Where and when was hockey founded? Everything about hockey is its history. The emergence of professional teams and leagues

And the development of which is described in more detail below, is a gaming team appearance a sport where opponents must use a stick to score a puck into the opponent's goal. Main feature The competition is considered to be that players must move around the ice rink on skates. The first memories of the game with a stick and ball date back to At the same time, as a separate type of competition, it was formed much later.

Versions of occurrence

For a sport like hockey, the history of its origin has become one of the most contested. According to the official version, his place of birth is the Canadian city of Montreal. Not all modern researchers agree with this. The fact is that images of people participating in a similar game on a frozen pond are present in some paintings by Dutch masters that date back to the sixteenth century. Be that as it may, British soldiers brought field hockey to the country after they conquered Canada from France in 1763. Due to the fact that it is characterized by harsh and long winters, the game had to be adapted to local conditions. As a result, people began to compete on frozen lakes and rivers. To prevent feet from slipping on their surface, cheese cutters were tied to the shoes.

Debut match

Montreal played a very important role in the development of this sport. It was in this city, at the Victoria skating rink, that the first officially recorded hockey match was played on March 3, 1875. The story of the fight was even featured in an article in a local newspaper called the Montreal Gazette. Each competing team consisted of nine players. The equipment for the game was a wooden disc, and ordinary stones served as the gates. The participants' protective equipment was borrowed from baseball.

First rules

Just two years after the debut hockey match took place, a group of students from Montreal's McGill University invented the first rules of the game. They consisted of seven points. In 1879, the rubber washer was created. The game quickly gained popularity, so in 1883 it was presented as part of the annual winter carnival in Montreal. Two years later, Canadians founded an amateur association in this sport here.

In 1886, the rules of the game of hockey were streamlined, improved and printed. History says that the first person to record them was R. Smith. It should be noted that they were not very different from the modern version. From now on, each team had to compete with seven players. They were a goalie, back and front defenders, three forwards, and one rover (the strongest hockey player and the best goal scorer). The lineup did not change throughout the match. The only case when a substitution was allowed was if a player was injured. Required condition for its implementation, the consent of the opposing team was required.

Stanley Cup

The popularity of this sport continued to grow. In 1893, Canadian Governor General Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley bought a cup that looked like an inverted pyramid made of silver rings. It was supposed to be awarded to the national champion in a sport such as hockey. The history of this game does not know a more prestigious trophy. Initially, even amateurs could fight for it. Since 1927, the right to own the Stanley Cup has been contested by representatives of the National Hockey League.

Revolutionary innovations

The history of ice hockey in the early twentieth century was characterized by constant innovation. In particular, in 1900, a net began to be installed on the goal, thanks to which the number of disputes about a goal scored was practically reduced to zero. Because the metal whistle stuck to the referee's lips, it was first replaced with a bell, and even later with a plastic analogue. Then came the puck drop. In order to increase speed and entertainment, in 1910 it was decided to allow substitutions during the game. At the initiative of the three Patrick brothers, hockey players began to be assigned numbers, goalies were allowed to lift their skates off the ice, and players were allowed to pass forward. Moreover, it was they who proposed limiting the duration of the match to three periods of twenty minutes.

The International Ice Hockey Federation officially approved the rules of the game in 1911. The Canadian sample was taken as a basis. In 1929, the mask was first used by goalkeeper Clint Benedict of the Montreal Maroons. Five years after this, the bulita rule was officially introduced. Multi-colored lights with a siren for accurate scoring of goals began to be used in 1945. At the same time, changes were made to the rules regarding triple judging.

First arenas

The history of hockey development is simply unthinkable without the construction of appropriate infrastructure. Initially, competition arenas were skating rinks with natural ice. To prevent it from melting, cracks were made in the walls of buildings, allowing cold air to flow inside. In 1899, the first ice skating rink was built in Montreal. artificial turf. In the thirties of the twentieth century, fairly large arenas began to be built in Canada and the USA. One of the most notable of them at that time was the Sports Palace, built in Chicago in 1938. The arena had 15 thousand spectator seats.

First professional teams and leagues

In 1904, Canada created the world's first professional hockey team. It should be noted that at the same time a decision was made to switch to new system game, according to which each participant in the match included six players. Moreover, the standard size of the site is 56x26 meters. Four years after this, the professionals were finally separated from the amateurs.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the sport of hockey became very popular in Europe. The history of its development in the Old World officially begins in 1908. It was then that the International Federation for this sport was founded at a congress in Paris. It initially included four states - Great Britain, Belgium, Switzerland and France. The Canadian Hockey Association came into being four years later.

