Composition of the panel of judges (volleyball). Gestures of referees in volleyball. Volleyball rules Board of volleyball referees

For holding volleyball competitions, the composition panel of judges,

As a rule, they include: the chief judge; deputy chief judge; chief secretary; first and second judges; secretary; line judges; judge-informant; scoreboard operators.

Main judge is appointed from among highly qualified and authoritative judges who have undergone appropriate training, heads and manages the competitions, is responsible for the correct equipment of the competition sites, holds meetings of the panel of judges before and after

the end of the competition, as well as in other cases when it is considered necessary

complicit, admits or removes participants or judges from competitions

competitions, appoints competition judges to officiate matches, monitors the progress

house of the competition, evaluates the qualifications of each judge of the competition, pro-

verifies the work of the entire panel of judges, monitors the discipline of the participants

nicks and judges of competitions outside of matches, about the course of the competition and about all changes in the conduct of the competition, signs the estimate documents assigned to him, organizes and controls the work of the competition doctor.

Deputy Ch. judges as a rule, they are appointed from the judges of the local panel of judges, who begin work from the stage of preparation of the competitions (venues, equipment

mining, organizing a meeting, accommodating all participants and judges of the competition, selecting competition judges from local panels of judges, preparing the necessary estimate documents, testing the competition halls by teams, etc.

Ch. Sec. As a rule, he is appointed from among the judges of the local panel, is responsible for the preparation and execution of all documentation, accepts and checks applications, licenses, conducts (if necessary) a draw to draw up the schedule of games, keeps minutes of the meeting of the State Committee, personally checks the accuracy of each match report by the secretaries.

Composition of the refereeing team (volleyball)

The match refereeing panel consists of the following officials:

First Judge;

Second referee;

Secretary;

Four (two) line judges.

First Judge

The first referee performs his duties sitting or standing on a referee tower installed at one end of the net. His eyes should be approximately 50cm above the mesh.

Responsibilities:

Before the match the first referee:

a) checks the condition of the playing area, balls and other equipment;

b) holds a draw with team captains;

c) controls the warm-up of the teams.

During a match, only the first referee is authorized to:

a) determine unsportsmanlike conduct or delays;

b) determine:

Errors when executing the serve,

Serving team screen

Errors when ball game,

Errors above and at the top of the grid.

Second referee

The second referee performs his functions by standing at the counter behind the playing court on the opposite side and facing the first referee.

During the match, the second referee makes decisions, blows his whistle and gestures:

a) the player touches the bottom of the net and the antenna on his side of the court;

b) interference caused by crossing onto the court and into the opponent’s space under the net;

c) the ball passes outside the transition plane or the ball touches the antenna on his side of the court;

d) the ball touches a foreign object.

Secretary

The secretary performs his duties by sitting at the table on the opposite side of the first judge, facing him.

The scorekeeper fills out the score sheet in accordance with the rules and in cooperation with the second referee.

Before the match and the game, the secretary registers data about the match and teams in accordance with the current procedures and collects the signatures of the captains.

During the match the secretary:

a) records the points won and controls the correctness of the score on the scoreboard;

b) controls the order of serves performed by the players in the game;

c) indicates the serving order for each team by showing a sign numbered 1 or 2, according to the number of the serving player. The secretary immediately points out to the judges any violations that have occurred;

d) registers time-outs, checking their number, and informs the second referee;

e) notifies referees of incorrect time-out requests;

f) notifies the judges of the end of games and change of sides.

At the end of the match the secretary:

a) registers the final result;

b) signs the protocol, collects signatures of team captains and referees;

c) in the event of a protest, records or allows the relevant player to record in the scoresheet a statement about the controversial episode.

Line judges

Line judges perform their functions using flags (30 x 30 cm),

a) they signal “ball in” and “out” when the ball lands near their lines;

b) they show the touch of the ball that went beyond the receiving team;

c) they signal when the ball crosses the net outside the transition plane, touches the antenna, etc.

d) the referee controlling the back line points out errors (stepping) by the server.

At the request of the first referee, the line judge must repeat his signal.

Responsibilities of the chief referee, 1st referee, 2nd referee (volleyball)

Main judge

The chief judge is usually appointed from among highly qualified and reputable judges who have undergone appropriate training.

Responsibilities:

He leads and manages the competitions, controls the preparation of competition sites and equipment; holds meetings of the panel of judges before and after the competition, as well as in other cases when it considers it necessary; distributes responsibilities between judges and approves the schedule of meetings in accordance with the draw; admits or removes participants or judges from competitions; appoints competition judges to officiate matches, monitors the progress of competitions, evaluates the qualifications of each competition judge, checks the work of the entire panel of judges; resolves all issues related to the course of the competition; monitors the discipline of competition participants and judges outside of matches, including among competition spectators; provides participants, spectators and press representatives with information about the progress and results of competitions, controls advertising presented at competitions; approves the results of the competition, which are submitted to the organization conducting the competition in the form of a report; signs the estimate documents assigned to him; organizes and controls the work of the competition doctor; in cases where he sees that the judges made a clearly erroneous decision during the meeting, propose (through the second judge) to reconsider the decision made by the judges.

The chief judge must not only understand the rules of the competition and be able to apply them in practice, but also be a competent leader who enjoys authority among all participants in the competition.

In modern economic conditions, the GC must understand the issues of financing competitions and structure its work in such a way that the competitions generate income for the hosting party and are attended by as many spectators as possible.

First Judge

Responsibilities.

The first referee presides over the match from start to finish. He has authority over all members of the judging panel and team members; during the match, the decisions of the first referee are final, he has the right to overturn the decisions of other members of the refereeing team; the first referee may replace a member of the refereeing team who does not perform his duties correctly; the first referee supervises the work of the ball servers and floor wipers; has the right to resolve any issues related to the game;

The first referee must not allow any criticism of his decisions; Responsible for determining before and during the match whether equipment is appropriate playing field and conditions of gaming requirements.

