All shoulder muscles. The muscles of the shoulder girdle: structure and function. Diagram of the structure of the pectoralis major muscle
We spoke. Now the next topic is shoulder muscles. To build powerful shoulders, you need to know how to pump up, how to distribute efforts and create a harmonious shape. Anatomy is not the last thing.
To know how our muscles are arranged means to achieve what was conceived in less time and without physical loss. And purposeful exercises will more accurately lead to the planned results.
Swing, shoulder, spread, hand ...
Our shoulder is so arranged that two muscle groups are considered - the anterior and posterior groups. They perform flexion and extension functions, respectively.
Cover the tendons, bones, blood vessels, connect the hands to the body. They protect the shoulder from injury, help the arms to move in different directions, and the elbow to bend.
The anterior flexion group consists of:
- coracohumeral;
- biceps shoulder;
- brachial muscle.
The posterior extensor is represented by:
- triceps muscle of the shoulder;
- ulnar muscle.
Before planning workouts, I recommend that beginner bodybuilders get acquainted with the Human Atlas and study in detail the anatomical attachment of the muscles of the forearm and shoulder girdle.
You will see in this section the muscles of the chest, upper back, neck and muscles acting on the elbow joint. Each muscle has a name, endowed with a specific responsibility for the freedom of movement of the limb.
For example, we are talking about such as:
- deltoid;
- supraspinatus;
- infraspinatus;
- round small and large muscles;
- subscapularis.
How to train your shoulder correctly
Beautiful deltas are the pride of an athlete. They attract the attention and admiration of others. There are the results of hard training, sometimes with injuries, when you have to overcome pain, long months of recovery and continuing to work on yourself.
Shoulder joint with uncalculated physical activity or improper exercise is highly responsive and difficult to treat.
I draw your attention to the fact that the shoulder muscles are involved in all basic exercises with and without loads, no matter what other muscles the athletes are pumping. In this case, the pressing functions are performed by the front muscle bundles, and the traction functions are performed by the rear deltas.
Of all the exercises, the most effective in giving the muscles of the shoulder strength is the barbell press while standing, and for volume and mass - the barbell thrust to the chin.
To work out the muscular tissue of the shoulders, take one or two times a week. Do not exercise on cold muscles. Compulsory warm-up will preserve your health, time to prepare for the competition, relieve muscles and tendons from damage.
In the first half of the workout, basic exercises are usually carried out, in the second half, they are engaged in the shoulder itself. Here you need to focus on vertical presses and isolation exercises (two or three will be enough), such as pulling to the chin, pulling to the sides.
Perform vertical barbell or dumbbell presses in three to four sets of 6-12 reps. While isolating - in two to three sets of 10-15 reps. Start with low weights and work your way up as you gain experience and strengthen your shoulder muscles.
Shoulder injuries
Take your time to get the result here and now. Let it be a long road, but stable. Shoulder injuries can occur due to the displacement of the head of the humerus during a sharp jerk by the barbell. Do not test the tendons for rupture with heavy weights.
Muscles often ache from overload. Give them a rest. After all, during the rest muscle mass just growing.
Almost all basic exercises for strength and volumetric strengthening of muscles are traumatic. You should remember this and work out the rules for yourself:
- bench press lying;
- bench press from behind the head;
- breeding dumbbells in an incline to the sides;
- breeding dumbbells to the sides while lying on your back;
- cravings for the chest.
First, take care of the choice correct weight... It is because of excessive loads that tendons are torn, sprains are given by pain and the inability to continue training. A dislocated shoulder is one of the most common injuries in a bodybuilder where the head of the humerus comes out anteriorly.
Dislocation is accompanied by sharp pain, crunching. It is advisable not to correct the damage yourself, let a professional doctor do it. For any discomfort or pain, do not continue the workout with force.
Recovery takes 10 to 14 days, during which time the joint must be left alone. You can resume training after the disappearance of pain. This should be done sparingly with respect to the muscles.
At first, these will be warm-up movements without weights. Then, over a month and a half, gradually increase the load, starting from the sensations.
Remember these three main rules, the implementation of which will bring you the benefit and satisfaction of hard work: basic multi-joint exercises, high-calorie nutrition, weekly analysis of what was done.
Broad shoulders to all and health! Subscribe to updates on my blog, share with friends and friends of friends in social networks... Until next topics on my page.