(NHL) was founded in 1917. Very quickly she became the leader on the planet. This is not surprising, since the strongest players play here. Moreover, the best goals in the history of hockey, as a rule, were scored within the NHL.

Competitions

First international match between representatives North America and Europe as part of the official tournament took place in 1920. Then the Canadian team defeated the team from Great Britain. It should be noted that the history of the Ice Hockey World Championships dates back to Olympic Games, the winner of which bore the title of the strongest on the planet. The tournaments were separated from one another and became independent only in 1992. At the same time, the International Federation decided to liquidate the European championship.

The history of the World Hockey Championships itself knows several forms of holding the tournament. Initially, competitions were held according to the cup system, and later - in a circle (in one or more stages). Over time, knockout games appeared - “playoffs”. The number of group members varied from eight to sixteen.

Russian hockey

It is now officially accepted that the history of hockey in Russia began on December 22, 1946. It was on this day that the first matches of the national championship took place in a number of Soviet cities. In 1954, the team from the USSR made a triumphant debut in the world championship, beating the Canadians in the final match. In the nineties of the last century, due to the lack of stability in the country, many athletes went to compete abroad.

The history of the Russian national hockey team knows many failures and achievements. The team won the title of the strongest on the planet back in 1993. However, fans had to wait fifteen years for the next such title. Now the Russian team is deservedly considered one of the strongest in the world and consistently demonstrates good results.

To prevent the puck from springing during the game, it is frozen before the start of the match.

The vast majority of hockey players lost at least one tooth during their performances.

The first washers were square.

The flight speed of a hockey projectile can reach 193 km/h.

Nowadays washers are made from vulcanized rubber.

Hockey with a ball

The history of bandy dates back to the middle of the last century. In the modern interpretation, this sport is played on ice, in which you need to hit a ball into the opponent’s goal with a stick. It uses a rectangular platform, the maximum size of which is 110x65 meters. The match consists of two periods of 45 minutes. Each team consists of eleven players (including 4 substitutes and 1 goalkeeper). It should be noted that the number of substitutions is not limited here. One of the most interesting rules in this game is that a player who is in the opponent’s half of the field himself (excluding the goalkeeper) has no right to receive the ball. Be that as it may, this type of hockey does not have the same popularity as its version with the puck.

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, Montreal is considered the birthplace of hockey, although more recent studies point to the primacy of Kingston (Ontario) or Windsor (Nova Scotia). Even before the advent of hockey in the 16th century, games with a ball and sticks on ice existed in Holland. Then similar games originated in England and Scandinavia, where they later evolved into ice hockey in the 19th century. But despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

There are many versions of the origin of hockey in Canada, one of them is that field hockey first appeared in England. When Great Britain recaptured Canada from France in 1763, English riflemen brought it to Halifax, whose residents became fascinated new game. Since Canadian winters are very harsh and long, this area has always welcomed winter views sports By attaching cheese cutters to their boots, English- and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. At first they played not with a puck, but heavy ball and the number of teams reached 50 or more players on each side. In Nova Scotia and Virginia, there are old paintings of people playing hockey.

The first formal game took place in 1855 in Kingston, Ontario, with teams drawn from the Royal Canadian Fusiliers, troops of the Imperial Army. And the first official match took place on March 3, 1875 in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper "Montreal Gazette". Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck, and their protective equipment was borrowed from baseball. For the first time, hockey goals were installed on the ice.

In the 1870s. Ice hockey in Canada was a compulsory game for everyone sports holidays. In 1877, several students at Montreal's McGill University invented the first seven hockey rules. In 1879 Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal.

The first official rules of the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have been preserved as much as possible to this day. According to them, the number of field players was reduced from nine to seven, on the ice there was a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two forwards, and in front across the entire width of the field there was a rover - the strongest hockey player who was the best at throwing pucks. The team played the entire match with the same lineup, and by the end of the game the athletes were literally crawling on the ice from fatigue, because only the player who was injured was allowed to be replaced (and then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). The author of the new code of rules was the Canadian R. Smith. In 1886, the first international meeting was held between Canadian and English teams.

In 1890, the province of Ontario held a championship for four teams. Soon appeared indoor skating rinks with natural ice. To prevent it from melting, narrow slits were cut in the walls and roofs to allow cold air to enter. In 1899, the world's first indoor stadium for playing hockey with an artificial ice rink, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur was founded. hockey league.