Before the match, the first referee: checks the condition of the playing field, balls and other equipment; draws lots; supervises the warm-up of the teams.

During the match, only the first referee has the right to: issue warnings to teams; impose sanctions for incorrect behavior.

Makes decisions about: errors of the server and in the arrangement of the serving team; errors in playing with the ball; errors under the net and at its top; errors during the attacking strike of the Libero and back line players; a completed attack shot made by a player on a ball above the net, directed by a Libero with his fingers from above, located in his front zone; the ball completely crossing the lower area under the net; a completed block by a back row player or an attempted block by a Libero player. After the match ends, he checks the protocol and signs it.

Second referee

Responsibilities.

The second referee is the assistant to the first referee; if the first referee is unable to continue performing his duties, the second referee may replace him; the second referee can, without blowing a whistle, show errors that are not within his scope of authority, but cannot insist on their acceptance by the first referee; the second referee controls the work of the secretary; the second referee observes the team members on the bench and reports their incorrect behavior to the first referee; controls players in warm-up areas; the second referee authorizes normal game breaks, controls their duration and rejects incorrect requests; controls the number of time-outs and substitutions used by each team; the second referee monitors the condition of the floor, mainly in the front zone, checking during the match that the balls still comply with the requirements of the rules; The second referee observes the team members in the exclusion areas and reports their incorrect behavior to the first referee.

During the match, the second referee makes decisions, blows the whistle and shows with a gesture: errors in the placement of the receiving team; players touching the net or antenna; transition to the court and into the opponent’s space under the net; errors when attacking or blocking; the ball touching a foreign object or the floor when the first referee is unable to see this touch; the ball crossing the net into the opponent's court completely or partially outside the transition area, or touching the antenna on his side of the court. After the end of the match, he must sign the protocol.

Before the start of the match. The refereeing team prepares for the start of the match as provided for in the official protocol. Referees must be ready to present themselves in their official referee uniform at least 45 minutes before the scheduled start time of the match. The entire refereeing team - first referee, second referee, scorer, reserve referees, line judges - must undergo an alcohol test conducted by the medical staff of the match organizers. If the first referee does not arrive on time at the appointed time, the second referee must begin the preparation procedure for the match by notifying the Match Organizers Control Committee. If the first referee fails to arrive or fails the alcohol test, or is unable to officiate the match due to some health problem, the second referee will play the match as first referee and the reserve referee will take the place of the second referee. If there is no reserve referee, the match organizers, with the participation of the first referee, must decide who will act as the second referee.

During the match . At the moment the serve is executed, the first referee monitors the placement of the serving team, the second referee monitors the placement of the receiving team. At the moment of service, the second referee must be located on the receiving team's side of the court. After the serve, he moves along the sideline to the halfway line, as close as possible to the attack line. During an attack, his position is on the defending team's side of the court. Thus, during the match, the second referee must constantly change his position. It is the responsibility of the first referee to monitor all contact with the ball - players, equipment or other objects. Accordingly, he is the first to check every touch of the ball for compliance with the rules. At the moment of attack, he looks directly at the attacking player and the ball and, with his peripheral vision, tracks the likely direction of the ball's flight. If the ball hits the net, the first referee must look in the direction of the vertical plane of the net. If players on the bench or in the warm-up area act against the rules, the second referee must immediately inform the first referee, but only after the end of the ball. Only the first judge has the right to apply any sanctions to violators. When the second referee notices an error in the host team's formation, he blows his whistle and uses official gestures to indicate the error and point out the players who violated the formation. According to the rules of the game of volleyball, every mistake made by the players is punished with a point. Therefore, it is important that each referee immediately signals a noticed error made by players in his area of ​​​​responsibility. When one of the referees whistles, the rally ends. After the whistle of one referee, the other referee does not have the right to use his whistle, since the rally is already over at the first whistle. If referees blow repeated whistles, this will cause confusion among players and spectators. The duties of the second referee include responding to requests for breaks during the match (coaching breaks, substitutions, medical assistance, etc.), but only if the ball is out of play. If the second referee for any reason does not notice a request made to him to suspend the game, then the first referee can assist the second referee by responding to the request. If during the match the second referee notices unsportsmanlike behavior of any of the players, then at the first opportunity (after the end of the rally), he must inform the first referee about this, who in turn warns or punishes the offenders depending on the severity of the offense.

Replays. During international official competitions under the auspices of the FIVB, the broadcaster of the tournament hosts may request the organization of a “replay delay” if the necessary equipment for this is agreed upon by the Organizing Committee of the tournament and the FIVB Control Committee. To do this, an electric lamp is installed on a pole in front of the first referee, with the help of which the TV presenter can signal the required time delay to repeat the previous episode of the game. However, this request can be made no more than 8 times per set, and the time delay between plays cannot be more than 7 seconds each time.

