemy fire and on average should be 20-40 steps. The more open the area and the stronger the fire, the faster and shorter the dash should be.

Crawling is used to quietly approach the enemy and covertly overcome areas of terrain that have insignificant cover, uneven terrain and are under enemy observation or fire.

Depending on the situation, the terrain and the fire, crawling is done on the belly, on all fours and on the side. As before running, you must first outline the path of movement and shelter for stopping places.

When moving at a run, at an accelerated pace and when dashing, the weapon is held with one or two hands, as is more convenient.

To crawl on your bellies, you need to lie firmly on the ground, right hand take the weapon by the strap near the top swivel and place it on the forearm of your right hand. Pull up your right (left) leg and at the same time extend your left (right) arm as far as possible, pushing off with a bent leg, move forward, pull up the other leg, extend the other arm and continue the movement in the same order. When crawling, do not raise your head high.

To crawl on all fours, kneel down and lean on your forearm or hands. Pull your bent right (left) leg under your chest, while simultaneously extending your left (right) arm forward. Move your body forward until your right (left) leg is fully straightened, while simultaneously pulling the other leg under you bent leg, and, extending the other hand, continue moving in the same order. Hold the weapon: when leaning on your forearms - the same as when crawling on your bellies; when leaning on the hands - in the right hand.

To crawl on your side, lie on your left side, pulling forward left leg, bent at the knee, lean on the forearm of your left hand, with your right foot, rest your heel on the ground as close to yourself as possible; straightening your right leg, move your body forward without changing position and continue moving in the same order. Hold the weapon with your right hand, placing it on the thigh of your left leg.

For successful actions on the battlefield, every serviceman must be able to quickly and correctly perform the “get down” (“to fight”) and “get up” techniques. In addition, he must know and skillfully apply methods of movement on the battlefield, which depend on the nature of the terrain, environmental conditions and the impact of enemy fire.

Movement on the battlefield can be done at an accelerated pace, running (at full height or crouching), dashing and crawling.

The movement to attack, as well as overcoming areas of terrain hidden from enemy observation and fire, is carried out at an accelerated pace or running.

Runs are used to quickly approach the enemy in open areas. The length of the run between stops depends on the terrain and enemy fire. The more open the area and the stronger the fire, the faster and shorter the dash should be.

Crawling is used to quietly approach the enemy and covertly overcome areas of terrain that have insignificant cover, uneven terrain and are under enemy observation or fire. Depending on the task received and the conditions for its implementation, crawling is performed on the prone, on all fours and on the side.

It is advisable to conduct classes on studying the techniques of “getting down” (“to fight”), “getting up” and methods of moving personnel in battle on an area of ​​terrain where there is soft ground, and training on rough terrain (tactical field). Improving skills in performing the techniques “lie down” (“to fight”), “get up”, and moving on the battlefield is carried out during classes in other subjects of study, especially tactical and fire training. Classes are held as part of the department.

Personnel must have standard weapons and wear field uniforms. The organization of classes is the same as when learning other drill techniques and actions.

Having arrived at the training site, the squad leader briefly explains the practical significance of the techniques being studied, and then begins to practice them.

The dash is carried out by the command “So-and-so should run over there - FORWARD.”

Upon a preliminary command, outline the path of movement and hidden stopping places for a break, and upon an executive command, quickly jump up without placing your left (right) leg, move it forward while simultaneously straightening (pushing off) your right (left) leg and quickly run across.

The length of the run between stops for respite depends on the terrain and enemy fire and on average should be 20 - 40 steps. At the place where you stop for a break, take a running start, lie down, crawl slightly to the side, and upon reaching the place indicated in the command, in addition, prepare to fire.

The position of the weapon when running is at the choice of the person running.

Crawling is done on the belly, on all fours and on the side, following the command “So-and-so crawl there - FORWARD.” On a preliminary command, outline the path of movement and sheltered stopping places for a break, and on an executive command, crawl in one of the specified ways.

To crawl on your stomach, lie down firmly on the ground, take the weapon by the strap near the top swivel with your right hand and place it on the forearm of your right hand.

Pull up your right (left) leg and at the same time extend your left (right) arm as far as possible; pushing off with a bent leg, move your body forward, pull up the other leg, extend the other arm and continue the movement in the same order. When crawling, do not raise your head high.

To crawl on all fours, kneel down and lean on your forearms or hands. Pull your bent right (left) leg under your chest, while simultaneously extending your left (right) arm forward. Move your body forward until your right (left) leg is completely straightened, while simultaneously pulling the other, bent leg under you, and, extending the other arm, continue the movement in the same order.

Hold the weapon: when leaning on your forearms - the same as when crawling on your bellies; when leaning on the hands - in the right hand.

To crawl on your side, lie on your left side; pulling forward your left leg, bent at the knee, lean on the forearm of your left hand, with your right foot, rest your heel on the ground as close to you as possible; straightening your right leg, move your body forward without changing the position of your left leg, and then continue moving in the same order.

Hold the weapon with your right hand, placing it on the thigh of your left leg.