The game of hockey became so popular that in 1893, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley, purchased a cup, similar to an inverted pyramid of silver rings, for 10 guineas to present to the national champion. This is how the legendary trophy appeared - the Stanley Cup. At first, amateurs fought for it, and since 1910, professionals too.

In 1900, a net appeared on the gate, made for the first time from fishing net, it made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against the team. After this, disputes about scoring a puck, which sometimes led to team fights, stopped - it became much more convenient for the referees and hockey players to monitor the scoring. Then they began to hang a metal net on the gate. It was durable, but after being hit the puck would fly back and sometimes injure the goalie or a player near the goal. This deficiency was corrected by using a second rope net stretched inside the gate to soften the blow. Today's network combines these two networks. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced by a bell, and soon a plastic whistle. At the same time, a puck throw-in was introduced (previously, the referee used to move the opponents’ sticks towards the puck lying on the ice with his hands and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).

The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new playing system - “six on six”. Was installed standard size the grounds are 56 x 26 m, which has remained almost unchanged since then. After four seasons, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. The First Congress, held on May 15-16, 1908 in Paris, founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (LIHG), which initially united four countries - France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Belgium. From the birth of the game until 1903, Europeans played natural ice. The first artificial ice appeared in London, after which the improvement of skating rinks and the construction of new ones began. And soon Great Britain was able to develop hockey to professional level, but not for long... The war on hockey, like all other sports, had a great negative impact...

In 1911, the LIHG officially adopted the Canadian rules of hockey. The Canadian Hockey Association was formed in 1914, and in 1920 it became a member of the International Federation. In 1920, the first meeting took place in official tournament- at the Olympic Games, which were also considered world championships - between teams from the Old and New Worlds. Canadians confirmed their glory as the strongest hockey power peace. Canadians also won at the 1924 and 1928 Olympic tournaments. In 1936 Great Britain won the title Olympic champion, taking it away from the Canadians, who had owned it for 16 years.

To increase the entertainment and speed of the game, the replacement of athletes was allowed in 1910. In the same year, the National Hockey Association (NHA) emerged, which became the successor to the famous National Hockey League (NHL), which appeared in 1917.

Many innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a famous hockey figure). On their initiative, each player was assigned a number, points began to be awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal + pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since started to last three periods of 20 minutes each.

Goalkeepers did not wear masks until 1929, when Clint Benedict, who played for the Canadian club Montreal Maroons, first wore one on the ice, but it was not immediately officially approved. In 1934, the free throw - shootout - was legalized. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: a chief referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, a system of referee gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.

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). However, some other 16th-century Dutch paintings depict many people playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canal. But, despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

Many innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a famous hockey figure). On their initiative, players were assigned numbers, points began to be awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal plus pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since started to last three periods of 20 minutes each.

The corners of the court must be rounded by an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m according to the rules of the IIHF and 28 feet (8.53 m) in the NHL.

Boards

The site must be surrounded by plastic or wooden sides no less than 1 m high and no more than 1.22 m above the ice surface. Protective glass must be installed on the front sides of the rink and a protective net on top of the glass to prevent the puck from flying out of the rink and, as a result, hitting the spectators. In the middle part of the side board there are two doors that open inward, designed for players to exit onto the court. Two more doors are located opposite, on the bench for fined players.

Marking

The end lines (goal lines) are drawn 3-4 m from the sides. At 17.23 m from the goal line there are blue zone lines, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the central zone and two opponents’ zones. In the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a throw-in point located in the middle of the red line. On both sides of the goal, at a distance of 6 m, there are throw-in points with a throw-in zone with a radius of 4.5 m.

Penalty bench

Each hockey rink is equipped with two benches for fined players. Each bench must accommodate a minimum of 5 players. The minimum length of a bench is 4 meters, width is 1.5 meters.

Gates

Hockey goal

Gate design:

Width - 1.83 m (6 ft)
Height - 1.22 m (4 ft)
The outer diameter of the racks is 5 cm

Hockey goals are mounted on pins, for which holes are drilled in the ice. This technology ensures a fairly strong fixation of the goal on the surface of the court, but at the same time, the goal can move so that the player who collides with it does not get injured. From the center of the goal line with a radius of 1.8 m, the goal area is usually drawn:

in Russia, the length of the front line of the goal area is 3.6 m

Equipment

Much attention is paid hockey equipment. Athletes take care to protect themselves as much as possible from painful hits from the puck and stick, from impacts when colliding with another player, from falling onto the board, etc. Previously, hockey player uniforms were heavy, and hockey players looked clumsy in them and felt discomfort.

The top uniforms and helmets of players on the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players). Players' jerseys must be marked with numbers and names.