Breaks between games. The official rules of volleyball state that by a competent person, in agreement with the organizers, the break between the second and third sets can be increased to 10 minutes. In this case, after the second game, the teams and judges must leave game room(go to the locker room) and come back 3 minutes before the start of the third game. Actions of players and referees during regular (3-minute) breaks between games (from 1 to 4):

Teams: At the end of each set, six players from each team must line up on the end line of their side of the court. Players change sides of the court in the direction where the first referee's tower is located. Secretary Judge: After the whistle signals the end of the last rally in the game, the scorekeeper must start the stopwatch in the score counter, counting the break between sets. After 2 minutes 30 seconds, the second referee blows his whistle or the scorekeeper sounds. Teams Judges: The second referee checks the players' line-up against the line-up sheet, then gives permission for the libero to take his position. The ball server then gives the ball to the serving player. After 3 minutes, the first referee blows his whistle to allow the serve. Break before the deciding set. Teams: At the end of the game before the deciding set, 6 players from each team line up on the end line of their respective side of the court. In the direction of the first referee, the teams go to their benches. Team captains: Approach the table of the table referee to participate in the draw. Judges: Approach the table for the draw. After 2 minutes 30 seconds, the second referee blows his whistle or the scorekeeper sounds. Teams: The six players from each team listed on the line-up sheet immediately enter the court. Judges: The second referee checks the players' line-up against the line-up sheet, then gives permission for the libero to take his position. The ball server then gives the ball to the serving player. After 3 minutes, the first referee blows his whistle to allow the serve. When the leading team reaches the 8th point in the deciding set:

Teams: After the rally, 6 players of each team line up on the end line of the corresponding side of the court. At the signal from the first referee, the teams change sides and immediately enter the court without delay. Judges: The second referee checks the correct placement of both teams, the readiness of the scorer and signals the first referee that he is ready to continue the second part of the game. During coaching breaks, technical time-outs and breaks between sets, the second referee ensures that the players leave the court to allow the court cleaners to do their job. After the match. According to FIVB protocol, after the game the first and second referees stand in front of the referee's tower. Players from both teams line up on the end line of their respective side of the court. The first referee blows the whistle, and the players approach the referees on both sides and shake hands with them, then walk along the net and greet their opponents, after which they go to their benches. The first and second referees along the net approach the table of the table referee, check the game report, sign it and thank the table referee and line referees for the game. But even after this, the work of the judges is not finished yet. Even after the final whistle, referees must record cases of unsportsmanlike behavior among players participating in the match. As long as the teams are in sports complex, cases of unsportsmanlike conduct are recorded and entered into the game report in the "Notes" section or described in a separate report.

Volleyball referee panel

Functions, rights and responsibilities of volleyball referees

A refereeing team is created to conduct a volleyball meeting. The regulations provide for a certain composition of the refereeing team depending on the rank of the competition. When holding competitions in physical education groups, usually one meeting is held by the first judge and the secretary of the meeting, who keeps the minutes of the meeting and performs the functions of the second judge. When holding competitions within a physical education team, one judge may officiate at the meeting. When holding high-ranking competitions, a team of nine referees is appointed for one match: the first and second referees, the meeting secretary, the informant referee, the scoreboard operator or scorekeeper, four line judges and six ball servers, and international competitions two more site wipers.

Only the first and second referees are allowed to blow the whistle during the match. All other members of the refereeing team, strictly in accordance with their authority, can use established gestures to draw the attention of the first referee to the players’ violation of the rules of the competition. The secretary of the match, in case of violation of the serving order, informs the second referee about this, who makes the final decision - to stop the match. If the match is conducted by two referees (the first and the scorer of the match), then if the formation is violated, the scorer must stop the match with a whistle and explain to the team the nature of the violation.

The first referee blows the whistle for the service, which announces the start of the game action.
The first and second referees stop the game with a whistle only when they know for sure that an error has been made and when the nature of this error is clear to them. If the game action is over, even if an obvious error is recorded, the referees are required to blow the whistle to stop the game. Here they must do the following sequentially:

An official gesture to show the nature of the mistake made;

Show the player's number (with a finger gesture) or point to the player who made this error, indicate with a hand gesture the team that should serve after making this error. Sometimes the referee finds it difficult to determine the player who was touched when blocking the ball. In such situations, he points to the players involved in the blocking. This must be done slowly, each gesture must be clearly visible to the team players and spectators and understandable to them.

The referee of the match must ensure compliance with the competition rules and sports ethics. For identical violations, he must make identical decisions. If he made a mistake in determining whether the players had violated the rules of the competition and realized this before the ball was put into play, he must reverse his erroneous decision.

When a game action is stopped due to a reason other than a violation of the rules of the competition, the match referee must make an official gesture to announce a held ball and invite the team that served before the game action to re-serve. In this case, no point is added to either team. This situation is possible:

After players from both teams make a mutual mistake;

The referee wrongly stopped the game;

The first referee overturned the decision of the second referee when he erroneously (in the opinion of the first referee) stopped the play with his whistle;

Game action was interrupted when a player was injured;

When a second ball or other foreign object appears on the court.

Referees should not use the power to award a held ball as a way out of a difficult situation when they are in doubt about a foul and cannot determine the team at fault.
If the referee realized that before this he made an erroneous decision, which he did not cancel, then in the future he should under no circumstances compensate this to the injured team, otherwise he does not correct, but aggravates the error (makes a second error) and in the players’ minds , officials and spectators appears biased, thereby undermining his authority.
Referees should not argue with players or allow challenges decisions taken.
Undisciplined players who show dissatisfaction with words or gestures regarding the decisions of the referees must be immediately punished in accordance with the rules. In this case, the first referee stops the match with a whistle to warn or punish the team or individual player for improper behavior. If indiscipline was demonstrated during a game action, the referee must stop the match after the end of the game action so that this stop does not turn out to be in favor of the offending team.

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Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education "Financial University under the Government" Russian Federation"(Financial University)

College of Finance and Economics

(Ufa branch of the Financial University)

Essay

on the topic of:

Volleyball: rules and fundamentals of refereeing

Completed by: Ponomareva Natalya Mikhailovna

Introduction

Volleyball is a sport in which two teams compete on a playing court divided by a net. Provided for different circumstances various options games so that its versatility is accessible to everyone.

The goal of the game is to send the ball over the net to land on the opponent's court and prevent the opponent from making the same attempt. The team has three hits to return the ball (in addition to touching the block).

