Health. About health Modern definition of health

Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.

The concept itself "health" in English it sounds like Health from Whole(Anglo-Saxon) - whole, complete, which already implies the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.

Galen in the 11th century BC. defined health as a state “in which we do not experience pain and which does not interfere with the functions of our daily life: participating in leadership, washing, drinking, eating and doing everything else we want.”

Back in the early 40s of the 20th century, the concept of “health” was given the following definition: “A person who is distinguished by harmonious development and is well adapted to the physical and social environment around him can be considered healthy. Health does not simply mean the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the responsibilities that life imposes on a person” (G. Sigerist, edited by: E.A. Ovcharov, 2002).

The founder of valeology I.I. Brechman (1966) considered human health “as the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of sudden changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information.”

In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the concept of “Health for all by the year 2000,” which determined the strategy and tactics of all developed countries to create conditions for ensuring and developing public health.

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A. G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops... in the conditions of a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person... to carry out its biological and social functions."

Analyzing these formulations, it can be noted that the first of them considers health in static terms, as something given, i.e. You either have health or you don’t. The second definition represents health in dynamics, shows that health is formed as the body develops; Moreover, the definition emphasizes that health is genetically programmed. Whether the program is implemented depends on specific biological and social factors (i.e., the surrounding biological environment and upbringing), under the influence of which a person will live and develop. Obviously, here we are talking about the fact that although health has innate prerequisites (positive or negative), it is formed during a long ontogenesis, starting from the moment of fertilization of the egg (conception).

S.Ya. Chikin (1976) sees health as the harmonious interaction and functioning of all organs and systems of a person with his physical perfection and normal psyche, allowing him to actively participate in socially useful work.

One of the founders of space biology and medicine P.M. Baevsky (1979) considered the determining factor of health to be the adaptability of the organism: “The ability of the human body to adapt to changes in the environment, freely interacting with it, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of man.”

N.D. Graevskaya (1979) in the concept of “health” includes an assessment of the level of functional capabilities of the organism, the range of its compensatory-adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. the ability to adapt to increased environmental demands without pathological manifestations.

Thus, taking into account the biosocial essence of man, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1986) considers human health as a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities determined by congenital and acquired mechanisms.

V.P. Kaznacheev (1980) defines human health as the process of maintaining and developing his biological, physiological and psychological capabilities, optimal social activity with maximum life expectancy. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to create such conditions and such hygienic systems that would ensure not only the preservation of human health, but also its development.

ON THE. Agadzhanyan (1979, 2006), studying human biological rhythms, concludes that health is an optimal ratio of interconnected endogenous rhythms of physiological processes and their compliance with external cyclical changes.

Famous cardiac surgeon N.M. Amosov (1987) considered health as “the level of functional capabilities of the organism, the range of its compensatory and adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. level of reserve capabilities of the body."

At present, there is no experimental justification given by E.N. Weiner’s definition of health: “Health is a state of the body that gives a person the opportunity to realize his genetic program to the maximum extent in the conditions of the sociocultural existence of a given person” (E.N. Weiner, 1998). However, not only the degree of implementation of the human genetic program, but also the functional purpose of genes has not yet been studied.

The physiological (medico-biological) approach, based on the basic principles of the body’s vital activity, was the basis for determining the health of R.I. Aizman (1997): “Health is the body’s ability to maintain its psychophysiological stability (homeostasis) in conditions of adaptation to various environmental factors and stress.”

Modern definition of health

The modern concept of health allows us to identify its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.

Physical the component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process are morphological and functional transformations and reserves that provide physical performance and adequate human adaptation to external conditions.

Psychological component is a state of the mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral-spiritual components. Its basis is a state of emotional and cognitive comfort, which ensures mental performance and adequate human behavior. This state is determined by both biological and social needs, as well as the possibilities of satisfying these needs.

Behavioral component is the external manifestation of a person’s condition. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior and the ability to communicate. It is based on life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relationships, which determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.

