Sports and technical parks in the world. Sports parks. Parks are used by masses of people of different age groups

Today, when the accelerating pace of life prompts us to preserve our inner potential and health - physical and mental, the transition to a healthy lifestyle is important.

External form of manifestation this direction in recent years there has been an active development sports infrastructure in the country both for serious international, all-Russian, regional sporting events, and locally at the level of small territories.

Speaking about landscape design - as a unique activity for preserving the natural landscape in the urban environment and creating unique images of the harmony of nature in various scales of public and private areas - in relation to the sports environment, a list of sports facilities known to us is drawn, the creation of which involves the use of tools and techniques landscape architecture and design. These include planar structures (stadiums, universal sports grounds, tennis courts), which have become developed and popular in the domestic environment, dynamically developing sports complexes (universal sports and recreation complexes, specialized complexes, athletics arenas, fitness rooms) and adjacent areas. A special place in terms of their complexity, novelty or scale in the landscape and architectural practice of Russia is occupied by such sports objects like racetracks, golf courses, skate areas, outdoor tennis courts.

In our opinion, in the context of modern trends in the development of sports infrastructure, it is important to ensure mass accessibility to sports facilities so that their use becomes possible for citizens and works in solving social problems in developing a sports culture, healthy image life, self-improvement and spiritual development of the nation. From this point of view, what is important in our opinion is the creation and development of integral natural complexes - sports parks, located in accessibility zones of residential areas, which could act as:

• an active social place for personal development;

• a center for the development of many sports simultaneously;

• daily training grounds for city residents;

• a place for active family walks.

To confirm my words, I would like to give an example of foreign practice - approaches to organizing public places active rest and sports in New York City (USA), which we got to know while on an internship at the American landscape and architectural company Balmori Associates in July-August 2009. Surprisingly, in conditions mass development territories have been uniquely preserved and consciously allocated for mass relaxation, activity, and rest of citizens.

Unlike the development of other urban areas, it is here that the features of the landscape design of sports facilities are clearly expressed: 1) complexes of sports and cultural recreation areas are successfully combined; 2) a harmonious combination of “green” zones and visitor routes has been built, taking into account their participation in various sports; 3) compliance with requirements regarding noise and wind protection, distribution of sunlight is ensured; 4) the planning and development technologies used take into account the potentially high degree of loading of the park territory by visitors and ensure the long-term sustainability of its landscape.

An example of modern trends in landscape design of sports parks in an urban environment in New York City is the famous Central Park, which occupies more than 3 square meters. km area, is the “core” and “island” of the city’s nature. At first glance, this is a natural complex, but upon closer inspection there are kilometers of paths for jogging, cycling, skateboarding , roller skating, horseback riding. The park preserves the features of the natural landscape of rocky outcrops, hills, and forest areas, but at the same time, to meet the needs of park users, fields for playing football, rugby, and golf have been created, and children's sports and entertainment facilities have been organized. playgrounds. The natural background surprises visitors with fauna - squirrels, “walking” badgers, “singing” forest and swimming birds.

In recent years, maximum utilization projects have gained particular popularity. New York City waterfront. On both banks of the rivers (Hudson River, East River) washing Manhattan, there are embankment parks stretching for many kilometers - Hudson River Park,East River Park, Riverbank State Park, - which uniquely preserved the historical features of the place and combine modernity, environmental friendliness, harmony of natural content, complete functionality in use, the individuality of the continuation of the city’s architecture and its balance with the watery nature of the elements surrounding the island. Thanks to thoughtful work, the implemented projects of these parks have created a unique atmosphere of accessibility and ease of playing sports for any person, regardless of age, his social status, or position in society.