Game duration

An ice hockey match consists of three periods of 20 minutes of net time. Breaks between periods last 15 minutes. In the event of a draw at the end of three periods, additional time (overtime) may be assigned. In case of a tie, at the end of overtime, free throws (shootouts) are taken. The need for overtime, as well as its duration and the number of free throws, are specified separately in the tournament regulations.

Team compositions

Hockey. Goalkeeper.

Usually 20-25 players from one team enter a match. The minimum and maximum number of players is determined by the tournament regulations.

At the same time, six players must be on the field from one team: five field players and one goalkeeper. It is allowed to replace the goalkeeper with a sixth field player. Changes of players are possible both during pauses during a stop in the game, and directly during the game.

In addition to the referees on the ice, at each match there is a refereeing team located outside the ice. It includes:

two referees behind the goal
one secretary
one timekeeper
one informant judge
one video replay judge
two judges on the penalty bench
two record judges

Fines

In ice hockey, players are allowed to use so-called power wrestling (in women's ice hockey, power wrestling is prohibited). Power struggle involves contact game, game "body to body". However, not all contact play is permitted. Tripping, holding an opponent with your hands, holding a stick, playing with a high stick, hitting with your hands, elbows, attacking an opponent who does not have the puck, etc. are prohibited.

Penalty table

	Small	Major	Disciplinary (Misconduct)	Disciplinary until the end of the game (GM)	Match Penalty (MP)
minutes	2	5	10	0	5
Reduces the number of players?	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Leaving the game?	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Ends with a missed puck?	Yes	No	No	No	No
Recorded in NHL statistics	2	5	10	10	10
Recorded in IIHF statistics	2	5	10	20	25

Violations as part of strategy

Players can violate the rules deliberately. In some cases, they hope that the violation will go unnoticed and there will be no fine. Often the plan is to provoke a player from the other team into committing a fine. Some players, coaches and fans consider such provocation to be undignified behavior. Quite often, players break the rules in order to disrupt the mood of the opposing team or improve the mood of their team - fights are especially often used for this. A violation that prevents an opponent from scoring a goal is considered justifiable.

Types of fines

Minor (2 minutes) - the player is removed for 2 minutes without the right to be replaced. Given for minor violations: tripping, catching, dangerous play with a high stick, delaying an opponent with hands or a stick, delay of game, unsportsmanlike conduct, rudeness, etc. If the goalkeeper receives a fine, the fine is served by any player on the court choosing the coach of the offending team. If a player receives a disciplinary, game misconduct or match penalty along with a minor penalty, the minor penalty will be served by another player (as in the case of a goalkeeper penalty). Can be withdrawn early if a goal is scored. 2 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
Bench Minor (2 minutes) - When a Bench Minor penalty is assessed, any player of the offending team, other than the goalie, designated by the Manager or Coach through the team captain, will be removed from the ice for two minutes, during which time no substitution for that player will be permitted. The designated player must immediately take his place in the penalty bench and serve the penalty as if the Minor penalty had been assessed against him.
Big (5 minutes) - the player is removed for 5 minutes without the right to be replaced. Given for gross violations: planned injury to a player, fight, provoking players to fight, etc. Additionally, it can be imposed disciplinary fine. Any player of the captain's choice will serve the penalty. Cannot be withdrawn early. 5 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
Disciplinary (10 minutes) - the player is removed for 10 minutes with the right to be replaced. After the penalty time has expired, the penalized player may leave the penalty box at the first stoppage of play. A repeated violation by one player is punishable by a disciplinary penalty for the remainder of the game. Penalty time statistics are recorded for 10 minutes.
Game Disciplinary (GM) - A player or team official is removed for the remainder of the game with the right to be replaced and sent to the stands. After the game, the referee must file a report, and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. The penalty time statistics are recorded as 20 minutes.
Match penalty (MP) - the player is removed for the rest of the game with the right to be replaced after 5 minutes, disqualified for the next match and sent to the stands. Any player who was on the court at the time of the violation, at the captain's discretion, serves a 5-minute penalty. After the game, the referee must file a report, and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. The 5 minute penalty cannot be removed early. The penalty time statistics are recorded as 25 minutes.
Penalty throw (PS) - if a player, going one on one with the goalkeeper, was attacked from behind in violation of the rules, the chief referee may award a penalty throw (shootout) to the goal of the offending team. All players must leave the court, with the exception of the goalkeeper of the offending team and the opposing field player. The puck is placed in the center of the field in front of the field player, the chief referee blows the whistle, after which the player begins to approach the goalkeeper and makes one shot at goal without the possibility of finishing. If the offending team was short-handed at the time the penalty shot was awarded and the penalty shot was scored, then the penalty waiver rule does not apply.