Modern living conditions place increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

Concepts of health and illness

The most important task of the state and society as a whole is to take care of the health of the population. When asked what health is, the answer most often follows is that it is the absence of disease, good health, i.e. health is usually defined by the absence of disease. Therefore, the concept of disease must first be defined. Understanding the concepts of “health” and “illness” is not easy. Most often, a disease means a change, damage, defect, etc., i.e., everything that leads to disruption of life.

There are many definitions of the concept of disease: disruption of normal life activity, adaptation to the environment (disadaptation), functions of the body or its parts, connections of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment of the body), inability to fully perform human functions, etc. There are many theories the occurrence of diseases: social (disease is the result of social maladjustment), energetic (disease occurs due to an imbalance of energy in the human body), biological (the basis of the disease is a violation of the correspondence of the biological rhythms of the body with natural rhythms), etc.

According to the classification of the World Health Organization disease - This is a life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during the mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or partial decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.

Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is Homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a class of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand, man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.

Philosophers and doctors Ancient world They considered man to be a similarity to nature, the world, and the cosmos. - this is a microcosm in the macrocosm, it consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is the balance of these elements, and disease is a violation of this balance. Some ancient thinkers, as a result of observing the lives of people, their way and living conditions, formed beliefs about the role of social factors in human life. As medicine, history and other sciences developed, more and more observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life accumulated. This especially developed during the Renaissance, when activity, the spiritual world, communication between people, i.e., social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.

These views received their greatest development during the Enlightenment. Thus, Helvetius wrote that man is an animal with a special external organization that allows him to use weapons and tools. But scientists of that time interpreted the social principle in man incompletely, only as an external manifestation of a person’s bodily connection with the environment.

Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man, in fact, shared the views of K. Marx: “The essence of man is the totality of social relations.” F. Engels described man more fully and objectively: “The essence of man manifests itself in two ways: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as a social relationship (i.e. social).” The inseparability of the biological and the social in man is reflected in Marx’s Capital: “By influencing external nature and changing it, he (man) at the same time changes his own nature.”

The relationship between the social and the biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.

Ancient doctors saw the origins of health and the causes of diseases not only in the mixing of elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, traditions, i.e. conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of work (Galen and Celje distinguished between the diseases of masters and slaves).

Utopian socialists saw a pledge good health people of their fictional cities in perfect organized conditions life and social order.

French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions.

English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers.

Progressive domestic figures of medicine of the second half of the 19th century. presented thousands of evidence of the adverse effects of working and living conditions on workers' health. The primary importance of social conditions in shaping the health of the population has become the subject of study of social hygiene since the beginning of the 20th century.

Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their influence on human health. Just as in the essence of man himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of an individual are fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental; they are mediated by the social conditions of his life, which are decisive. Not only the works of individual researchers, but also the documents of international medical organizations speak about the social conditioning of health, that is, the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.

Social conditions are a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, the socio-economic system and political structure of society.

Social factors - this is a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, leisure, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (disease is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.

Individual health - individual health. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.

Group Health - health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.

Population health - health of people living in a certain territory.

The most difficult thing to define is public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals who make up society, but is not the sum of the health of individuals. Even the WHO has not yet proposed a concise and succinct definition of public health. “Public health is a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e., it is something without which society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society” (Yu P. Lisitsyn).

Public health potential - a measure of the quantity and quality of human health and its reserves accumulated by society.

Public Health Index - ratio of healthy and not healthy image life of the population.

WHO experts consider the percentage of gross national product (GNP) spent on health care as public health criteria; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy, etc.

Methods for studying population health include: statistical, sociological (questionnaires, interviews, family-based comprehensive survey), expert method, etc.