The complex of sports parks, without exception, provides additional features for active recreation and sports for people with disabilities, who, along with ordinary citizens, have the opportunity to use all the capabilities of functional areas, doing athletics or by participating in team sports. In the evenings and on weekends, sports parks are a gathering of teenagers and adults on playgrounds for playing volleyball, basketball, skateboarding, and roller skating. The territory of piers on the water, on which the work of football fields and golf clubs is organized, is effectively used on a city scale, and their placement is harmoniously included in the space of coastal parks. It is noteworthy that many sports grounds in parks quickly transform into public skating rinks in winter. A striking example is Bryant Park, located in the center of New York among skyscrapers, where in the summer a recreation area is regularly open on the lawn ground floor, yoga classes, sports dance classes for youth, holding tennis tournaments, cultural events, and in winter - open area the lawn turns into a skating rink to the delight of users for free skating, holding competitions, festive performances.

Thus, the mass availability of sports facilities - through the organization of sports parks - is a unique opportunity for the development and preservation of the nation. Achieving functionality, completeness of the idea, and individuality of the sports park is determined at the stage of landscape design. In this regard, in order to create an integral multifunctional natural recreation and sports complex at the project development stage, it is recommended to adhere to the following principles of territory design:

• When developing a territory design concept, study the “portrait” of a potential user and form, taking into account his preferences in the project, a set of functional zones, their order and range of placement. Include areas for active recreation and sports for everyone age groups- children, teenagers, adults

• Ensure accessibility of the park's sports facilities relative to residential areas. Limit sports grounds, Treadmills from public transport roads; distinguish between the movements of pedestrians and actively moving people on bicycles, rollerblades, and skateboards. The location of the facilities ensures ease of loading and the ability to quickly evacuate people. Establish conditions for ease of maintenance of sports park facilities

• Place sports facilities in tracts of greenery or recreate a natural environment around them through the use of coniferous trees, decorative foliage shrubs, cereals, perennial wildflowers or alpine flowers in the landscape design (do not use abundantly fruiting, early-shedding and thorny plants)

• Combine sports facilities with areas of the natural environment (natural or artificial reservoirs, natural reliefs, alleys), ensuring a decorative environment at any time of the year. Provide for easy transformation of summer sports facilities into plots winter species sports and recreation. Maintain the orientation of sports facilities according to the cardinal directions

• When developing the technical part of a landscape project, provide for the use of natural materials in the arrangement of the territory - wood, stone, gravel chips.

The modern rhythm of life forces many of us to abandon, albeit very elegant, but such impractical types of outerwear. But this does not mean that people who live in constant motion should look boring and dull. Modern designers systematically delight fans active image life with new models of sports jackets. This season, parks deserve special attention. The fashion range of manufacturers includes both men's and women's models of such jackets, and this is good news.

Parka jacket

The classic parka model attracts consumers because it is as simple as possible. Its cut is mostly straight, and the only decoration is the voluminous patch pockets at the level of the arms and chest. Distinctive features of the parkas are also a deep hood, a high stand-up collar that slightly covers the face, as well as a sewn-in zipper with an insulated flap with buttons or buttons. These are, in principle, all the features that distinguish the parka from other jackets, but its main advantage lies in its phenomenal insulating properties. Why should people pay attention to sports parka models this season?

Features and Benefits

The fact is that sports parkas differ in their anatomical cut, so they do not constrain a person at all during vigorous activity. The absence of unnecessary details and decorative elements does not make the jackets heavier in terms of weight, so you feel as comfortable and free as possible in them. Thoughtful features like internal pockets for headphones and extra layers of fabric at the elbows are important features of these jackets. But the main advantage lies in the insulating properties of the fabric.

Sports parkas are made from modern materials that have excellent air exchange properties, as well as the ability to absorb excess moisture. Thus, even during maximum activity, the slightest overheating of the body is completely excluded. An innovative material, Thinsulate, is used as insulation for such jackets, and it is characterized by its very light weight and ability to remove moisture. And the shades of such jackets are always bright and versatile, so they can be worn for literally any occasion.

How to choose

You should choose sports parks based primarily on the material. Suitable fabrics for the exterior are nylon combined with cotton, and for the interior - wool or polyester. For winter period Parkas with natural insulation are ideal, that is, those that combine down and feathers of waterfowl. For warmer off-seasons, it is better to choose lighter linings designed modern manufacturers. It would be good if the hood was decorated with natural fur trim, which would also be removable.