If an offense punishable by a shootout is committed against a player entering an empty goal (i.e. the goalkeeper is replaced by a field player), the referee does not award a shootout, but counts the goal.

A minor (2 minutes), double minor (2+2 minutes) or major (5 minutes) penalty results in a shorthanded game. If the number of players is different, then one team has a numerical advantage (majority), while the other plays in the minority. A goal scored in a state of numerical advantage is called a realization of numerical advantage. In Russian there is no special term for the situation when a team, playing in the minority, does not concede a goal until the end of the penalty; in English this situation is called killed penalty.

There cannot be less than three field players on the court. If, during a three-player game, a player violates the rules and is sent off, then the expelled player is sent to the penalty box and replaced by another player, but in this case:

If a team played three against five, then the start of serving the penalty is postponed until the end of the next penalty. In this case, a player whose penalty time has ended can enter the court only when the game is stopped.
If a team played three against four or three, then serving the penalty begins immediately, and the opponents have the right to release the 5th or 4th player onto the court, respectively, for the duration of the penalty.

If the minority is caused by a minor penalty, then a missed goal removes the minor penalty.

If a goalkeeper or a player who was injured at the time of the violation is sent off, another field player will serve the penalty in his place.

In the case where the rules were violated, but the puck remained under the control of the injured team, a delayed penalty will be assessed. The head referee raises his hand vertically, and with the other hand he brings the whistle to his lips and waits for the offending team to intercept the puck. During a delayed penalty, the goalkeeper of the affected team may leave the goal empty by changing to an additional skater. As soon as the offending team gains possession of the puck (sometimes even a touch is counted), the whistle sounds and the offender is ejected. If a delayed penalty is implemented, no deletion occurs and penalty minutes are not recorded in the game report. Removing a goalie during a delayed penalty sometimes results in a missed goal when one of the players on the affected team accidentally kicks the puck into their own net.

Types of violations

Violations against players

Pushing your opponent on board
- The player spends power move, as a result of which the opponent hits the board with force Punishment
- A player injures a player as a result of being pushed onto the board Punishment
Thrusting an opponent with a stick
- A player tries to hit an opponent with the end of a stick Punishment: double minor penalty + disciplinary penalty
- A player hits an opponent with the end of a stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent by hitting him with the end of his stick. Punishment: match penalty
Improper attack by opponent
- A player swoops, jumps or attacks an opponent incorrectly Punishment or match penalty
- Player injures player due to illegal attack Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Attacking an opponent from behind
- A player swoops, jumps, physically attacks or hits an opponent from behind Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player due to attack from behind Punishment: match penalty
Step
- The player performs a power move in a cutting manner or at or below the level of the opponent's knees Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player as a result of tripping Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Pushing an opponent with a stick
- A player pushes an opponent with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of a push with a stick. Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Elbow strike
- A player uses his elbow to strike an opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player due to elbow strike Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Exceptional rudeness
- A player commits an action not permitted by the rules that results or may result in injury to an opponent, team official or referee Punishment: match penalty
Fighting or rudeness
- A player deliberately throws off his glove (or gloves) during a fight or skirmish Punishment: disciplinary fine
- The player starts a fight Punishment: match penalty
- The player who is hit throws or attempts to hit back Punishment: minor fine
- The player is the first to enter into an already ongoing conflict Punishment
- A player who, when ordered by the referee to stop an action involving him, continues to participate in a fight, attempts to continue a fight, or attempts to interfere with a line judge in the performance of his duties Punishment: double minor or major + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player or official who is involved in a dispute with a player or official off the playing surface Punishment: disciplinary penalty or game disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- The player is guilty of excessive rudeness Punishment: minor penalty or double minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary action for the rest of the game
- A player grabs or holds a face mask or helmet or pulls an opponent's hair Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game
Headbutt
- A player attempts to hit or deliberately headbutts an opponent Punishment: match penalty
Dangerous play with a high stick
- The player plays dangerously with his stick raised high towards the opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player intentionally causes injury with a high stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player accidentally injures himself with a high stick Punishment: double minor penalty
Holding your opponent with your hands
- The player delays the opponent with his hands or stick Punishment: minor fine
Holding the opponent's stick
- The player holds the opponent's stick with his hands or in some other way Punishment: minor fine
Stick hold
- The player obstructs or attempts to impede the progress of an opponent by holding him back with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of holding his stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- The player makes a delay with his stick on an opponent who is one-on-one with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- The player makes a delay with his stick on an opponent who is going one-on-one with an empty goal Punishment: goal
Attack by a player not in possession of the puck (blocking)
- A player attacks or impedes the progress of an opponent who is not in possession of the puck. Punishment: minor fine
- A player from the players' bench or penalty bench uses his stick or his body to impede the progress of the puck by an opponent who is on the ice and taking part in the game. Punishment: minor fine
- A player, using his stick or his body, obstructs or attempts to obstruct the goalkeeper's movement while he is in his goal crease. Punishment: minor fine
- A player or official who is illegally on the ice while his team's goaltender is removed from the ice uses his stick or his body to impede the progress of the puck by an opponent Punishment: goal
Kick
- A player who kicks or attempts to kick another player Punishment: match penalty
Knee strike of opponent
- A player uses his knee to attack an opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of an action involving the knee. Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Hit with a stick
- A player obstructs or attempts to impede an opponent's progress by striking him with his stick. Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game
- A player injures an opponent with a stick blow Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player swings a stick at another player during a conflict Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Attack to the head and neck area
- The player hits the opponent's head and neck area or visor or forces the opponent's head into the protective glass Punishment: minor penalty + disciplinary penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of an attack to the head and neck area Punishment: match penalty
Power techniques in women's hockey
- In women's hockey, a player performs a direct power move Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game