To repel a sudden attack by a ground enemy, the command “Enemy from the front (from the rear, right, left) - TO FIGHT” is given to the company column.

With this command:

• - when attacking from the front, the guiding platoon is deployed into battle formation on the spot, the following platoon is to the right, and the trailing platoon is to the left of the guiding one;
• - when attacked from the rear, the company turns in a circle; the trailing platoon is deployed into battle formation on the spot; the platoon located in the middle of the column is to its right, and the guiding platoon is to its left;
• - when attacked from the right or left, the company turns in the appropriate direction; the platoon located in the middle of the column is deployed into battle formation on the spot; flank platoons deploy: one to the right, and the other to the left of this platoon towards their outer flanks.

When an air enemy attacks a company column, the command “AIR” is given. At this command, the company continues to move or stops, depending on the situation. If the movement does not stop, then the speed and distances between cars in the convoy increase. When stopping, the personnel, at the commands of their commanders, quickly jump out of their vehicles, occupy the nearest sheltered places in a platoon, prepare to fire and, on command, fire at low-flying targets.

When the enemy uses nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, a radiation hazard or chemical alarm is issued.

Based on these signals, personnel take protective measures. The order of moving in twos using the “one foot on the ground” method is self-evident. It is only necessary to note that when working in a “two,” the soldier who opens fire must shout, for example, “hold” or “cut,” or in another way, communicate his readiness to cover his partner’s movement with fire. This must be done, since visual contact cannot always be maintained even within the “two,” and in the roar of battle it is not always possible to distinguish the fire of your partner from the fire of another soldier.

A common mistake is to inform your partner that you are ready to cover him immediately after he has finished moving, but he himself has not yet had time to take a shooting position. As a result, the partner stops his fire before the second member of the “two” begins to fire, since it takes some time to take a position convenient for firing. To combat this error, you need to practice the following technique. The soldier must first fire one shot (burst) and only then inform his partner about his readiness to cover him with fire. That is, the movement is divided into phases: the phase of firing by one soldier is replaced by the phase of firing by both soldiers.

First phase- No. 1 covers, No. 2 moves

Second phase- No. 2 lay down, made an aimed shot or burst and shouted to No. 1 about his readiness to cover his movement

Third phase- No. 2 covers, No. 1 moves

Move all attackers

Moving one by one

When moving by rolls, it is not necessary that immediately after one soldier makes a dash, another begins to run across. Depending on the situation, the following technique is also possible. One soldier, under the cover of another (others), covers 50 - 100 meters in three or four dashes, digs in, starts shooting, and only after that the next soldier begins to move. It is possible that the entire squad or even platoon will be withdrawn one by one in this manner to the next line. In this case, it is recommended that the most trained and physically developed soldier in the group be sent first to the next line, and machine gunners, signalmen, snipers and commanders are sent out last.

If the approach is carried out in at a slow pace, then the soldiers supporting the movement of others with fire must conduct supporting fire haphazardly, changing combat positions, however, remembering that when changing positions, the density of fire of the entire unit drops.

In Soviet tactics, preference was given to a more primitive method, namely, running the entire mass of infantry. The fact is that a soldier under fire may, out of fear, simply not get off the ground after the next move. If one falls, the other will fall too. If a unit falls down, the enemy can drive it out onto their machine guns with mortar fire, preventing it from retreating back. If the soldiers fall down while moving in rolls, the commander will have no choice but to raise the people to their full height and run to the enemy position. It is very difficult for a commander to move infantry lying down under fire into an attack. Therefore, when using movement in “twos” and “threes,” one should realistically assess the mood and training of the soldiers. In addition, this method is much slower than running. An attempt to fight “smarter” may result in a failure of the attack.

In battle, depending on the nature of the terrain, situational conditions and exposure to enemy fire, a soldier can move on foot when operating fast pace, run- standing up or crouching down, dashing and crawling. Before moving, personnel must put the weapon on safety using the command “Safety - SET” or independently.

The attack is carried out at an accelerated pace or running. Running and crawling are used to covertly approach the enemy.

Run can be used to overcome certain sections of terrain (slow, medium pace and fast). Slow running is used for long distances. The body leans forward slightly more when running than when walking. The running pace is 150-165 steps per minute with a step length of 70-90 cm. Running at an average pace is carried out with a free swinging step. The body is held with a slight tilt forward. Rapid forward movement is ensured by an energetic rear push, after which the leg, bent at the knee, is carried forward and upward by the thigh and placed on the entire foot. The lower leg should not be brought forward strongly, and the foot should not be placed on the ground far from the projection of the center of body mass, since with such placement of the foot on the ground, the braking effect of the front push, directed in the opposite direction, increases. The running pace is 165-180 steps per minute, the length of each step is 85 - 90 cm.

Fast run used when dashing, when running from cover to combat and transport vehicles, when accelerating before overcoming obstacles. The body leans forward more than when running at an average pace, and pushing off with the foot and moving the arms is carried out energetically. Increasing the length of the step is ensured by pushing the leg back and quickly moving it forward with the thigh. After pushing off, the leg is brought forward and upward with the knee bent and gently placed on the front of the foot, followed by support on the entire foot. The running pace is 180-200 steps per minute, step length is 120 - 150 cm.