It is better to choose a parka style based solely on size. In tall models you will not feel very comfortable, just like in close-fitting models. Girls should also take into account the features of their own silhouette when choosing parkas. For men, parkas with a classic straight cut are suitable.

Fashion trends

The most trendy in the 2016-2017 fashion season are military-style sports parkas. The models, slightly imbued with a military spirit, attract men and women with their neutral shades. The combination of olive, green, beige, gray, brown and sand allows you to use this jacket even in periods of slush and dampness. No less attractive shades are monochromatic - black, blue, white, dark green, lilac, blue, red, pink, yellow and orange.

But the fashionable length is not too long - maximum to the knee or a little higher. The shape of the hem in trendy models is most often straight, but it can also be asymmetrical. The rope on the hem allows you to tighten it to the desired length according to your figure and make the look not only practical, but also harmonious. A very popular option is a jacket with a deep hood like Alaska, as well as a parka with leather inserts on the sleeves.

What to wear with

It is necessary to wear a sports parka in winter with insulated wardrobe elements. These can be classic jeans or tight-fitting trousers with insulation, as well as knitted sweaters, tunics and dresses. You can wear a classic sweatshirt and thermal underwear under this parka. A must-have element of any winter look is a hat, scarf and gloves. It will be good if they fully correspond to the style of outerwear and are distinguished by sporty tailoring.

An off-season look with a parka can be lighter. Under it you can wear plaid shirts and blouses, combining them with skirts, as well as classic jeans and tight dress pants. For women, it would be appropriate to wear a dress that is no longer than the hem of the outerwear. You can also use a silk scarf as a stylish addition, but there is a combination option that can be called almost a win-win.

With sweatpants

If you have chosen to purchase a sports parka, then you should match this image to the end. In this case, sweatpants will become a universal addition to a look with a parka, both for men and women. All you have to do is choose suitable model pants that will match well in texture and shade with the jacket.

What accessories and shoes are suitable

But shoes for a sports parka should be chosen primarily according to the season. Sports shoes can be a universal option, but if you want variety, you can complement the look with rough soldier boots, ankle boots, boots, and ankle boots. As an accessory, you can use a sports backpack or shoulder bag.

Stylish looks

And for the look with a parka to be truly stylish, it is necessary to take into account the harmonious combination of colors when choosing clothes. Remember that it is highly not recommended to combine warm shades with cold ones, and it is better to dilute a bright color scheme with a calmer one. Otherwise, you can follow your heart.

The number of people involved in sports is growing every year.

For training athletes and holding competitions they are building a large number of sports facilities: sports grounds in neighborhoods, at schools and other city facilities; sports complexes, including buildings and flat structures intended for everyday sports, as well as for holding competitions of city, national and international significance.

Large complexes of sports facilities are usually formed in the form of parks. Sometimes sports facilities are located in cultural and recreation parks. Thus, a stadium with 100 thousand seats was built in S. M. Kirov Park in Leningrad.

The basic principle of planning sports parks is to ensure the ability to quickly load and evacuate spectators. Particular attention is paid to the creation of alleys and recreation areas for athletes and visitors. It is also important to carry out a complex of engineering landscaping of the territory at a modern technical level.

Green spaces of the sports park, as experience shows, occupy at least 30-40% of the total area of ​​the park. When selecting an assortment of plants and placing them in the park, they are guided by the following requirements. To create a certain monochromatic background around the courts, against which the ball will stand out quite sharply, it is advisable to use bushes and trees. In this case, it is necessary to avoid species with shiny leaves and place plants so that the shadow from their crowns does not fall on the site.

When landscaping sports facilities, it is undesirable to use plants that produce a large number of flying seeds, bear fruit abundantly and shed their leaves early, as they litter sports grounds, which can interfere with the sporting events. You should also not use thorny plants.

When designing sports parks Special attention pay attention to the use of water, not only for competitions, swimming, etc. (large reservoirs and rivers), but also for decorating the park. Decorative ponds, pools, fountains, cascades, streams, waterfalls, together with greenery, give the park a unique look.