Other rule violations

Delaying the puck heading into the goal
- A player, having caught the puck flying into the goal, holds it in his hand or in any other part of his equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second:

Punishment: minor fine

Illegal possession of the puck (Goalkeeper)
- (In the NHL) The goaltender behind the goal is outside his zone and in possession of the puck, causing a delay of play.

Punishment: minor penalty (one of the field players serves the penalty instead of the goalkeeper)

Unsportsmanlike conduct by players
- A player off the ice uses offensive language or gestures or interferes with the work of judges or a fined player does not go to the penalty box or locker room Punishment: minor penalty, minor disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- The player challenges the referee's decision or deliberately knocks the puck away from the referee when he tries to pick it up or enters the referee's area when the head referee is talking to another referee Punishment: disciplinary fine
- A player on the ice uses offensive language or gestures. or hits the board with a stick or other object or refuses to go to the penalty box after a fight or picks up his equipment or continues actions aimed at responding to the opponent's actions or deliberately throws any equipment outside the arena Punishment: disciplinary fine
- The player expresses or makes references to race or ethnicity Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- A player intentionally exerts physical influence on the referee (push, trip, forceful move) or spits at someone or his behavior interferes with the game Punishment: match penalty
- A player off the ice throws a stick or other object and this player can be identified Punishment: minor penalty + game disciplinary penalty
- An off-ice player throws a stick or other object onto the ice Punishment: minor bench penalty
Unsportsmanlike behavior on the part of team representatives
- Team representative uses offensive language or gestures or interferes with the judge's actions or hits the board with a stick or other object Punishment: minor bench penalty
- Team representative continues unsportsmanlike behavior Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- Team representative expresses racial or ethnic identity Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- A team representative grabs or hits the referee or interferes with the game or spits at the judge or makes an insulting gesture towards the judge Punishment: match penalty
- A team representative throws a stick or other object onto the ice and this team representative was identified Punishment: minor bench penalty + disciplinary penalty for the end of the game
- A team representative throws a stick or other object onto the ice and this team representative could not be identified Punishment: minor bench penalty
Game delay
- A player who is outside the defensive zone passes or introduces the puck into his defensive zone for the purpose of delaying the game (exception: the team is shorthanded) and his team has already been cautioned for this violation in the current period Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goaltender who is not being attacked by an opponent holds, pins, or advances the puck along the boards to stop play Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper intentionally moves a goal in his defensive zone during the last 2 minutes of the third period or during overtime Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal when an opponent is one-on-one with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal when the opponent is one-on-one with an empty goal Punishment: goal
- A player intentionally throws the puck out of bounds. playground Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper delays play to get his equipment in order. Punishment: minor fine
- An injured player refuses to leave the ice. Punishment: minor fine
- Team after scored a goal has more players on the ice than necessary to continue the game Punishment: minor team penalty
- The player takes his time to get into position for the throw-in Punishment: minor team penalty
- A player repeatedly enters the throw-in circle during one throw-in Punishment: minor team penalty
- The team does not put enough players on the ice after the break to continue the game. Punishment: minor team penalty
Violation of numerical strength
- The number of players on the court at one time exceeds the number allowed by the current situation (more than 5 field players when playing at full strength or more than the nominal number of players allowed by the current penalties imposed on the team)

Punishment: A bench minor penalty is imposed on any of the field players present on the court at the time of the violation, at the choice of the team being fined.