Health– the natural state of the body, characterized by its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.
Constitution of the World Health Organization

• Health is the constant availability of energy necessary to ensure the harmonious functioning of the body.
• Health is the basis of human well-being; health allows one to reveal all his physical and spiritual capabilities.
• Health is not only a physical concept, but also a moral one; a morally healthy person is generous, noble, friendly and optimistic.
• Health is the absence of reasons and incentives for illness in a person.
• Physical health is a construction tool in the hands of a highly moral person and a destructive hammer in the hands of a scoundrel.

Health Benefits

• Health provides opportunities – physical adaptation to different conditions; personal growth.
• Health gives strength - for work, study, communication and building relationships.
• Health gives freedom – physical actions and movement around the world.
• Health gives interest in life.
• Health brings joy - from the awareness of the limitlessness of one’s own capabilities.
• Health creates a platform for human self-realization.

Manifestations of health in everyday life

• Physical exercise. Physical activity brings many benefits to a person, strengthening the body and character.
• Military service. A sick person is a weak warrior, which is why there are diseases whose carriers are not called up for military service.
• Labor activity. The more physically healthy and strong a person is, the longer period of time he is able to work with full dedication.
• No “chemical dependence”. A person who constantly takes medications is similar to someone who is addicted to alcohol. The absence of such vices as addiction, including drug addiction, characterizes a healthy person.
• Life A healthy person does not need excessive comfort and luxury, but does need conditions that ensure hygiene.
• Parenting. Hardening children with early age helps raise them to be healthy people, physically strong and mentally strong.

How to achieve health

• Health is not a character trait of a person, but a set of physical and moral qualities that are developed through systematic exercise. Becoming healthy is the main duty of every person to himself.
• Hardening. Any procedures to harden the body - be it dousing with cold water or long walks on the fresh air- This is a contribution to the “piggy bank” of your own health.
• Physical education classes. Moderate physical activity (not “peak”, as in professional sports) gradually strengthen the human body.
• Refusal of excesses. The simpler a person’s food, the healthier he is; The simpler life is, the more resilient it is.
• Control over emotions. Strong negative emotions weaken the human body, taking away the energy necessary for the body to function properly. By controlling their emotions (anger, rage, resentment), a person takes care of his health.
• Inner harmony. Achieving inner harmony is the result of spiritual work on oneself; this work also brings physical benefits in the form of improved health.

Golden mean

Soreness | lack of health

Health

Suspiciousness is an excess of attention to the state of one’s own body.

Popular expressions about health

Health is the most valuable thing we have in our lives. Therefore, to maintain your health, you should make every effort and create all the necessary conditions yourself.

The most useful foods in summer

Doctors have named a list of products that can help strengthen the heart and reduce vascular problems on hot summer days.

Doctors recommend adding parsley to your summer diet, which helps stimulate the heart and does not have any side effects. Fresh parsley juice with mineral water It is considered an excellent remedy for lowering blood pressure and strengthening blood vessels.

Gluten: benefit or harm?

Most of us are sure that yeast makes bread fluffy. This is true, but they are not the only ones. No less important for bread to become fluffy is the presence of gluten in it, or, as it is scientifically called, gluten. It is gluten that gives the dough firmness and elasticity, properties that, in turn, retain the gas formed as a result of yeast fermentation in the dough, thereby allowing it to rise well. This is perhaps the best known quality of gluten, but it doesn't stop there. This substance is actively used in other sectors of the food industry, so we can safely say that the role of gluten in our Everyday life more significant than we used to think.

7 facts in favor of jumping rope

1. Exercises with a skipping rope develop endurance, strengthen the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and improve blood circulation.
2. For half an hour of such exercises, about 360 kcal are consumed, provided that 120-140 jumps are performed per minute.
3. The effect of a jump rope after the first minutes of exercise can be compared to running. maximum speed.
4. By improving lymph flow in the muscles, such training is effective even in the fight against cellulite.
5. This is an excellent warm-up. Just 5-10 minutes of exercise will help stretch the muscles of the whole body.
6. Jumping rope is a good alternative to running. 10 minutes of jumping at an average pace is equal in energy consumption to running a 3-kilometer distance.
7. This kind physical activity develops perfectly muscle coordination and dexterity. Not surprisingly, this is a common way for boxers to warm up.