Parking lots are located at the approaches according to the total norm for all sports facilities operating at the same time.

Sports facilities, physical education and sports grounds, located among greenery, organized physical education classes, competitions attract city residents to active recreation. Green spaces and exercise have been associated since ancient times. At first, the first simple sports facilities were built near green areas or directly in their clearings.

Somewhat later, the first workers appeared in Russia sports clubs. Already in 1923, the first large stadium at the All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition. In the same year, a number of other stadiums came into operation in Moscow.

The first major sports facility of the post-war years was the reconstructed stadium named after. S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.

In 1954, the Science Stadium was built in Tbilisi. The authors of the project for this stadium sought to include the stadium territory in the layout of one of the best parks in the city, without disturbing its architectural and planning composition.

The examples given are characterized by the active inclusion of the natural landscape, and especially green spaces, in the architectural and planning solution of the territory of stadiums, which are essentially sports parks. In almost all cases, sports facilities are located directly in green areas. In cases where the area of ​​sports facilities is located compactly in a separate area, it must still be adjacent to the park.

The 50s marked a new stage in the development of the practice of designing and building sports parks. At this time, stadiums are being built in Riga, Minsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow and other cities.

Sports complexes - sports parks of the 80s are being addressed in a new way. In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, the construction of a large sports and recreational park on Otdykh Island is being completed.

Moscow has a number of high-class sports facilities, which were reconstructed in preparation for the Olympics. In addition, new specialized complexes were built taking into account the special

benefits various types sports, which made it possible to have sports centers, taking into account the highest international requirements in each planning area of ​​the capital.

The main sports complex of the Olympics was the Central Stadium named after. V.I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956 and reconstructed in 1980 (156).

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the ring railway has an area of ​​180 hectares, of which

more than 40 hectares are used to organize entrances, approaches, stops and parking for public and individual transport. It is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, the entire stadium area is raised by an average of 1.5 m.

On numerous sports grounds and in stadium halls you can train and hold competitions in more than 30 sports. The sports park houses about 150 sports facilities alone,

including the Big Sports Arena with stands for 103 thousand spectators, the Small Arena for 10 thousand, a swimming pool for 11 thousand, the Sports Palace for 14 thousand, a children's stadium for 3 thousand, a new universal gym for 4 thousand, indoor artificial skating rink "Crystal".

The master plan of the complex was significantly influenced by the existing layout of the area adjacent to Luzhniki, as well as the presence of a river and a railway, and the coincidence of the axis of symmetry of the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov with the main axis of the peninsula. The complex is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; its dominant transverse axis is oriented towards the city and the Lenin Mountains (157). The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to the sports facilities.

Along the front alley on the embankment there is a recreation area. In total, more than 40 thousand trees aged from 5 to 50 years, 400 thousand shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but from the forest, and among them were blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white acacia, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretched for more than 30 km.

When carrying out landscaping, various techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout, near the main structures - row plantings, in the park recreation area - picturesquely located.

For the Olympics, significant work was carried out on the reconstruction of the stadium, primarily on modern technical equipment of sports facilities, on the creation of new surfaces, on reconstruction

old and construction of new premises serving athletes, creation of an artificial lighting system.

During the reconstruction of Luzhniki, the architecture of the mid-50s was completely preserved and partially restored, and the modern objects that complemented it emphasized and strengthened the originality of the original plan.

In the area of ​​the former village of Krylatskoye, 12 km from city ​​center, in the picturesque floodplain of the Moscow River, where it makes a large loop, bypassing a group of hills, a new sports complex has been created. An artificial rowing channel has been built here. The hydropark with an area of ​​750 hectares is designed to serve 100 thousand visitors in summer and 60 thousand visitors in winter. The rowing channel is the center of the park composition. Its large expanse of water combines well with the low, elongated sports facilities located on the shore. The length of the channel is 2300 m, the width of the racing distance is 125 m, the “return” distance is 75 m (158).