Dashes used to quickly approach the enemy in open areas. To run from a prone position, you must first put the weapon on safety. When moving at a run, at an accelerated pace and when dashing, the weapon is held with one or two hands, as is more convenient.

On the preparatory command, outline the path of movement and a hidden stopping place, then, on the executive command, quickly jump up, as when executing the “Stand up” command, and quickly run to the intended place. At the place where you stop, take a running start and lie down on the ground and immediately crawl (roll) a little to the side, and upon reaching the place indicated in the command, in addition, prepare to fire.

The length of the run between stops depends on the terrain and enemy fire and on average should be 20-40 steps. The more open the area and the stronger the fire, the faster and shorter the dash should be. Sections, groups or individual soldiers who remained in place, as well as those who moved after the run to the specified line (stop), support with their fire those who run over.

crawling used for unnoticeably approaching the enemy and covertly overcoming areas of terrain that have insignificant shelters, uneven terrain and are under enemy observation or fire. Depending on the situation, terrain and fire, crawling on the belly, on all fours and on the side is used. Upon a preliminary command, the one who crawls must outline the path of movement and hidden places for stopping for a break, and upon the command for execution, crawl in one of the ways.

For crawling on your bellies you need to lie down, pressing tightly to the ground, with your right hand take the weapon by the belt at the top swivel and place it on the forearm of your right hand. Pull up your right (left) leg and at the same time extend your left (right) arm as far as possible. Pushing off with a bent leg, move forward, pull up the other leg, extend the other arm and continue moving. When crawling, do not raise your head high (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Crawling on your bellies

For crawling on all fours you need to kneel and lean on your forearm (hands). Pull your bent right (left) leg under your chest, while simultaneously extending your left (right) arm forward. Move forward until your right (left) leg straightens, at the same time pulling the bent leg under you, and, stretching out the other arm, continue the movement. Hold the weapon: when leaning on your forearms - as when crawling on your bellies; when leaning on your hands - in your right hand (Fig. 35).

Rice. 35. Crawling on all fours

For crawling on your side lie on your left side, pull your left leg forward, bent at the knee, lean on the forearm of your left hand, with your right foot rest your heel on the ground as close to you as possible; straightening your right leg, move your body forward without changing position, continue moving in the same order. Hold the weapon with your right hand, placing it on the thigh of your left leg

Rice. 36. Crawling on your side

Choosing a path to move, overcoming natural obstacles, using space that is not affected during movement.

Areas of terrain hidden from observation and from enemy fire are covered at an accelerated pace or running. The pace of accelerated walking is on average 130 - 140 steps/min, step length is 80-90 cm. Lengthening the step is achieved by fully extending the supporting leg backwards and moving the other leg forward with the hip. Long-term movement at an accelerated pace is tiring, so when moving at high speed you need to alternate between walking and running. The soldier moves in the same way during the attack. At the same time, he holds the weapon in a position that ensures immediate opening of fire.

For hidden movement in areas with low cover (bush, grass, ditches, etc.), crouched walking is used. With this method, you need to bend your knees, lean your body forward, look ahead and move with long strides. All movements are performed without tension. Depending on the nature of the terrain, movement through it has its own characteristics.

Slopes overcome different ways. They move up the slope in short strides with the body tilted forward. Zigzag climbing is used to overcome long and steep slopes. The ascent takes place with a change in the direction of movement obliquely towards the slope, that is, you need to move alternately with your right or left side towards the slope on slightly bent legs, resting the ribs of your soles and heels on the ledges of the mountain. The size of the zigzag depends on the steepness and width of the slope. The foot is placed with the toe in the direction of movement, slightly turned out and turned with the toe down the slope.

You can also climb steep climbs directly, using the “head-on” method. This is how they overcome short and not very steep slopes when you need to quickly pass them, while holding on to branches, bushes, tufts of thick grass, etc., placing your feet on the entire foot in a herringbone pattern (with your toes pointed to the side).

Zigzag descent along the slopes is carried out in the same way as ascent. A straight descent is performed with your back to the slope, your feet are placed parallel to the entire sole, while your knees are half bent, or you walk at a free pace with your foot on your heel, tilting your body back.

When moving along slopes overgrown with sparse grass, feet are placed between tufts of grass (tussocks). Moving along slopes overgrown with thick and tall grass, you place your feet by touch. In this case, you need to avoid the edges of uneven areas and stones. Descent steep slopes can be done sideways, with side steps, if possible holding onto the unevenness of the slope with your hand.

Movement on viscous or slippery ground is carried out in short steps; The legs should be moved quickly so that they do not have time to sink deeply into the soil or slide off the support. You need to place your foot on the entire foot and try to choose solid areas for support (bumps, furrows, protrusions, roots, etc.).

Overcoming scree requires great care. When planning a route along screes, you need to take into account that they are more mobile after rain and are resistant to freezing, which often occurs after rain or snowfall. When moving along unstable and large screes, the body weight is transferred to the foot placed on the next stone, when its stable position on the slope is determined by touch.