Violation of equipment rules
- A player or goalkeeper who has lost part of his equipment (except for his stick) or has intentionally or unintentionally violated the condition of his equipment (broken stick, broken helmet or other protective equipment) continues to take an active part in the game (in the NHL it is only prohibited to continue playing with parts of a broken stick in his hands , in other cases the rule does not apply)

Punishment: minor fine

Violations of the rules that are not punishable by a bench or disciplinary fine

Playing with a high stick
- The player tries to hit or hits the puck while raising bottom part sticks above your shoulder or above the level of the goal crossbar, without the risk of hitting your opponent with the stick Result
Hand pass
- The player, being outside his defensive zone, passes the puck to a teammate by throwing or hitting it with his hand. Result: stoppage of play, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defensive zone if the defending team.
Puck delay
- The player, having caught the puck, holds it in his hand, or in any other part of the equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second. Result: stoppage of play, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defensive zone if the defending team.

Statistics

Coaching staff

Head coach
Senior coach
Assistant Coach

A game

Game tactics

Game tactics, despite the fact that it contains many options, techniques and methods, are of two types - defensive tactics and attack tactics. The choice of the type of tactics that a team or player will use depends on the situation on the field, namely, what position they are in - attack or defense.

Defensive tactics are used at a time in the game when the team does not have the puck and the opponent is dribbling with the goal of scoring a goal. The main task of the team and players is to neutralize the opponent and take the puck from him. Defense can be personal (when the fight for the puck is between two players of opposing teams), zone (when a player defends his part ice rink, which are divided depending on the functions of the players) and mixed (when combining the first two options). One of the most popular defensive techniques, which does not allow the opposing team to conduct an organized attack, is pressing throughout the playing area.

Attack (or attack) tactics are chosen by the team when conquering the opponent's goal. Attack (like defense) can be individual, group and team. An individual attack depends on the personal skill of the hockey player, his control of the stick, the puck, the ability to “dribble” the puck, etc. The success of a group and team attack (when two or more players are involved in attacking actions) depends on the well-coordinated work of the team as a whole and their interaction together.

In terms of speed, the attack is divided into instantaneous (high-speed, when the number of passes is clearly distributed both in time and in the number of players) and positional (based on a long play of the puck in the opponent’s part of the field). There is also a distinction between an attack on the move (that is, a high-speed attack, limited in time and the number of passes of partners to each other) and a positional attack - with a long dribble and throwing the puck in the opponent’s zone. An attack on the move most often appears at the moment when the enemy has made a miscalculation and has not yet had time to switch from attacking to defensive actions, which makes it possible to take advantage of someone else’s mistake and score a goal. A prolonged attack has the disadvantage that the enemy has already managed to coordinate his actions and is ready to defend his goal. In this situation, feints, various actions and combinations help, which help confuse the enemy with non-standard attack behavior and the effect of surprise.

Notes

Sources

Encyclopedia for children. T. 20. Sports / Ch. ed. V. A. Volodin. - M.: Avanta+, 2001. - 624 p.: ill. ISBN 5-94623-006-9

History of the emergence and development of ice hockey

The debate about where and when hockey appeared continues to this day. Official place Montreal (Canada) is considered to be the birthplace of modern hockey. Another popular point of view is that hockey originated in Holland. There are paintings by Dutch masters dating back to the 16th century that depict people playing a hockey-like game. But whatever happened in Holland, in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, on March 3, 1875, the first officially recorded hockey match was played.

Where and when did ice hockey originate?

In Canada in the middle of the 19th century.

Two years later, the first seven rules of the game of hockey were invented. In 1879, the wooden washer was replaced by a rubber alternative. In 1886, improved rules of the game were streamlined and printed:

the number of players was reduced to seven;
the entire match was played from start to finish by one line-up;
Substitutions were allowed only for injured players and after the consent of the opposing team.

The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. That year the teams were reduced to six players. A standard site size was established - 56 × 26 m, which has changed little since then. Substitutions of players became possible not only due to injuries.

Later, the Patrick brothers introduced a system of assigning a number to each player, a new scoring system, and marking the court into certain zones. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goals to more accurately count goals scored.