The ball is put into play by serving: the serving player sends the ball over the net to the opponent. The rally continues until the ball lands on the playing court, it goes out of bounds, or the team makes a mistake when returning the ball.

In volleyball, the winning team receives a point (Rally-Point System). When the receiving team wins the rally, it receives a point and the right to serve and its players move one position clockwise.

Facilities and equipment

Playing field.

The playing field includes a playing area and a free zone. It should be rectangular and symmetrical.

The playing area is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded on all sides by a free zone at least 3 meters wide.

The free playing space is the space above the playing field that is free of any obstructions. The minimum height of free playing space above the playing field is 7 m from the playing surface. For FIVB, World and Official Competitions the free zone must be at least 5 m from the side lines and 8 m from the end lines. The clear playing space must be at least 12.5 m high from the playing surface.

Feeding area

The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each end line. It is limited on the sides by two short lines, each 15 cm long, drawn at a distance of 20 cm behind the front line, as a continuation of the side lines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth, the feed zone extends to the end of the free zone.

Replacement area

The substitution zone is limited by the continuation of both lines of attack and extends to the scorer's table.

Libero Substitution Zone

The Libero Substitution Zone is part of the free zone on the side of the team benches, it is limited by the continuation of the attack line and extends to the end line.

Warm-up area

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, warm-up areas measuring approximately 3 x 3 m are located outside the free zone in both corners of the team benches.

Location remote

The distance area, measuring approximately 1 x 1 m and equipped with two chairs, is located in the control area outside the extension of each end line. They may be limited by a 5 cm wide red line.

Command structure

A team can have up to 12 players for a match, plus

Coaching staff: one coach, maximum two assistant coaches;

Medical staff: one team massage therapist and one doctor.

Only these registered team members may enter the competition control area and take part in the official warm-up and match. At FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the team doctor and masseur must be accredited by the FIVB in advance. One of the players, other than the Libero, is the team captain, who

Only players listed in the protocol can enter the court and play in the match. Once the coach and team captain have signed the scoresheet (team list on the electronic scoresheet), the recorded players cannot be changed.

Team placement

Players not participating in the game must sit on the team bench or in their warm-up area. The coach and other team members sit on the bench, but may leave it temporarily. The team benches are located next to the scorer's table outside the free zone. Only team members are allowed to sit on the bench during the match and take part in the official warm-up.

Players not participating in the game can warm up without balls in the following way:

during the game - in warm-up areas

during time-outs and technical time-outs - in the free zone behind their playing court.

During intervals between sets, players can warm up within their free zone using balls.

Equipment

The player's equipment consists of a T-shirt, shorts, socks (uniform) and sports shoes. The color and style of T-shirts, shorts and socks must be the same for the team (exception: Libero). The form must be clean. Shoes should be lightweight and flexible with rubber or composite soles without heels. Players' jerseys must be numbered from 1 to 20. The number must be located on the jersey, centered on the chest and back. The color and brightness of the numbers should contrast with the color and brightness of the T-shirts. The number must be at least 15 cm high on the chest and at least 20 cm high on the back. The stripes forming the numbers must be a minimum of 2 cm wide. The team captain must have an 8 x 2 cm stripe on his/her jersey highlighting the number on the chest. It is prohibited to wear a uniform that is a different color from that of other players (except Libero players) and/or without official numbers.

Team leaders

Both the team captain and coach are responsible for the conduct and discipline of their team members. Libero players cannot serve as team captain or game captain.

Before the match, the team captain signs the protocol and represents his team at the draw.

During a match, the team captain is the game captain when he is on the court. When the team captain is not playing on the court, the coach or team captain must designate another player on the court, not the Libero, to assume the role of game captain. This game captain remains in charge until he is replaced, the team captain returns to the game, or until the end of the game. When the ball is out of play, only the game captain is permitted to address the officials: asking for clarification of the application or interpretation of the Rules and presenting requests or questions from his teammates. If the game captain does not agree with the 1st referee's explanation, he/she may protest the decision and immediately inform the 1st referee that he/she reserves the right to record an official protest on the scoresheet at the end of the match;

The captain requests permission:

a) change all or part of the equipment,

b) check the team formations,

c) check the floor, net, ball, etc.,

in the absence of the coach, requests timeouts and substitutions.

At the end of the match, the team captain: thanks the judges and signs the protocol, confirming the result; if the 1st referee has been notified in due time, may confirm and record on the score sheet a formal protest concerning the application or interpretation of the rules by the referee.

During the match, the coach directs the play of his team from outside the playing court. He/she determines starting formations, substitutions and calls time-outs. On these issues he/she contacts the 2nd judge.

Before the match, coach:

writes down or checks the names and numbers of his players in the protocol and then signs it.

During the match, the coach:

before each set, gives the 2nd referee or scorer a duly completed and signed line-up card(s), sits on the team bench closest to the scorer but may leave, requests time-outs and substitutions, may, like other team members, give instructions to players on the court. The coach may give these instructions while standing or moving within the clear area in front of his team's bench from the forward line extension to the warm-up area, without interfering with or delaying the match.

At FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the coach must perform his functions behind the coach's boundary line.

Assistant coach

The assistant coach sits on the team bench, but has no right to interfere in the match.

If a coach must leave his team for any reason, including sanction, but excluding entering the court as a player, the assistant coach may take over as coach during his absence when confirmed to the referee by the game captain.

SET POINTS

A team scores a point:

Upon successful landing of the ball on the opponent's court;

When the opposing team makes a mistake;

When the opposing team is reprimanded.

A team makes a mistake by performing a game action contrary to (or otherwise violating) the rules. Judges evaluate errors and determine consequences in accordance with the Rules:

If two or more errors are made consecutively, only the first error is taken into account.