The deltoid muscle (m. Deltoideus) (Fig. 111, 112, 113, 114) draws the shoulder outward to the horizontal plane, while the front muscle bundles pull the arm forward, and the back ones - back. It is a thick, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint and part of the shoulder muscles. Its large beams converge in a fan-like manner to the apex of the triangle directed downward. The muscle starts from the axis of the scapula, acromion and the lateral part of the clavicle, and attaches to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Under the lower surface of the muscle is a subdeltoid bursa (bursa subdeltoidea).
The supraspinatus muscle (m. Supraspinatus) (Fig. 114) has a triangular shape and lies in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula, located directly under the trapezius muscle. The supraspinatus muscle raises the shoulder and pulls off the capsule of the shoulder joint, preventing it from being pinched. The starting point of the muscle is on the surface of the supraspinatus fossa, and the attachment point is on the upper platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and on the posterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
The infraspinatus muscle (m. Infraspinatus) (Fig. 114) turns the shoulder outward, pulls the raised arm back and pulls the capsule of the shoulder joint. This is a triangular flat muscle that fills the entire infraspinatus fossa. Its upper part is covered by the trapezius and deltoid muscles, and the lower part is covered by the latissimus dorsi muscle and the large round muscle. The infraspinatus muscle starts from the wall of the infraspinatus fossa and the posterior surface of the scapula, and attaches to the middle platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the capsule of the shoulder joint. In the place of its attachment to the humerus, there is a sub-tendon bursa of the infraspinatus muscle (bursa subtendinea mm. Infraspinati).
| Rice. 111. Muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle (front view): 1 - muscle lifting the scapula; |
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 | Rice. 112. Muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle (front view): 1 - biceps muscle of the shoulder: a) short head, b) long head; |
 | Rice. 113. Muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle (side view): 1 - supraspinatus fascia; |
 | Rice. 114. Muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle (back view): 1 - supraspinatus fascia; |
Small round muscle (m. Teres minor) (Fig. 114) turns the shoulder outward, at the same time slightly pulling it back, and pulls the capsule of the shoulder joint.
An oblong, rounded muscle, the upper part of which is adjacent to the infraspinatus muscle, the anterior part is covered by the deltoid muscle, and rear part- a large round muscle. The starting point is located on the posterior surface of the scapula below the infraspinatus muscle, and the attachment point is on the lower platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
A large round muscle (m. Teres major) (Fig. 112, 113, 114) turns the shoulder inward and pulls it back, bringing the arm to the body. The oblong flat muscle, adjacent to the broadest muscle of the back and partially covered by it in the posterior region. In the outer section, the large round muscle is covered by the deltoid muscle. The starting point is the posterior surface of the scapula at its lower angle, the attachment point is the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Near the attachment point is the tendinous bag of the large round muscle (bursa subtendinea mm. Teretis majoris).
The subscapular muscle (m. Subscapularis) (Fig. 111, 112) rotates the shoulder inward and takes part in its adduction to the body. A flat broad muscle of a triangular shape, filling the entire subscapular fossa. It begins on the surface of the subscapular fossa, and ends on the lesser tubercle of the humerus and on the anterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
In the place of attachment there is a small subtendinous bag of the subscapularis muscle (bursa subtendinea mm. Subscapularis).
Front view.
deltoid muscle (turned backward);
pectoralis minor (cut off);
muscle lifting the scapula (cut off);
subscapularis muscle;
three-way hole;
large round muscle;
Latissimus dorsi (cut off)
coracohumeral muscle;
long head of the triceps brachii;
medial head of the triceps brachii;
brachial muscle;
the medial epicondyle of the humerus;
aponeurosis of the biceps brachii;
fascia of the forearm;
brachioradial muscle;
biceps brachii tendon;
round pronator;
biceps muscle of the shoulder;
short head of the biceps brachii;
large food muscle;
biceps long head tendon
The deltoid muscle (m. Deltoideus) (Fig. 90, 101, 104, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114) draws the shoulder outward to the horizontal plane, while the front muscle bundles pull the arm forward, and the back ones - back. It is a thick, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint and part of the shoulder muscles. Its large beams converge in a fan-like manner to the apex of the triangle directed downward. The muscle starts from the axis of the scapula, acromion and the lateral part of the clavicle, and attaches to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Under the lower surface of the muscle is a subdeltoid bursa (bursa subdeltoidea).