Ice hockey rules (briefly)

The modern rules of the game of ice hockey define the following important points:

An ice hockey match consists of three periods, each period lasting 20 minutes;
each period begins with a puck drop and ends with the referee's whistle;
the puck is thrown in by the referee;
Between periods there are 15 minute breaks, which are accompanied by a change of goal;
six players can be on the field at the same time, a full hockey team consists of 20-25 people;
players are replaced both during pauses and during the game;
in hockey, power wrestling is allowed;
During a power fight, the following are prohibited: tripping, delaying the opponent, elbowing, as well as attacking a player who does not control the puck;
the main time of the game may end in a draw and extra time will be assigned, after which a series of shootouts may follow;
For violations, athletes are sent to the penalty box.

Hockey field

The size of hockey rinks varies depending on the rules (NHL or IIHF). According to the IIHF, the dimensions of the site can vary from 56 - 60 meters in length and 26 - 30 meters in width. In the NHL, the dimensions of the court are strictly fixed: 60.96 meters long and 25.90 meters wide. It is believed that a smaller court leads to more colorful play, namely power play, shots on goal and play along the boards.

The corners of the court must be rounded by an arc of a circle with a radius of 7 m to 8.5 m according to the rules of the IIHF and 8.53 m in the NHL.

The site must be fenced with a side with a height of 1.20 - 1.22 meters. On the front sides behind the goal, along the entire width of the field (including curves), a protective glass fence 1.6-2 m high is attached.

The hockey rink is marked as follows:

the end lines (goal lines) are drawn at a distance of 3 - 4 meters from the sides;
at a distance of 17.23 meters from the goal line, blue zone lines are drawn, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the central and two zones of the opponents;
in the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a throw-in point located in the middle of the red line;
On both sides of the goal, at a distance of 6 meters, there are throw-in points with a throw-in zone with a radius of 4.5 meters.

Total for hockey rink There are nine throw-in dots:

center point;
four final faceoff spots (two in each zone);
four faceoff dots in the neutral zone.

The hockey rink is equipped with two benches for fined players.

Ice hockey goal size

A goal in ice hockey consists of two posts (vertical posts), which are located on the goal line at an equal distance from the sides and connected at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The distance between the bars (width) is 1.83 m, and the distance from the bottom edge of the crossbar to the ice surface (height) is 1.22 m. The diameter of the crossbar and both bars is no more than 5 cm.

Hockey equipment

Hockey is very traumatic form sports, so much attention is paid to protective equipment.

Hockey equipment consists of:

Ice hockey stick - sports equipment, with which athletes move the puck around the court. The size of a hockey stick is approximately 150-200 cm.
Ice hockey skates are boots with metal blades attached to them. Used to move on ice.
Helmet to protect the head.
Knee and elbow pads. Knee pads are designed to protect knee joint and hockey player shins, elbow pads for protection elbow joint player.
Bib provides protection chest and the player's entire back.
Gloves protect the player's hands, wrist joints and lower forearms when the player hits the hands with a stick or is hit by the puck.
Mouth guard to prevent dental injury.
Hockey shorts are designed to prevent injury to a hockey player during falls, collisions, puck hits and other cases.
Throat Guard - A semi-rigid piece of plastic or Kevlar that protects the player's throat, neck (front and back) and collarbones.
Sweater is a must sports equipment player in ice hockey, wears over the protection.
Gaiters.
Hockey puck. The maximum recorded speed of a puck in hockey is more than 180 km/h. Hockey puck dimensions: thickness 2.54 cm, diameter 7.62 cm, weight 156-170 g.

The goalkeeper's equipment consists of:

Goalie stick.
Goalkeeper skates. They have a long, wide blade; plastic impact-resistant external structure; shortened back; special holes in the ridge cup for attaching the shields.
Helmet and mask.
Throat protection.
Bib.
Shell for protection groin area from puck hits and other injuries.
Hockey shorts.
Blocker (Blin) - a wide goalkeeper's glove with places for fingers on the inside.
A catcher is a glove similar to a baseball catcher, but designed specifically for catching the puck, taking into account the specifics of hockey.
Shields.
The top uniforms and helmets of players on the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players).
Washer.

Ice hockey referees

On hockey match there is a judging panel:

one or two chief judges;
two linesmen.

The duties of the head referee include monitoring violations of the rules and recording goals. Linesmen are responsible for monitoring offsides, puck passes, manpower violations, and conducting puck throw-ins. In addition to the on-ice referees, there is an off-ice refereeing team present at every match.

Hockey leagues

Kontinental Hockey League

Europe

Hockey Champions League

Continental Cup

Spengler Cup

Russia

International Hockey League

Superleague of the Russian Hockey League

Superleague of the Professional Hockey League