, “health is not the absence of disease as such or physical disabilities, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.” However, this definition cannot be used to assess health at the population and individual levels. According to WHO, in health statistics, health at the individual level is understood as the absence of identified disorders and diseases, and at the population level - the process of reducing mortality, morbidity and disability.

P.I. Kalyu in his work “The Essential Characteristics of the Concept of “Health” and Some Issues of Restructuring Health Care: Review Information” examined 79 definitions of health formulated in different countries peace, in different times and representatives of various scientific disciplines. Among the definitions are the following:

1. Health is the normal function of the body at all levels of its organization, the normal course of biological processes that contribute to individual survival and reproduction
2. Dynamic balance of the body and its functions with the environment
3. Participation in social activities and socially useful work, the ability to fully perform basic social functions
4. Absence of disease, painful conditions and changes
5. The body's ability to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions

According to Callew, all possible characteristics of health can be reduced to the following concepts:

• Medical model - for definitions containing medical signs and characteristics; health as the absence of diseases and their symptoms
• Biomedical model - absence of subjective feelings of ill health and organic disorders
• Biosocial model - medical and social characteristics considered in unity are included, with priority given to social characteristics
• Value-social model - health as a human value; It is this model that the WHO definition refers to.

Levels of health in medical and social research

New Zealand brand promoting health

Health indicators

Human health is a qualitative characteristic consisting of a set of quantitative parameters: anthropometric (height, weight, volume chest, geometric shape of organs and tissues); physical (pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature); biochemical (content of chemical elements in the body, red blood cells, leukocytes, hormones, etc.); biological (composition of intestinal flora, presence of viral and infectious diseases), etc.

For the state of the human body, there is the concept of “norm”, when the values ​​of the parameters fit into a certain range developed by medical science and practice. Deviation of the value from the specified range may be a sign and evidence of deterioration in health. Externally, the loss of health will be expressed in measurable disturbances in the structures and functions of the body, changes in its adaptive capabilities.

From the WHO point of view, human health is a social quality, and therefore the following indicators are recommended for assessing public health:

• deduction of gross national product for health care.
• accessibility of primary health care.
• level of immunization of the population.
• degree of examination of pregnant women by qualified personnel.
• children's nutritional status.
• infant mortality rate.
• average life expectancy.
• hygiene literacy of the population.

Some biological indicators of the norm for an average adult

From a health perspective, two levels of blood pressure can be defined:

1. optimal: SBP less than 120, DBP less than 80 mmHg.
2. normal: SBP 120-129, DBP 84 mmHg.

SBP - systolic blood pressure. DBP - diastolic blood pressure.

Public health criteria

• Medical and demographic - birth rate, mortality, natural population growth, infant mortality, frequency of premature births, life expectancy.
• Morbidity - general, infectious, with temporary loss of ability to work, according to medical examinations, major non-epidemic diseases, hospitalized.
• Primary disability.
• Indicators of physical development.
• Mental health indicators.

• Independent: correlations with health and disease are strongest
  • Factors predisposing to health or disease
    • Behavioral patterns; Type A behavioral factors (ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competence, irritability, muscle tension, accelerated type of activity; high risk cardiovascular diseases) and B (opposite style)
    • Supportive dispositions (eg, optimism and pessimism)
    • Emotional patterns (eg, alexithymia)
  • Cognitive factors - ideas about health and illness, about the norm, attitudes, values, self-esteem of health, etc.
  • Social environmental factors - social support, family, professional environment
  • Demographic factors - gender factor, individual coping strategies, ethnic groups, social classes
• Transmitting factors
  • Coping with multi-level problems
  • Substance use and abuse (alcohol, nicotine, eating disorders)
  • Health-promoting behaviors (environmental choices, physical activity)
  • Compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle
• Motivators
  • Stressors
  • Existence in illness (processes of adaptation to acute episodes of illness).