Climbing scree, depending on the steepness of the slope, is carried out using the “head-on” or “zigzag” method. When climbing small, unstable screes, you need to place your foot on the entire foot. The socks are turned outward. The next transfer of the leg is carried out after the scree movement has completely stopped.

The descent and crossing of a slope with screes is carried out according to the same rules as the ascent. Descent through small, unstable screes is carried out with your back to the slope, supported by a pole or ice ax.

2. Selection of a place and a hidden location on it for observation and firing. Arrangement and camouflage of a trench for prone shooting.

Important for victory over the enemy and for preserving oneself from defeat is how correctly the soldier chooses the place to fire and observe the enemy. On the ground, it is advisable to find a natural shelter (ditch, crater from a shell or mine explosion, etc.), to which, after inspecting the surrounding area, you need to move unnoticed.

Before setting up a position, you need to quickly study the area by Special attention for the presence of lowlands, ditches, furrows and other shelters that the enemy can use to approach unnoticed. Often a soldier hidden in the shade of a bush can remain unnoticed for a long time even at a distance of 15 m from an enemy observer. Every soldier who seeks to survive in battle must quickly understand the advantages that the terrain provides him and use them. You need to know how to hide in the bushes, how a stone can protect you from a bullet, how a small ditch allows you to move forward with relative safety, how a hill facilitates accurate aimed fire.

Only after making sure that the location is correct can you dig a trench for prone shooting. (Trench is an open earthen structure for firing by a rifleman, machine gunner, or grenade launcher). The weapon must be placed to your right at a distance arm's length, pointing the barrel towards the enemy. Turning on his left side, the soldier takes out the sapper's shovel and, holding it by the handle with both hands, cuts the turf with blows towards himself, which he folds on the side so that after digging a trench it can be used to camouflage the parapet; he throws the earth first forward, then to the side, to protect himself from bullets, shell fragments, and mines.

During work, you need to press your head as close to the ground as possible, but so that you can observe the enemy. Having dug the front part of the trench to a depth of 20 cm, the soldier moves a little back and continues to dig further. The width of the finished trench is 60 cm, length is 170 cm (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Ready trench for prone shooting

If the enemy is not active, then work on improving the trench continues: it is deepened and made suitable for shooting from the knee (Fig. 38) and standing (Fig. 39).

Rice. 38. Ready trench for kneeling shooting

Rice. 39. Ready trench for standing shooting

The depth of the finished trench: for prone shooting - up to 30 cm, for kneeling shooting - up to 60 cm, for standing shooting (full profile) - up to 110 cm. The height of the parapet for each ground can be different.

Under favorable conditions, when the enemy behaves passively, at the direction of the squad commander or independently, single trenches are connected to each other into a squad position, which is brought to a full profile. For this purpose, the soldier, without leaving the trench, digs a connecting passage to his neighbor on the left. The sequence of work is the same as when digging a single trench.

If there are bushes or tall grass in front of the trench, then in order to improve visibility and shelling, you need to clear them without the enemy noticing. In addition, it is necessary to provide for night combat and prepare machine guns (machine guns) without night sights for firing in the dark. For the machine gun, a groove is made in the parapet in such a way that the machine gun placed in it is aimed exactly in the direction indicated by the commander. The edges of the groove are compacted and covered with turf. The limiting pegs are driven in pairs at the forend and butt of the machine gun. If possible, pegs are replaced with slingshots.

When occupying a defense in the absence of contact with the enemy, it is possible to more carefully select and fully equip a place for firing (firing position), install barriers and, if necessary, clear the firing sector and perform other tasks. But no matter in what conditions the defense is engaged, one must always be vigilant and ready to use weapons, continuously monitor the terrain, especially at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, when a surprise attack by the enemy may be most likely.

3. Observation task. Observer responsibilities. Requirements for the selection, arrangement and camouflage of a place for surveillance.

In order to timely identify the enemy and determine the moment of his transition to an attack and timely destroy him with fire, continuous observation of the battlefield must be carried out. Surveillance is one of the most common methods of conducting reconnaissance of the enemy and the area. Observation is organized in all types of combat activities of troops and is carried out continuously day and night. In conditions of limited visibility, it is carried out using night vision devices and other technical means illumination of the area and is complemented by eavesdropping.

Each soldier is obliged to continuously and purposefully monitor the battlefield, that is, the enemy and the terrain, and obtain important information about the nature of his actions. During the war, observation was used to detect and confirm concentrations of enemy troops to go on the offensive, the location of their fire weapons, military equipment, control posts, engineering barriers and other information.

Observation in units is organized by unit commanders and conducted by observers from observation posts and command and observation posts. At each observation point, a map of landmarks is drawn up and a log of reconnaissance and shooting maintenance is kept. In addition, the command and observation post maintains: a working map, a large-scale tablet and a target diagram. The landmark scheme is designed to facilitate the search for landmarks on the ground, fast and reliable transmission of target designations, to determine the position of scouted targets on the ground relative to landmarks, as well as to receive and transmit reports on scouted targets. The journal records: object (target) number; detection time; position of the target relative to the command-observation post (measurement data), name of the object and observation results, rectangular coordinates of the object; characteristics of the accuracy of the intercept, as well as when and to whom a report was made about the target or a conclusion regarding the reliability of the target.