When you look at Krylatskoye from the high bank of the river, you see a cycle track with an expressive silhouette of the ceiling. Until now, there has not been an indoor cycling track in the world with such a large track - its length is 333.3 m. This is a unique sports facility.

An open track for bicycle racing has also been created in Krylatskoye. The ring road, almost 14 km long, meets the most stringent international standards.

Two green squares (90X90 m), located between the canal and the circular cycle road, are archery fields with a persistent sports turf.

All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs were used, which mainly serve decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, forested mountain slopes, hills and

islands. Soil from work during the construction of a rowing canal and artificial reservoirs was used to create an artificial relief. Currently, the complex is developing, acquiring new sports and recreational areas. The authors of the master plan for the sports park are architect. A. G. Echeistov, V. F. Gostev, A. A. Talalaevsky, engineer. E. A. Semenova-Prozarovskaya, N. A. Filippova, V. P. Timofeev.

A part of the Bitsevsky forest area has also been allocated for the creation of a unique sports park.

In the north-eastern part of the park, an Olympic-class equestrian center was built, which is successfully integrated into the nature of the Bitsevsky forest park, located on its huge (over 130 thousand m2) clearing, surrounded by trees and bushes. The planar structures of the equestrian sports complex were successfully designed to meet the high Olympic requirements.

Like any sports complex, the Olympic complex should be treated as a park, where it is possible not only to hold large entertainment events, train athletes and athletes, but also organize recreation for residents of nearby urban areas. The green spaces of the park should significantly influence the improvement of the city’s environment.

Lecture 17. Sports parks

Sports parks are:

- specialized, used for practicing one sport, for example swimming for a certain age group, or different by functional purpose training, demonstration, physical therapy;

- complex, multifunctional, designed for training and competition of athletes in a wide variety of sports, used for active recreation, health activities and sports entertainment for visitors.

Back in the 19th century, the first public gardens began to introduce grounds for gymnastics, tennis, croquet, and horse riding roads.

In Moscow, the first stadiums were created on the territory of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1923). The Khimik and Iskra stadiums were built in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In 1930-1935 there were about 650 stadiums in the country.

In the 1950s, stadiums with new architecture were built in Riga, Minsk, Moscow, and Khabarovsk. Later, in the 1960-1970s, the construction of large sports complexes with stadiums, bicycle tracks, rowing canals, beaches for sports, exhibitions and competitions began, with the active inclusion of the natural landscape.

Zoning of the sports park territory is determined by:

A clear schedule; separation of athletes and spectators relaxing in the park;

Loading and evacuation of demonstration, educational and training facilities and structures for active recreation;

Allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical and mental strength of athletes and park visitors.

Parks are used by masses of people different groups age:

Adults and children are engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions of city, union, and international significance;

Sports fans watch them as spectators;

Elderly and retired people participate in health groups.

Sports parks may include

to recreation areas,

lecture halls, stages, attractions, exhibitions, venues board games, children's playgrounds, reading rooms, as well as public catering facilities - cafes, buffets, kiosks.

When designing sports parks, it is recommended to subdivide the following zones:

sports, entertainment, quiet rest, service.

Sports area may have a certain functional focus, for example, horse riding, or be divided into subzones (sectors): water sports; children's sports room, with a club for young sailors.

The development of sports parks in a number of countries was greatly influenced by Olympic Games. To hold them, sports complexes with stadiums, swimming pools, sports facilities, and parks were built.

Olympic sports park - green area for international, sports competitions(competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet high class international requirements.

Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing Olympic complexes, complex urban planning problems are solved: the construction of modern sports facilities in architecture and design, the Olympic village, hotels, buildings for cultural services for athletes and tourists, the relationship of the complex with transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.

According to their organization, Olympic complexes are:

United with an independent designated territory, for example, the sports complexes of Mexico City or Munich,

- “consisting of several territories - “Rome” or “Moscow” - in different areas of the city or even in different regions.

When constructing Olympic complexes, old structures and existing parks are often used, which are reconstructed when extremely important.