If two or more mistakes are made by the opponents at the same time, it is considered a mutual fault and the rally is replayed.

Draw and the draw that took place

A rally is the sequence of game actions from the moment the server hits the serve until the ball goes out of play. A completed rally is a sequence of game actions that result in a point being awarded.

If the serving team wins the rally, it scores a point and continues to serve;

If the receiving team wins the rally, it scores a point and must serve next. ball sport game

WINNING THE GAME

The game (except for the decisive 5th game) is won by the team that first scores 25 points with a lead of at least two points. If the score is tied 24-24, the game continues until a 2-point advantage is achieved (26-24; 27-25; ...).

WIN THE MATCH

The winner of the match is the team that wins three games. If the score is tied 2-2, the deciding game 5 is played to 15 points and a minimum advantage of 2 points.

NO APPEARANCE AND INCOMPLETE TEAM

If a team refuses to play after being asked to do so, it is declared a no-show and loses the match with a score of 0-3 in the match and 0-25 in each set.

A team that fails to enter the playing court on time without good reason is declared a no-show with the same result (it is declared a no-show and loses the match with a score of 0-3 in the match and 0-25 in each set) A team declared INCOMPLETE in the set or in a match, loses the game or match. The opposing team receives the points, or points and games, needed to win the game or match. The incomplete team retains its points and games.

GAME STRUCTURE

DRAW

Before the match, the 1st referee draws lots to determine the first serve and sides of the court in the first set.

If a deciding game is to be played, a new draw must be made.

The draw takes place in the presence of two team captains.

The winner of the toss chooses: either the right to serve or receive the serve or side of the court. The loser accepts the remaining option.

OFFICIAL WARM-UP

If teams previously had a playing court at their disposal, they are given a 6-minute joint official warm-up on the net before the match, if not, they can have 10 minutes. If either captain requests separate (consecutive) official warm-ups on the gridiron, teams will be given 3 minutes each, or 5 minutes each. In the case of consecutive warm-ups, the team that serves first warms up on the net first.

INITIAL TEAM SETUP

A game must always involve six players from each team. The team's starting line-up indicates the order in which the players will move onto the court. This order must be maintained throughout the game. Before the start of each game, the coach must present his team's starting line-up on the line-up sheet. The duly completed and signed card is presented to the 2nd referee or scorer. Players who are not included in the initial line-up for a given game are substitutes for that game (except Libero players). Once the line-up card has been handed over to the 2nd referee or scorer, it is not permitted to change the line-up without the usual substitution. In case of discrepancies between the positions of the players on the court and in the line-up card, proceed as follows: if such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of the game, the positions of the players must be corrected in accordance with the line-up card - a sanction for this will not be sanctioned if, before the start of the game, a player is identified on the court who is not registered in the lineup card for this game, this player must be changed in accordance with the line-up card - no sanction is imposed for this; however, if the coach wishes to keep such unsigned player(s) on the court, he/she must request normal substitution(s) using the appropriate gesture, which must then be entered on the scoresheet. If a discrepancy between the players' positions and the positions on the line-up sheet is discovered later, the team that made the mistake must revert to the correct positions. The opponent's points are saved and, in addition, the opponent receives a point and subsequent serve. All points scored by the erring team from the exact moment the error was committed until the moment it was discovered are cancelled. 25When a player is identified on the court who is not listed on the list of players in the score sheet, the opponent’s points are retained and, in addition, the opponent receives a point and a service. The erring team loses all points and/or sets (0:25, if necessary) gained from the time the non-registered player entered the court and must provide a correct line-up sheet and place a new registered player on the court in the non-registered player's position.

At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be within its court in the order of transition (excluding the server). The player positions are numbered as follows: the three players along the net are the front row players and occupy positions 4 (front - left), 3 (front - center) and 2 (front - right); the other three players are the back row players, occupying positions 5 ( back - left), 6 (back - center) and 1 (back - right). Mutual correspondence of player positions: each back line player must be located further from the middle line than the corresponding front line player; The front row players and back row players must respectively be positioned parallel to the halfway line in the above order. Players' positions are determined and controlled according to the position of their feet in contact with the surface as follows: at least part of each front row player's foot must be closer to the halfway line than the corresponding back row player's feet; at least part of the foot of each right (left) side player must be closer to the right (left) side line than the feet of the center player of his line. After hitting the serve, players can move anywhere and occupy any place on their court and in the free zone.

POSITIONAL ERROR

A team commits a positional fault if any player is not in his correct position when the ball is hit by the server. This includes when a player is on the court as a result of an illegal substitution. If the server makes a service error at the moment of the service hit, the server's error takes precedence over the positional error. If the serve becomes faulty after a service hit, a positional fault is scored. A positional error leads to the following consequences: the team is penalized with a point and a service for the opponent; 3 players take their correct positions.

The transition order, determined by the team's initial formation and controlled by the serving order and player positions, is maintained throughout the game. When the receiving team is allowed to serve, its players move one position clockwise: position 2 player moves to position 1 to serve, position 1 player moves to position 6, etc.

ERROR DURING TRANSITION

A transition fault is committed when the serve is not executed in accordance with the transition order. This leads to the following consequences: the team is penalized with a point and a service for the opponent; Player transition order is being corrected. Additionally, the scorer must determine the exact moment when the error was committed, and all points subsequently scored by the team making the error must be disqualified. The opponent's points are saved. If this point cannot be determined, no point(s) will be disqualified and the only remedy will be the opponent's point and service.

GAME STATES

BALL IN PLAY

The ball is in play from the moment it is hit on the serve allowed by the 1st referee.

BALL OUT OF PLAY

The ball is out of play from the moment of the error, which is recorded by the whistle of one of the referees; in the absence of an error, from the moment the whistle blows.