To monitor enemy ground and air forces, an observer (a specially trained soldier or sergeant) is assigned to the squad. He must be able to navigate the terrain, have observation skills, visual memory, endurance and patience, be hardy, quick-witted, and cold-blooded.

Observer responsibilities:

Be able to select, equip and camouflage a place for observation, navigate the terrain at any time of the year and day; determine the distance to targets (objects), use surveillance devices and communications;

Know the reconnaissance signs of the main types of weapons and military equipment of the enemy, analyze the information, keep notes in the observation log and clearly report the results of the observation to the commander (senior observation post);

Timely identify and report the beginning of an enemy attack.

An observer is assigned a sector (band), and sometimes an area or observation object, to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy. An observation sector is assigned when the enemy is being observed in rough terrain. If the terrain allows for forward and sideward observation and the task is set to monitor one’s own units, among other things, a strip is assigned. In cases where it is necessary to identify the enemy or monitor his actions in any area of ​​the terrain, an area is assigned for observation.

To complete the task, the observer is provided with standard observation devices. Observers of tank units and tank crews usually conduct observation directly from the tanks.

The observer's task is usually assigned to the area from which the observation will be conducted. When setting the task, indicate: landmarks and coded (conventional) names of local objects; information about the enemy and friendly units, a place for observation; sector (band), area (object) of observation, what to watch and what to pay special attention to; directions of probable approach of enemy aircraft (helicopters), order of reporting on observation results, warning signals.

The effectiveness of observation largely depends on the ability to select and equip an observation site in such a way that it provides good review, covert approach, camouflage and protection from fire (Fig. 40).

Rice. 40. Equipped place for observation

You need to be creative when choosing your observation location. It is disguised so as not to arouse suspicion among the enemy. The most reliable shelter for an observer is a trench. The observation location can be selected in a trench, in a specially equipped structure, or in another place convenient for observation.

As the experience of combat operations shows, observers are often located in damaged enemy tanks, trenches, places disguised as a hummock, a stone, a stump, etc. But it should be taken into account that, while disguising places for observation, enemy observers also keep a record of every noticeable local object , so the appearance of a new “bump” or “stump” can arouse suspicion in them and increase surveillance of them.

When choosing a place for observation, it is necessary to remember that the observer must see and hear everything, and remain unnoticed. Therefore, you cannot choose a place for observation near clearly defined landmarks; you cannot move to the tops of heights, hills, mounds, dunes, so as not to appear on the horizon.

On open place the observer chooses a place for observation in such a way that the color of his clothing and weapons blends with the natural color of the area. When located near local objects (tree, pillar, stump, bush, stone, etc.), one must observe while lying down, being on the shadow side.

When choosing places for observation in a populated area, observers are mainly located in destroyed walls, attics, upper floors and ruins. Located in attics or behind fences, they can conduct surveillance through cracks and holes. Sometimes factory pipes are used for observation. However, it should be borne in mind that the enemy will seek to use artillery fire to destroy objects and local objects that can be used for observation.

In forests and bushes, it is best to position yourself for observation somewhat deep from the edge, in the shade of trees, on the ground or in trees. When choosing a place for observation in the forest, you need to find a thick, gnarled tree, the trunk of which is closed from the enemy side by dense branches. Externally, by its size, it should not stand out sharply against the general background of the forest. To place an observer on a tree, a platform of twigs and branches is usually arranged.

Places for observation in mountainous areas are chosen on slopes and spurs commanding heights, near rocks and cliffs. In the mountains, even from the most well-chosen place, you can view no more than 30-40% of the terrain ahead. Therefore, to monitor a particular direction, at least 2-3 points are chosen. It is not recommended to choose a place for observation on mountain tops and near sharply visible local objects, since the observer’s position is well projected against the sky.

Topic 2.8. Tactical training

SECTION 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND FIRST AID

IN modern combat a soldier must be able to move quickly and secretly on any terrain under enemy fire and at the same time continuously monitor the enemy and destroy him with fire from his weapon. In battle, a soldier can move on an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier), by landing on a tank, or on foot.

Methods of movement in battle when operating on foot

When operating on foot, depending on the nature of the terrain and the impact of enemy fire, a soldier can move at an accelerated pace or run (at full height or crouched), dashing or crawling. These methods of movement have been tested in battle.

Fast walking or running areas of terrain hidden from enemy observation and not covered by enemy fire are overcome. The attack movement is carried out using the same methods. In this case, the weapon can be in a position for immediately opening fire offhand (Fig. 17) or with the butt pressed to the side.

Dashes used for covert approach to the enemy and other actions in open areas. To run from a prone position, you must first outline the path of movement and a sheltered stopping place for a break and put the weapon on safety. Then quickly rise, as when executing the “Stand up” command, and quickly run to the intended place, lie down on the ground with a run and quickly crawl to the side. This is done in order to hide the stopping place from the enemy, otherwise he, having taken aim in advance, can hit the soldier when he gets up for the next dash. The length of the run between rest stops depends on the terrain and enemy fire and can be from 20 to 40 steps. During this time, the enemy does not have time to fire an aimed shot. Having reached the line planned or indicated by the commander, it is necessary to take a place and prepare to fire to cover the runs of other soldiers with fire.