Olympic complexes with stadiums for 80,100 or more thousand spectators and other structures are public recreation areas that require clarity and clarity of plan with a dominant center (the center of the composition in Munich is the central arena and theater; in Montreal - the Olympic stadium) and functional zoning territories: for example, in Munich there are two zones: sports and Olympic villages.

When zoning the territory of the Olympic complex, the following can be distinguished: zones

sports- for basic sports;

training,

sports devices,

Olympic Village,

entertainment,

service.

Taking into account the dependence of the design task and composition, individual zones can be combined - like sports and training; absent - entertainment area; or can be added to them, for example, water sports area, cycling etc.

When zoning the territory of sports parks for sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, a significant removal of some sports is provided, such as motorboating, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc.

Olympic complex The Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories, and sports facilities in Leningrad, Kiev, and Minsk were used to host football matches. Sailing regatta took place in Tallinn. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the '80 Olympics' took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki, area 180 hectares, located in the bend of the Moscow River;

The main structures of Luzhniki included: large and small arenas, the Sports Palace, a swimming pool, and the universal sports hall “Druzhba”.

The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops - metro, trolleybus, bus.

From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Vorobyovy Gory, and the city. Other buildings of the complex are located on Mira Avenue - the area of ​​​​the site with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people. - 20 hectares; in Krylatskoye - 750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track; in the Bitsevsky forest area - equestrian center; in Mytishchi - bullet and clay pigeon shooting.

The most interesting architectural and planning solutions for Olympic complexes are those that widely use the park environment with its sanitizing and aesthetic qualities.

An example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park) is the Olympic complex in Munich with an area of ​​300 hectares.

Its territory includes the former airfield, now the Olympic village; a site of a former city dump, transformed into picturesque recreational landscapes with green hills with pine trees, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with a stadium. The main alley, up to 120 m wide in places, is covered with cable-stayed roofing. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with transport highways are resolved at different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railway, etc.

Characteristic of Olympic complexes are the large-scale design of structures - giant stadiums; clearing pre-stadium areas, clear construction of pedestrian and transport roads, 10...120m wide, occupying 60...70% of the entire territory.

Former Olympic complexes, for the most part, continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.

A special place among sports parks is occupied by hydroparks. This is a new park facility in the city, which was developed in the second half of the 20th century.

Hydropark - an area with a high proportion of water area in the overall balance of park areas - (over 25% of the territory consists of reservoirs), intended for mass recreation for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, quiet rest.

The large size of hydroparks allows you to create comfortable recreational conditions in a natural environment for all age groups. Thanks to beaches and sports facilities, a high recreational capacity is created - approximately 500 people per 1 hectare.

In hydroparks, where sports and recreational functions predominate, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created - bridges, boathouses, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor vessels, boat stations; entertainment attractions - hydrocarousel, water jump, toboggans, water cascades; water theater venues and restaurants.

Taking into account the dependence on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, composition, the territory of the hydropark is divided into zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's playgrounds, services.

Large areas of hydroparks should be conveniently served by city (suburban electric trains, metro, ships, boats, trams, trolleybuses, buses), as well as intra-park transport.

The volume-spatial organization of hydroparks is characterized by the presence of open spaces - ponds, beaches, clearings and meadows.

Technological progress of the 20th century opened up a number of possibilities for creating parks on the water. For example, in Canada, on Lake Huron, an underwater park called Fathom Five has been designed with routes for scuba divers and aquanauts. In Japan, indoor mini-hydroparks are being built, such as the Summerland (summer country) complex with beaches, palm trees, and seawater pools; sea ​​beach with an oceanarium in the form of a liner, area 5 hectares; Marine Park and Oceanarium in Hong Kong, opened in 1977; water tourism complexes “Marinas” take place in the USA, and are intended for short-term and long-term recreation.

Marine parks are divided into two types: underwater park and coastal park. Sometimes they are combined into a single ensemble with ground and underwater parts.