BALL "IN THE COURT"

The ball is considered "in the court" when it touches the surface of the playing court, including the boundary lines.

The ball is considered "out" when: the part of the ball that touches the floor is completely outside the boundary lines; it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person not participating in the game; it touches the antennas, cords, stands or mesh behind the side bands; it crosses the vertical plane of the net partially or completely outside the transition area or the ball completely crosses the lower area under the net.

GAME WITH BALL

Each team must play within its own playing field and space. The ball may, however, be returned from outside the free zone.

TEAM STROKES

A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play. A team is allowed a maximum of three hits (in addition to blocking) to recover the ball. If more than 3 strikes are used, the team commits the error: "FOUR STRIKES".

SERIAL CONTACTS

A player cannot hit the ball twice in a row

SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS

Two or three players can touch the ball at the same time. When two (or three) partners touch the ball at the same time, it counts as two (or three) hits (excluding blocking). If they try to reach the ball but only one of them touches it, one hit is counted. Colliding between players is not considered an error. When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and the ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is allowed three more hits. If such a ball goes out, it is a fault of the team on the opposite side. If two opponents touching the ball simultaneously over the net results in prolonged contact with the ball, play continues.

STRIKE WITH SUPPORT

Within the playing field, a player is not allowed to use the support of a teammate or any device/object as support to hit the ball.

However, a player who is on the verge of making a mistake (touching the net, or crossing the halfway line, etc.) may be stopped or restrained by a teammate.

The ball can touch any part of the body. The ball must not be caught and/or thrown. It can bounce in any direction. The ball can touch different parts of the body, provided that the contacts occur simultaneously.

MISTAKES WHEN PLAYING THE BALL

FOUR STRIKES: The team touches the ball four times before it is returned.

SUPPORTED KICK: The player uses the support of a teammate or any device/object as support to kick the ball within the playing field.

CAPTURE: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it doesn't bounce when hit.

DOUBLE TOUCH: The player hits the ball twice in a row, or the ball touches different parts of his/her body in succession.

BALL AT THE NET

The ball sent into the opponent's court must pass over the net within the transition area. The transition area is a part of the vertical plane of the mesh, limited as follows: from below - by the upper edge of the mesh; on the sides - antennas and their imaginary continuation; from above - the ceiling.

The returned ball crosses the plane of the net again, in whole or in part, through the outer area on the same side of the court.

The opposing team cannot prevent such an action.

A ball that is aimed at the opponent's court through the lower area is in play until.

BALL TOUCHING THE NET (When the ball crosses the net, the ball may touch the net.)

BALL IN THE NET

A ball that hits the net may be allowed to remain in play as long as the team's three-hit limit is not exceeded. If the ball breaks through a cell of the net or causes it to fall, the rally is canceled and replayed.

PLAYER AT THE NET

TRANSFER THROUGH THE NET

When blocking, a player may touch the ball on the other side of the net, provided that he/she does not interfere with the opponent's play before or during his attack shot. After an attack shot, a player is allowed to move his hand to the other side of the net, provided that the contact took place within his/her own playing area.

PENETRATION UNDER THE MESH

It is permitted to enter the opponent's space under the net, provided that this does not interfere with the opponent's play. Entering the opponent's court via the center line: It is permitted to touch the opponent's court with the foot(s), provided that any part of the foot(s) being carried touches the center line or is directly above it; It is allowed to touch the opponent's court with any part of the body above the feet, provided that this does not interfere with the opponent's play. A player may enter the opponent's court after the ball is out of play. Players may enter the opponent's free zone, provided they do not interfere with the opponent's play.

CONTACT WITH NET

A player's contact with the net is not a fault as long as it does not interfere with play. Players may touch the post, cords, or any other object behind the antennas, including the net, as long as it does not interfere with play. When the ball hits the net, which for this reason touches an opponent, it is not a fault.

PLAYER ERRORS AT THE NET

A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space before or during an opponent's attack. A player interferes with the opponent's play by penetrating into the opponent's space under the net. The player's foot(s) move completely onto the opponent's court. A player interferes with an opponent's play by (among other things): touching the top of the net or the top 80 cm of the antenna during his/her play action with the ball, using the net as a support while playing the ball, or creating an advantage over an opponent by touching the net, or performing an action that interfere with a legitimate attempt by the opponent to play the ball.

Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by the right back line player in the serving area.

The first serve in the first set, as well as in the decisive 5th set, is made by the team determined by the draw. In other games, the team that did not serve first in the previous game serves first.

Players must follow the serving order written on the line-up sheet.

After the first serve in the set, the serving player is determined as follows: when the serving team wins the rally, the player (or his/her replacement) who served previously serves again; when the receiving team wins the rally, it receives the right to serve and makes a transition before serving. The player who moves from the right front line position to the right back line position will serve. The 1st referee will authorize the service after checking that both teams are ready to play and the server is in possession of the ball. The ball must be struck with one hand or any part of the arm after it is thrown or released from the hand(s). You are only allowed to throw or release the ball once. Tapping the ball (dribbling) or moving it in your hands is permitted. When hitting the ball for a serve or taking off for a jump serve, the server must not touch the court (including the baseline) or surface outside the service area. After the hit, he/she may step or land outside the service area or on the court. The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee's whistle; a serve made before the referee's whistle does not count and is repeated.

Players of the serving team must not, by individual or group screening, prevent their opponents from seeing the server and the trajectory of the ball. A player or group of players on the serving team sets a screen by waving their arms, jumping or moving along the net while serving, or forming a group to hide the server and the trajectory of the ball.

ERRORS MADE DURING SERVING

The following errors result in a change of service even if the opponent is in the wrong formation. Server: breaks the serving order, does not serve correctly.