By crawling move if the enemy is conducting aimed fire or when it is necessary to approach the enemy unnoticed and suddenly attack him. Depending on the terrain and vegetation cover, you can crawl on your bellies, on all fours, or on your side (Fig. 18). As before the dash, you first need to outline the path of movement and sheltered places for respite.

To crawl on your stomach, lie firmly on the ground, with your right hand take the machine gun by the belt at the top swivel and place it on the forearm of your right hand. Pull up your right (left) leg and at the same time extend your left (right) arm as far as possible. Then, pushing off with a bent leg, move your body forward and pull up the other leg, extend the other arm and continue the movement in the same order. When crawling, do not raise your head high.

To crawl on all fours, kneel down and lean on your forearms or hands. Then pull the bent right (left) leg under the chest, at the same time extend the left (right) arm forward, move the body forward until the right (left) leg is completely straightened, while simultaneously pulling the other bent leg under you, and, stretching the other arm forward, continue the movement in the same order. In this case, the machine gun should be held in the same way as when crawling on your bellies (when leaning on your hands - in your right hand).

To crawl on your side, lie on your left side and, pulling forward your left leg, bent at the knee, lean on the forearm of your left hand, with your right foot rest your heel on the ground as close to you as possible. Then, straightening your right leg, move your body forward without changing the position of your left leg, and then continue the movement in the same order. When crawling on your side, hold the weapon with your right hand, placing it on the thigh of your left leg. This method is most often used to carry ammunition and cargo on the battlefield.

The probability of injury to personnel by a shock wave depends not only on the distance from the site of a nuclear explosion, but also on where and in what position the soldier is at the time of the explosion, as well as on the ability to take protective measures in the event of a nuclear explosion.

Having noticed the flash of a nuclear explosion, while in the infantry fighting vehicle, it is necessary to close the hatches, loopholes, blinds and turn on the system of protection against weapons of mass destruction. When in an open armored personnel carrier, you should duck down. When positioned on the ground, you must quickly take a nearby shelter or lie on the ground with your feet in the direction of the explosion, face down, hiding your hands under you, and close your eyes (Fig. 19).

When choosing a shelter, you should remember that the speed of propagation of the shock wave and its density along hollows, ravines, forest edges, and trenches increases significantly.

After the shock wave passes, immediately rise and continue performing the combat mission.

Questions

1. Cover a distance of 80 - 100 m by running on the ground (starting position - lying down with a machine gun)

2. Crawl on your feet on the ground for a distance of 10 m (starting position - standing with the machine gun in the “belt” position)

3. Show the technique of crawling on all fours (starting position - lying down with a machine gun)

4. Perform the soldier’s actions using the commands “Flash from the front”, “Flash from the right” (starting position - movement at an accelerated pace with the machine gun in the position for immediate opening of fire).

Techniques and methods of movement on the battlefield (accelerated walking, running, dashing and crawling), their use depending on the intensity of enemy fire and the terrain. Combining fire with movement, using local objects and cover during movement to observe and fire. Observation of the enemy and the terrain during movement, reporting to the commander on the results of observation

Techniques and methods of movement on the battlefield (accelerated walking, running, dashing and crawling), their use depending on the intensity of enemy fire and the terrain

It is almost impossible to foresee the order of movement of a soldier on the battlefield in advance. This is usually determined by the nature of the terrain, the actions of the enemy and the task being solved by each soldier.
Movement on the battlefield when operating on foot can be carried out at an accelerated pace or running (at full height or crouching), dashing and crawling.

Areas of terrain hidden from enemy observation and not covered by enemy fire are traversed by rapid walking or running.

Movement with an accelerated step in growth is used during an attack and advance away from the enemy or in terrain where enemy observation is excluded (forest, tall bushes, ravine, ravine, reverse slopes of heights, etc.).

Moving at an accelerated pace while crouching is used for covert movement through terrain with low shelters (low bushes, tall grass, ditch, etc.), along trenches and communication passages.
Running (slow, fast and at an average pace) can be used when attacking an enemy, as well as to overcome certain sections of terrain. High-speed running at full height or crouching is used during dashes, when running out of cover towards combat and transport vehicles.

Dashes

Opening areas of the terrain under enemy fire are overcome by dashing in a crouched position.

The dash begins from a prone position at the command (signal) of the squad commander (senior combat group) or independently. Before starting the dash, it is necessary to pre-select a position that should provide protection from enemy fire. The average length of each run should be 20-40 steps. The more open the area, the faster and shorter the run should be. It is carried out rapidly, in the direction of the stopping place, located 1-2 m from the selected position. Before you start running, you need to carefully inspect the area and evaluate options for subsequent actions.