Unlike hydroparks, in ordinary sports parks ponds occupy up to 20% of the entire territory or there are none at all. At the same time, sports parks are smaller in size; most often they occupy an area of ​​up to 100 hectares. For example, a sports park in Bucharest - 90 hectares; Reutlingen - 50; Tremblay - 75; Tashkent - 30; Tbilisi - about 50 hectares.

Sports area in parks it occupies approximately 50...70% of the entire territory, and, therefore, sites, roads, and structures make up a significantly larger share in the balance of the territory than in other park objects. In large sports parks, over 100...200 hectares are allocated for quiet rest area, which unites all zones of the park (it is recommended to allocate up to 50% of the territory). A children's sector is being created in a quiet recreation area.

The core of a sports park is usually a stadium (in Luzhniki), sometimes a complex of buildings or a ground floor composition;

Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks are varied and are based on the contrast of open and closed landscapes (Fig. 52).

According to the requirements, sports devices are oriented with their wide side from north to south; small deflection angles -5... 15° are permissible; in the Arctic - up to 25°. The site for the towns is designed in the direction to the north, northeast.

Landscaping is subject to requirements regarding wind protection, noise protection, and the playing space should not be shaded, while creating a calm background for playing ball.

According to existing standards, under green area The sports complex is allocated 30...50% of the area.

The width of protective planting strips along the perimeter (border) of the sports complex and sports facilities should be at least 5 m with one or two rows of trees and shrubs.

Nice background for tennis court represent vines - maiden grapes, Amur grapes. In some cases they use thuja western, creating a calm background and protection from winds; Plants are placed no closer than 5 m from the boundaries of the site.

For perimeter landscaping sports grounds the texture and color of the foliage and the nature of flowering are taken into account. Plants with light foliage, as well as flowering shrubs action, spirea They are not recommended for framing sports fields, as they create a poor background due to the structure of the bush, the openwork of the crowns, and the light tonality.

Excluded from the assortment are plants that litter playgrounds and outdoor swimming pools - with needles, seeds, flower petals; susceptible to windbreak - silver maple; frost-damaged - exotics; early fallers - introduced plant species.

The work of the park harmoniously combines various forms of cultural and educational work, science and technology classes, sports activities and entertainment in a natural setting.

Most Austrian resorts are charming villages in valleys with forested slopes for skiing and boarding. Skiing altitudes at Austrian resorts range from 700 to 3000 meters.

Picturesque views of Austria.

Switzerland offers a range of well-equipped ski slopes. The ski areas reach a height of 3820 meters. The main ski areas are located at altitudes above 1000 meters. The slopes are known for the highest and most difficult runs in the Alps, but there are also extensive ski areas of intermediate difficulty. There are many lifts with high productivity, which allows you to avoid queues.

Along the entire northern Italian border, skiers will find high-mountain slopes with a variety of trails - from the narrowest to the incredibly wide, where there are no problems with snow. Ski areas are located at altitudes from 800 to 3000 m, most often within the range of 1000-2500 m.

The tiny principality of Andorra is located between France and Spain. Despite its apparent isolation, for 40 years Andorra has firmly retained its reputation as one of the most fashionable ski resorts in Europe. The slopes are densely covered with a network of ski stations equipped with snow cannons. 277 km ski slopes, distributed across resorts: united by one ski pass. There are ski schools. All conditions have been created for those who go on vacation with children. While parents enjoy the delights of the slopes of Grau Roz, the children are cared for by experienced kindergarten teachers with a ski specialization. there are helipads - for heli-ski lovers,

Andorra is especially charming because of its unique traditions and customs, which harmoniously combine the cultures of France and Spain.

Heli-ski lovers. Slopes of Andora.

the passion for alpine skiing plus the ability to quickly get to “your” slope by car led to the development of tiny but very cozy mini-ski centers in Central Russia.

The most famous skiing spots include: Nizhny Novgorod and Ulyanovsk, Togliatti and Zhigulevsk on the Volga, Valdai Upland.