After the ball has been correctly hit, the service becomes a fault (unless the player violates the formation) if the ball: touches a player on the serving team or does not completely cross the vertical plane of the net through the transition area; goes "for"; passes over the screen.

ATTACK STRIKE

All actions as a result of which the ball is directed towards the opponent, excluding serves and blocks, are considered attacking strikes. During an attack shot, a discount is allowed, provided that the ball is struck cleanly and the ball is not caught or thrown. An attack is complete when the ball completely crosses the vertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.

ERRORS IN ATTACKING STRIKES

A player kicks the ball into the opposing team's playing space. The player sends the ball "over". The back row player completes an attack shot from the front zone when the ball is completely above the top of the net at the moment of impact. A player completes an attack stroke on a ball served by an opponent when the ball is in the front zone and completely above the top edge of the net.

The Libero completes an attack shot when, at the moment of impact, the ball is completely above the top edge of the net.

A player completes an attack shot on the ball above the top of the net when the pass is made with the fingers of the Libero in his front zone.

BLOCK

Blocking is the action of players near the net to intercept the ball coming from an opponent, carried out by moving any part of the body above the top edge of the net, regardless of the height of contact with the ball. Only front row players are allowed to participate in a completed block, and at the moment of contact with the ball, part of the body must be higher than the top edge of the net.

A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball.

A block is valid if the ball is hit by a blocker.

A collective block is performed by two or three players close to each other and is complete when one of them touches the ball.

Consecutive (quick and prolonged) contacts with the ball can occur by one or more blockers, provided that these contacts took place during the same action.

BLOCKING IN OPPONENT SPACE

When blocking, a player may move his hands and arms to the other side of the net, provided that this action does not interfere with the opponent's play. Thus, it is not allowed to touch the ball on the opponent’s side before the opponent has made an attack shot.

BLOCK AND TEAM STRIKES

A touch on a block does not count as a team hit. Therefore, after contact on the block, the team is given three hits to recover the ball. The first hit after a block can be taken by any player, including the player who touched the ball on the block. It is prohibited to block an opponent's serve.

BLOCKING ERRORS

The blocker touches the ball in the opponent's space before or simultaneously with the opponent's attacking blow. The back row player or Libero makes a block or takes part in a block that has taken place. Blocking an opponent's serve. The ball goes out of the block. Blocking the ball in the opponent's space behind the antenna. An attempt by the Libero to block individually or collectively.

Judging.

Composition and procedures.

1st judge

2nd judge,

Secretary,

Four (two) linear.

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, an assistant secretary is required.

PROCEDURES

Only the 1st and 2nd referees may blow the whistle during the match:

The 1st referee gives the signal to serve, which begins the rally;

The 1st or 2nd referee gives the signal to end the rally, provided that they are sure that a mistake has been made and have determined its nature.

They may blow the whistle when the ball is out of play to indicate that they are allowing or denying the team's request.

Immediately after the referee's whistle, signaling the end of the rally, they must show with official gestures:

If a fault is signaled by the 1st referee's whistle, he/she must indicate in the following order:

a) the team that will serve;

b) the nature of the error;

c) the player(s) who committed the error (if necessary).

The 2nd referee repeats the gestures of the 1st referee:

If the fault is signaled by the 2nd referee's whistle, he/she must show:

a) the nature of the error;

b) the player(s) who committed the error (if necessary);

c) the command that will serve, repeating the gesture of the 1st referee.

In this case, the 1st referee does not show either the nature of the mistake or the player who committed it, but only the team that will serve.

In the event of a mutual fault, both judges indicate in the following order:

a) the nature of the error;

b) players who made a mistake (if necessary);

c) the team to serve, as indicated by the 1st referee.

GESTURES OF JUDGES

Permission to serve - indicate the direction of serving by moving your hand;

Serving command - extend your hand towards the team that must serve;

Changing platforms - raise your forearms in front and behind and rotate them around the body;

Time Out - place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically (in a T shape), and then indicate the requesting command;

Replacement - circular movement of the forearms around each other;

Warning for misbehavior - show yellow card for warning;

Reprimand for incorrect behavior - show a red card for reprimand;

Removal - show red and yellow cards together for removal;

Disqualification - show red and yellow cards separately for disqualification;

End of the game (match) - cross your forearms with open hands in front of your chest;

The ball is not tossed or released when hitting the serve - lift outstretched arm with the palm facing up;

Delay when serving - raise eight spread fingers;

Blocking error or screen - raise both arms vertically, palms forward;

Positional error or transition error - make a circular movement with the index finger;

The ball is “in the court” - point your hand and fingers in the direction of the floor;

Ball "for" - raise your forearms vertically with open palms facing the body;

Grip - slowly raise your forearm with your palm facing up;

Four strikes - raise four spread fingers;

Touching the net by a player - the served ball did not pass to the opponent through the transition area - indicate the appropriate side of the net with the appropriate hand;

Touching on the other side of the net - place your hand over the net, palm down;

A mistake when making an attacking blow is to make a downward movement with the forearm with an open hand

Transition to the opponent's court, the ball crossing the lower area or the server touches the court (end line) or the player steps outside his court at the moment of hitting the serve - point to the center line or the corresponding line;

Mutual mistake or overplay - raise both thumbs vertically;

Touching the ball - running the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically

Warning (note) for delay - cover your wrist yellow card(warning) or red card (remark)

Bibliography

1. Volleyball. Furmanov A. 240 pp. Modern school, 2009

2. Volleyball is for everyone. Bulykina L., E. Fomin 80 pp. TVT Division 2012

3. Volleyball: theory and training methods. A.V. Belyaev, L.V. Bulykina. 176 pp. TVT Division-2011.

4. Official Volleyball Rules 2013. 86 pp. FIVB 2012

5. Volleyball. About some aspects of the game and refereeing. Kunyansky V.A. 2010 72 pp. Publisher: TVT Division

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Many of us know how to play volleyball since our school years. This interesting, fast and in a commanding manner Many people like to play sports. And not necessarily in a professional sense. Which Summary You will read the basic rules in this article. You will also find out about the gestures of referees in volleyball.