Physical health factors:

• Level of physical development
• Fitness level
• Level of functional readiness to perform loads
• The level of mobilization of adaptation reserves and the ability for such mobilization, ensuring adaptation to various environmental factors.

When studying differences in the health of men and women, the World Health Organization recommends using gender rather than biological criteria, since they the best way explain the existing differences. In the process of socialization, men are encouraged to abandon self-preservation behavior and implement risky behavior aimed at earning more money; women are focused on maintaining health as expectant mothers, however, with an emphasis on such a manifestation of health as external attractiveness, instead of healthy functioning, characteristic female disorders may arise - as a rule, eating disorders.

The difference in life expectancy between men and women depends on the country of residence; in Europe it is sufficient, but in a number of countries in Asia and Africa it is practically absent, which is primarily associated with female mortality from genital cutting, complications of pregnancy, childbirth and poorly performed abortions.

It has been shown that doctors provide women with less complete information about their disease than men.

Health factors include income and social status, social media support, education and literacy, employment/working conditions, social environment, physical environment, personal experience and health maintenance skills, healthy child development, level of development of biology and genetics, medical services, gender, culture.

Mental health

Mental health is a person’s ability to cope with difficult life circumstances, maintaining an optimal emotional background and appropriate behavior. Mental health concept, euthumia(“good state of mind”) is described by Democritus, the image of a person who has achieved inner harmony is described in Plato’s dialogues concerning the life and death of Socrates. The source of mental suffering in the works of various studies is often called culture (this is typical for Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm). Viktor Frankl calls the most important factor in mental health is the presence of a person’s value system.

Several models of mental health have been developed in connection with a gender approach to health care:

Healthy lifestyle

Physical education is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

In the psychological and pedagogical direction, a healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, and motivation. There are other points of view (for example, medical and biological), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem - improving the health of the individual.

A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions, for active participation in labor, social, family, and leisure forms of life.

The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and change in the nature of stress on the human body due to the complication of social life, increasing risks of a man-made, environmental, psychological, political and military nature, provoking negative changes in health.

Healthcare

Healthcare is a branch of government activity, the purpose of which is to organize and provide affordable medical care to the population, maintain and improve its level of health.

Healthcare can be a significant part of a country's economy. In 2008, the healthcare industry consumed an average of 9.0 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the most developed OECD countries.

Healthcare has traditionally been considered an important factor in ensuring the overall health and well-being of people around the world. An example of this is the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO to be the first disease in human history to be completely eradicated by deliberate public health intervention.

World Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization, WHO ) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function is to solve international health problems and protect the health of the world population. It was founded in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva in Switzerland.

In addition to WHO, the UN specialized group includes UNESCO (Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNICEF (Children's Fund). UN member states are accepted into the WHO, although in accordance with the Charter, countries that are not members of the UN can also be admitted.

Valeology

Valeology (from one of the meanings of Lat. valeo- “to be healthy”) - “general theory of health”, claiming an integral approach to the physical, moral and spiritual health human from the natural, social and human sciences - medicine, hygiene, biology, sexology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, cultural studies, pedagogy and others. Some experts consider it to be an alternative and marginal paramedical retrograde movement.

see also

Notes

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3. Preamble to the Constitution (Constitution) of the World Health Organization
4. Kalyu P.I. Essential characteristics of the concept of “health” and some issues of restructuring health care: overview information. - M., 1988.
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6. What is Public Health? Retrieved 2010-06-24
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9. 1.ESH-ESC Guidelines Committee. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertension 2007; 25: 1105-87
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11. Here and further: Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 31-39. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
12. Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - P. 70. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
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19. Mental health and culture // Health Psychology / edited by G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2003. - pp. 203-204. - 607 p. - (Textbook for universities).
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