Samara is home to the most interesting and developing ski resort- Red Glinka. There are three whole slopes here. North, Central, where the best snow park in the Volga region is equipped: several jumps and a halfpipe 115 m long. And another calm track 700-800 m long. The slopes are equipped with drag lifts, one 700 m long, another 4 cable lifts of 200 m each. 400 m. The turnstile operates from a laminated card with a barcode. There is a bar, a parking lot, sporting goods store. You can even spend the night in a tiny hotel.

Lecture 17. Sports parks - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 17. Sports parks" 2017, 2018.

Germany. Munich Olympic Complex (300 hectares). The center of the planning composition is the central arena and the theater, with two zones clearly distinguished: sports area and the Olympic Village area. It is an outstanding example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park). Previously, the territory included an airfield where it was designed Olimpic village. The site of the former city dump has been transformed into picturesque landscapes with green hills with pine trees, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with the stadium. The main alley (in some places up to 120 m wide) is covered with cable-stayed roofing. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with transport highways are at different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railway, etc.

Russia. The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics-80 took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki (area 180 hectares), located in a bend of the river. Moscow (structures: large and small arenas, Sports Palace, swimming pool, universal sports hall "Friendship"). The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, which is accessible by the shortest roads from parking lots and transport stops (metro, trolleybus, bus). From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, and the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Prospekt Mira (an area of ​​20 hectares with a multi-purpose indoor hall for 35 thousand people), in Krylatskoye (750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track), in the Bitsevsky forest (equestrian center), in Mytishchi (bullet and stand shooting.

System of hydroparks to the General Plan of Moscow. It was planned in the western region of the capital on the Moscow River: Myakininskaya zone (reservoir area 100 hectares), Stroginskaya zone (reservoir area 120 hectares), Krylatskoye. The hydropark is located 12 km from the city center, area 750 hectares, designed to serve 100 thousand people in summer, 60 thousand people in winter. The center of the composition is a rowing canal, created artificially and filled by gravity due to the difference in water levels between the canal and the river. The canal is 2300 m long, more than 200 m wide (channels are 125 and 75 m), and is divided in the middle by a narrow strip of island. The canal has a cycle track and a 14 km long ring road. The compositional basis of the hydropark is the water system (canals, streams, streams, river delta, lake, etc.). The center of the hydropark composition forms a complex of structures, less often - a stadium, a central reservoir, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands - a sports zone with a stadium, in Krylatskoye - a rowing canal.

Specialized parks

Park of the Youth Palace (Palace of Pioneers). Created in Moscow in 1962 according to the design of architects I. Pokrovsky, F. Novikov, V. Egerev, V. Kubasov and others. The park was created for educational, cultural, educational, physical culture and sports work, i.e. it meets range of circle work. The center of the park composition is the building of the Youth Palace with a parade area, a fire pit and steps of granite stands. The park territory is divided into three zones: the central zone with the entrance alley; an active recreation area with a stadium and a swimming pool, an athletics arena and attractions; zone for young biologists with areas for decorative floriculture, vegetable crops, greenhouses, orchard, zoo, fish ponds. The architectural and planning composition of the park was designed taking into account the natural conditions of the landscape.

Disneyland Park was created in the state of Florida, USA, near Los Angeles based on the sketches of Walt Disney, according to the design of architects V. Schell, H. Couser in 1956-1960. The area of ​​the park is 64 hectares, of which 23 hectares are occupied by buildings, 36.8 hectares are park spaces. The buffer zone contains parking lots with an area of ​​40 hectares. The center of the park’s composition is a complex imitating the urban development of America in the 19th century. on a reduced scale taking into account the growth of children - visitors to the park. The central alley divides the park into parts: the eastern part - the “Land of the Future” and the western part - the “Land of Adventure” with a system of ponds and artificial hills (267,400 m 3 of land was used to construct the hills). Children are greeted and shown around the park by Disney cartoon characters. The service staff numbers up to 19 thousand people. The annual attendance of the park is 12 million people. For the convenience of visitors, there is intra-park transport - Railway, monorail, steamships and horse-drawn cars. Disneyland has a buffer area of ​​11,000 hectares of protected natural landscape.