Having reached the stopping place, you need to take a running start and lie down on the ground and roll (crawl) to the chosen position and prepare to fire. The position of the weapon when running is at the choice of the person running. After waiting 5-10 seconds, you must run in the same order to the next stopping place and so on until the line indicated by the commander is reached.

The squads, group or individual soldiers who remained in place, as well as those who advanced after the run to the specified line (stop), support the rest of the run with their fire. It is impossible to fire from one firing position for a long time; it must be changed more often. While firing, the soldier must be able to find a new suitable position and, if possible, covertly advance to it.

A platoon can make dashes one at a time or in sections, and a section can make runs one at a time, in combat groups or simultaneously with its entire composition.

Platoon (squad) dashes are carried out according to the commands:
- one at a time - “Platoon (squad, group), in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), in a dash, from the right (left, right and left) one at a time - FORWARD”;
- by squads (combat groups) - “Platoon (squad), in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), rushing, such and such (such and such) squad (group) - FORWARD”;
- with the whole squad - “Squad, in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), dashing - FORWARD.”

When running one at a time on the executive command “FORWARD”, the right-flank (left-flank or simultaneously left-flank and right-flank) jumps up and, quickly running 20-40 steps, takes a pre-selected position (place for shooting), prepares to open fire and covers the movement of the second (second) .

Simultaneously with the stop of the first (first), the second (second) begins to run; Having advanced to the line of the first (first) running, he takes a pre-selected position (place for shooting), prepares to open fire and covers the movement of the first (first).

The first (first), running when the second (second) stops, runs in the same way until reaching the indicated line.

When running across combat groups in a platoon, several combat groups, designated for movement by squad commanders, run simultaneously in the same way as one at a time (a maneuver group runs across under the cover of a fire group, a fire group - under the cover of a maneuver group).

When a platoon runs across squads, each squad begins to move at the command of its squad commander: “Squad, in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), dash, behind me - FORWARD.” The squad personnel simultaneously jump up and, after running 20-40 steps, take a break. To resume movement, the command “Separation - FORWARD” is given. The movement of squads is carried out under mutual covering fire.

Infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) with their fire support the advancement of the personnel of their units and, using folds of the terrain, move from cover to cover.

Crawling

Crawling is used to quietly approach the enemy and covertly overcome open areas of terrain that are under enemy observation or fire. As before running, before crawling, it is necessary to outline the path of movement and sheltered places to stop.

When the enemy uses “trip mines”, before crawling, it is necessary to use a grapple on a cord, which, from a lying position, is thrown forward along the crawling path and pulled towards itself, activating the fuses of the installed mines. When using a cat, soldiers of their unit should not be in the mine affected area.

Depending on the situation, the height of the vegetation cover and the presence of shelters, crawling can be carried out on the prone, on all fours and on the side in the following order.

Upon a preliminary command, the crawler must outline the path of movement and sheltered stopping places for a break, and upon the executive command, crawl in one of the indicated ways.

To crawl a platoon and squad, the same commands are given as when moving in dashes, for example: “Platoon, in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), crawling to the right (left), through squads - FORWARD” or “Squad ( combat group), in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), crawling to the right (left, right and left) one at a time - FORWARD.”

Crawling on the belly is used in areas covered by fire. small arms enemy and lacking sufficient cover.

To crawl on your stomach, you need to lie firmly on the ground, take the weapon by the belt near the top swivel with your right hand and place it on the forearm of your right hand. Pull up your right (left) leg and at the same time extend your left (right) arm as far as possible; pushing off with a bent leg, move your body forward and continue moving in the same order. When crawling, do not raise your head high.

Crawling on all fours is used in terrain covered by enemy fire, with small masks (low bushes, tall grass, crops, etc.), as well as along ditches, shallow hollows, along trenches and communication passages, along which movement is upright and crouching impossible.

To crawl on all fours, you need to kneel and lean on your forearms or hands. Pull your bent right (left) leg under your chest, while simultaneously extending your left (right) arm forward.

Crawling on your bellies

Crawling on all fours

Crawling on your side

Move your body forward until your right (left) leg is completely straightened, while simultaneously pulling the other bent leg under you and extending the other arm, continue the movement in the same order. Hold the weapon: when leaning on your forearms - the same as when crawling on your bellies; when leaning on the hands - in the right hand.

Crawling on your side is usually used when moving through snow or on sandy terrain, when crawling with machine guns, when carrying ammunition, delivering food, and when carrying the wounded from the battlefield.

To crawl on your side, you need to lie on your left side; pulling forward your left leg, bent at the knee, lean on the forearm of your left hand, with your right foot, rest your heel on the ground as close to you as possible; straightening your right leg, move your body forward without changing the position of your left leg, and then continue the movement in the same order. Hold the weapon with your right hand, placing it on the thigh of your left leg.
To stop a platoon (squad), the command “Platoon (squad, group) - STOP” is given, and to resume movement - “Platoon (squad, group) - FORWARD.”

When conducting operations at night and the need to hide your movement from the enemy (to achieve surprise in an attack, when conducting reconnaissance), if during movement the area is suddenly illuminated by the enemy, you must immediately stop moving and lie motionless until the end of the illumination.