Number of players in teams

Basic rules regarding the number of players in a team:

• Each team must have 6 players on the court.
• Three people occupy the front flank, the other three occupy the rear.
• Players can use a libero (this is a back wing defender).
• The libero can only play from the back flank.

Volleyball Court

Basic requirements for a volleyball court:

• is a rectangular area. Length - 18 m, width - 9 m.
• The site is divided in half by a grid. It is installed on special holding antennas.
• The height of the net for men's teams is set at 243 cm, for women's teams- 224 cm.
• Half of each team's court is divided into six sectors. There are players in the sectors.
• The defenders are at the back of the court, and the attackers are at the front.
• The transition between sectors is carried out in a circle, in a clockwise direction.
• In the center is the central defender sector (libero). The Libero does not make any attacks or blocks. According to the rules, the color of the libero's uniform must be different from the color of the entire team's uniform.

Volleyball rules: summary

Ball contact:

• Both teams can touch the ball no more than three times until they throw it to the opposite zone. The exception is blocks; they do not count towards touches.
• The same player must not touch the ball more than once until the ball is thrown to the opposite zone. The exception is blocks, they do not count towards touches.
• The player cannot catch or hold the ball in his hands.
• You cannot block or return an opponent's serve.
• Touching the ball before it gets to your side is not allowed by the rules.
• Back wing players cannot touch the ball on the front wings. They protect the site only from behind. When attacking, they must make a jump.
• Very important! An attack is considered successful only when the ball flies over the top of the net.
• It is allowed to hit the ball that has bounced off the net. It is considered a foul if it touches the net outside the antennas.
• The ball must fly between the antennas (or their likeness) when serving from another, or attacking the opposing team.

Scoring:

• A point is awarded to a team if, when serving, the ball falls within the boundaries of the opponent’s court. And also if he fell after an unsuccessful defense by the enemy.
• The point is not counted if the ball lands outside the opponent's court (without touching the opponent's players), hits an antenna, or hits the net outside the antennas.

Violations:

• It is not allowed for the rear defender to attack from the front positions. (The back flank player is not allowed to go to the front flank to hit the ball).
• It is not allowed for a player on the back flank to block the ball.
• Cannot block through the net.
• You cannot touch the ball twice after it reaches your side of the court (that is, when you receive it).
• A player may not touch the net while the ball is in play. Exception: it bounces off the net and does not fly over to the opponents' side.
• You must not step over the line when serving.
• You can hit the ball over the net if the opponent has used three touches of the ball. In other cases it is prohibited.

Judges and judging:

• The game is monitored by several referees (2 main referees, a scorer and a line referee).
• The main ones control violations and show gestures to the teams. They start the match and can also stop it.
• The secretary-referee keeps the match protocol.
• The line judge monitors compliance with the court markings during the game.
• Signals for the referee's commands are shown using hands and cards. If the referee makes a gesture with one hand, then it corresponds to the side of the team to whom the signal is addressed.

Gestures of referees in volleyball

As mentioned above, the referee shows signals for teams using his hands. Basic gestures of referees in volleyball:

• Signal "Feed allowed". The referee indicates in which direction the serve should be made.
• Signal "Command". The referee indicates which side of the field the serving team is on.
• Signal “Change sides of the site.” The referee raises both hands - one in front from the side of the body, the second from the back. And changes hands.
• Signal "Break". The referee forms a T with his hands and then points to the team asking for a break.
• Signal "Replacement". The referee does circular movements forearms.
• Signal "Warning for violation of discipline." The referee shows a yellow card.
• Signal "Removal of a player". The referee shows a red card.
• Signal “Player disqualified”. The referee shows two cards.
• "Game End" signal. The referee crosses his arms, with his hands in front of his chest.
• Signal “The ball was not tossed when serving.” The referee extends his arm upward with his palm raised.
• Signal "Feed Delay". (shown if the ball is delayed for more than eight seconds by the server). The referee shows eight fingers.
• Signal "Barrier". The referee raises his hands with palms facing forward.
• Signal “Error in placement or transition.” The referee points a circle in front of him with his finger.
• Signal "Ball in the field." The referee points to the floor, fingers must be straightened.
• "Ball out of bounds" signal. The referee raises his forearms straight and facing the referee.
• Signal "Ball Hold". The referee raises his forearm, palm facing upward.
• Double tap signal. The referee shows two fingers.
• Signal "Four strikes". The referee shows a hand with four fingers.
• Signal “Player touches net.” The referee touches the net from the side of the offending team.
• Signal "Play on top of the net on the opponent's side." The referee holds his hand over the net.
• Signal "Violation on impact". The referee moves his forearm down, palm open.
• Signal “violation of site boundaries”. The referee points to the proper dividing line.
• Signal "Mutual error and replay." The referee shows thumbs both hands.
• “Ball touch” signal. The referee touches the palm of the other hand with his palm and holds his hands in a vertical position.
• Signal “Remark for delay”. The referee covers the wrist of the other hand with his palm.

Gestures shown by line judges

Basic gestures of referees in volleyball (on the line):

• Signal "Ball in the field." The referee shows the flag pointing downwards.
• "Ball out of bounds" signal. The referee shows the flag pointing upward.
• “Ball touch” signal. The referee raises the flag and covers it with his free hand.
• Signal “Refereeing is impossible.” The referee is in front of you.

Now you know the basic gestures of volleyball referees and its rules. Good game!