The supraspinatus muscle (m. Supraspinatus) (Fig. 102, 114) has a triangular shape and lies in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula, located directly under the trapezius muscle. The supraspinatus muscle raises the shoulder and pulls off the capsule of the shoulder joint, preventing it from being pinched. The starting point of the muscle is located on the surface of the supraspinatus fossa, and the attachment point is on the upper platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and on the posterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
The infraspinatus muscle (m. Infraspinatus) (Fig. 101, 102, 104, 114) turns the shoulder outward, pulls the raised arm back and pulls the capsule of the shoulder joint. This is a triangular flat muscle that fills the entire infraspinatus fossa. Its upper part is covered by the trapezius and deltoid muscles, and the lower part is covered by the latissimus dorsi muscle and the large round muscle. The infraspinatus muscle starts from the wall of the infraspinatus fossa and the posterior surface of the scapula, and attaches to the middle platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the capsule of the shoulder joint. In the place of its attachment to the humerus, there is a sub-tendinous bag of the infraspinatus muscle (bursa subtendinea mm. Infraspinati).
a) long head, b) medial head;
12 - biceps muscle of the shoulder;
13 - brachial muscle;
14 - round pronator;
15 - aponeurosis of the biceps brachii;
16 - brachioradial muscle;
17 - fascia of the forearm
a) short head, b) long head;
2 - deltoid muscle;
3 - subscapularis muscle;
4 - coracohumeral muscle;
5 - large round muscle;
6 - triceps muscle of the shoulder: a) long head, b) medial head;
7 - brachial muscle;
8 - tendon of the biceps brachii
side view
1 - supraspinatus fascia;
2 - infraspinatus fascia;
3 - large round muscle;
4 - deltoid muscle;
5 - triceps muscle of the shoulder: a) long head, b) lateral head, c) medial head;
6 - biceps muscle of the shoulder;
7 - brachial muscle;
8 - tendon of the triceps brachii;
9 - brachioradial muscle;
10 - long radial extensor of the wrist;
12 - fascia of the forearm
back view
1 - supraspinatus fascia;
2 - supraspinatus muscle;
3 - infraspinatus fascia;
4 - infraspinatus muscle;
5 - small round muscle;
6 - large round muscle;
7 - deltoid muscle;
8 - triceps muscle of the shoulder: a) long head, b) lateral head, c) medial head;
9 - tendon of the triceps brachii;
10 - brachioradial muscle;
11 - long radial extensor of the wrist;
13 - fascia of the forearm
Small round muscle (m. Teres minor) (Fig. 101, 102, 104, 114) turns the shoulder outward, at the same time slightly pulling it back, and pulls the capsule of the shoulder joint. An oblong, rounded muscle, the upper part of which is adjacent to the infraspinatus muscle, the front part is covered by the deltoid muscle, and the back part is covered by the large round muscle. The starting point is located on the posterior surface of the scapula below the infraspinatus muscle, and the attachment point is on the lower platform of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
The large round muscle (m. Teres major) (Fig. 101, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114) turns the shoulder inward and pulls it back, bringing the arm to the body. Oblong flat muscle, adjacent to the latissimus dorsi muscle and partially covered by it in the posterior region. In the outer section, the large round muscle is covered by the deltoid muscle. The starting point is the posterior surface of the scapula at its lower angle, the attachment point is the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Near the attachment site is the tendinous bag of the large round muscle (bursa subtendinea mm. Teretis majoris).
The subscapularis muscle (m. Subscapularis) (Fig. 105, 111, 112) rotates the shoulder inward and takes part in its adduction to the body. A flat broad muscle of a triangular shape, filling the entire subscapular fossa. It begins on the surface of the subscapular fossa, and ends on the lesser tubercle of the humerus and on the anterior surface of the capsule of the shoulder joint.
In the place of attachment there is a small subtendinous bag of the subscapularis muscle (bursa subtendinea mm.subscapularis)
The shoulder muscles are divided into anterior (mainly flexors) and posterior (extensors) groups.
Front group
The biceps muscle of the shoulder (m. Biceps brachii) (Fig. 90, 106, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 124) flexes the forearm at the elbow joint and rotates it outward, raising the arm. Rounded fusiform muscle, consisting of two heads (thanks to the long head (caput longum), the arm is abducted, thanks to the short head (caput breve) - its adduction) and is located in the shoulder and elbow bend area directly under the skin. The long head starts from the supra-articular tubercle of the scapula, and the short one starts from the coracoid process of the scapula.
The heads are connected, form a common abdomen, which is attached to the tuberosity of the radius. Part of the fibrous bundles is directed medially, forms a lamellar process, which is called the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii (aponeurosis m. Bicipitis brachii) (Fig. 111, 115) and passes into the fascia of the forearm.