The movement of a platoon (squad) back is carried out in the same ways as forward, on the command “Platoon (squad), retreat to such and such an object (to such and such a line), to the right (left or right and left) one at a time (in groups , departments) - BACK."

Combining fire with movement, using local objects and cover during movement to observe and fire. Observation of the enemy and the terrain during movement, reporting to the commander on the results of observation

Combination of fire with movement.

The combination of fire with movement consists of advancing a soldier (group, squad) to a specified line under the cover of continuous fire directed at the enemy from all fire weapons remaining in place, or firing with a simultaneous attack on the enemy by all personnel of the unit at the same time.

The first method is used, as a rule, in the case when a section of terrain does not provide a sufficient number of shelters, the enemy offers fierce resistance, and maximum fire support is required for personnel making dashes to get closer to the enemy and take a more advantageous position.

In the second case, the entire unit simultaneously turns into a chain and moves towards the target of attack. At the same time, each soldier moves briskly towards the objective, maintaining the general tempo of the offensive, and fires at the enemy and his probable positions. This method of combining fire and movement can be most effective when there is no cover on the advance route, and the enemy is disorganized and does not offer organized resistance, as well as when pursuing a retreating enemy, or when artillery and air support give troops an advantage over the enemy.

Use of local objects and shelters during movement for observation and firing.

Even on the most level terrain there are small uneven spots, hills and depressions, and craters appear during battle. They are the ones you need to use when moving on the battlefield.

The best way to move under enemy fire and observation is to move from cover to cover. Before moving, the soldier is recommended to mentally go through the path that he will have to overcome when approaching the enemy. How to lay out an imaginary path on the battlefield, marking stopping places for a break on it. If it is impossible to mark the entire path in this way, then you need to pre-plan the paths of the next few runs.

It is better to lie down on the ground after another dash not behind the cover, but next to it and then crawl behind it, and before making a dash, crawl away from the cover. You need to leave the shelter in a different way than the way the shelter was occupied. All this is done so that the enemy cannot determine where the movement will begin, and therefore cannot aim his weapon at this point in advance.

Instead of crawling, you can use rolling, but when rolling, there is a high probability of unmasking yourself. Ceteris paribus, you need to crawl away to your right, since when shooting from automatic weapons in bursts the shots go to the left - up from the person being shot at.

However, if the height of the vegetation cover is small or some area of ​​the terrain does not have shelter from bullets, but is protected only from observation, or the enemy’s position is already very close, you should freeze after falling and especially avoid head movements that are clearly visible.

If for some reason the command to stop is given, then you should not completely stop moving in the place where such an order was received, but you need to take the nearest shelter, convenient for possible firing and further movement.

The principle of “from shelter to shelter” must be used within reasonable limits. It should not be used if you unexpectedly come under enemy fire. In such a situation, you won’t be able to run 10 meters. You need to fall right away.

You should not, in search of safety, use too obvious and easily accessible shelters. The ability of such shelters to “attract” soldiers is known. In such places, soldiers often “crowd together.” The enemy can shoot them well or mine them, and (instead of protection) they will become a trap. The enemy, first of all, shoots through the most obvious shelters; he can specially equip them to lure and destroy attackers in them. For example, the enemy can dig entire lines of trenches with a normal parapet on the attacking side and a hidden parapet on the defensive side. The infantry, having captured such a trench, is methodically shot by the enemy or (if the second trench is close) is bombarded with grenades: after all, the attacker has a limited supply of grenades, but the defender can accumulate them in large quantities in advance.

A simpler version of the same trick is to pour piles of earth and “plant” bushes at a strictly defined distance from their positions. Destroying attackers is much easier, since the exact distance to the places where they will try to hide is known.

Finally, when you get close enough to the enemy, as a rule, there is no cover from fire and you have to use ultra-short dashes as a means of making it difficult for the enemy to aim.

Observation of the enemy and the terrain during movement, reporting to the commander on the results of observation

Each soldier is obliged to continuously monitor the battlefield, obtain important information about the nature of the enemy’s actions and report the results of observation to his commander.

During an offensive and in a counter battle, the observer in the squad, as a rule, is with the squad commander and conducts observation on the move.

The observer is usually appointed from among specially trained soldiers. He must be able to navigate the terrain well day and night, have good training in observational reconnaissance, visual memory, enormous endurance and patience, be hardy, quick-witted, and cold-blooded.

The observer is obliged:
- be able to select, equip and camouflage a place for observation, navigate the terrain at any time of the year and day; determine the distance to targets (objects), use surveillance devices and communications;
- know the reconnaissance signs of the main types of weapons and military equipment of the enemy, analyze the information, keep notes in the observation log and clearly report the results of the observation to the commander (senior observation post).

The observer's report should be specific, concise and include:
- landmark or conventional name of a local object;
- position of the target relative to the landmark;
- characteristic features of the target.

At the same time, he first indicates the position of the target to the right or left of the landmark in thousandths, and the distance of the target further or closer than the landmark - in meters.
For example: “Landmark 3, 20 to the right, further 200, there’s a machine gun near a tall tree.