The coracobrachial muscle (m. Coracobrachialis) (Fig. 111, 112) raises the shoulder and brings the hand to the midline. The flat muscle, covered by the short head of the biceps brachii. Its point of origin is at the apex of the coracoid process of the scapula, and the attachment point is just below the middle of the medial surface of the humerus. Near the starting point is the coracobrachial bag (bursa mm.coracobrachialis).
The brachial muscle (m. Brachialis) (Fig. 90, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 124) flexes the shoulder and pulls the capsule of the shoulder joint. The muscle is wide, fusiform, located on the anterior surface of the lower half of the shoulder under the biceps muscle. It begins on the outer and anterior surface of the humerus and attaches to the tuberosity of the humerus, and also partially to the capsule elbow joint.
Back group
The triceps muscle of the shoulder (m. Triceps brachii) (Fig. 90, 101, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 124) unbends the forearm, thanks to the long head it pulls the arm back and brings the shoulder to the body. The long muscle, located on the entire back of the shoulder from the scapula to the olecranon. The long head (caput longum) begins on the sub-articular tubercle of the scapula, the lateral head (caput laterale) - on the posterolateral surface of the humerus from the greater tubercle above the radial groove, the medial head (caput mediale) - on the posterior surface of the humerus below the radial groove, it partially covers long and lateral heads. All three heads form a fusiform abdomen that passes into the tendon and attaches to the olecranon and the capsule of the elbow joint.
The elbow muscle (m. Anconeus) (Fig. 90, 113, 114, 118) extends the forearm in the elbow joint, pulling the capsule of the elbow joint. The muscle is a continuation of the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle and has a pyramidal shape. Its point of origin is located on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the attachment point is on the olecranon and the posterior surface of the ulna body
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
The rectus abdominis muscle (m. Rectus abdominis) (Fig. 90, 109, 110) tilts the body anteriorly. It is part of the abdominal press and provides intra-abdominal pressure, due to which internal organs held in a certain position. In addition, she takes part in the acts of urination, defecation and childbirth. This flat long muscle is located in the anterior part of the abdominal wall on the sides of the white line (linea alba), which runs from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic fusion. The point of origin of the rectus abdominis muscle is located on the xiphoid process of the sternum and the cartilage of the V-VII ribs, and the attachment point is on the pubic bone between the pubic tubercle and the pubic articulation (symphysis). The muscle bundles of the rectus abdominis muscle are interrupted by three to four transverse tendon bridges, two of which are located above the navel, the third at the level of the navel, and the fourth (poorly developed) below.
Muscles of the anterior wall of the abdomen and pelvis
1 - rectus abdominis muscle;
2 - iliac fascia;
3 - iliac psoas;
4 - intercellular ligament;
5 - external iliac artery;
6 - external iliac vein;
7 - internal locking muscle;
8 - muscle lifting the anus;
9 - external locking muscle
The pyramidal muscle of the abdomen (m. Pyramidalis) (Fig. 90, 110) pulls the white line of the abdomen. The muscle has a triangular shape, begins on the pubic bone, anterior to the attachment point of the rectus abdominis muscle, and is attached at various levels of the lower part of the white line.
Muscles of the anterior surface of the human body
General form.
1 - trapezius muscle;
sternocleidomastoid muscle;
muscle lowering the corner of the mouth;
chewing muscle;
large zygomatic muscle;
circular muscle of the eye;
temporalis muscle;
the anterior abdomen of the supracranial muscle,
circular muscle of the mouth;
muscle that lowers the lower lip;
deltoid,
biceps muscle of the shoulder;
rectus abdominis muscle;
external oblique muscle of the abdomen;
pyramidal muscle;
comb muscle;
long adductor thigh muscle;
sartorius;
adductor muscle of the thigh;
rectus femoris muscle;
broad medial femoris muscle;
anterior tibial muscle;
tendons long muscle extending the toes;
soleus muscle;
lateral wide mouse of the thigh;
a muscle that tenses the fascia lata of the thigh;
muscle extensor fingers of the hand;
long radius muscle, extensor of the wrist;
brachioradialis muscle;
brachial muscle;
serratus anterior muscle;
large food muscle.
Muscles of the hand, right. Palm side
muscle - square pronator;
elbow flexor tendon of the wrist;
pisiform bone;
flexor tendon retainer;
muscle opposing the little finger;
6 and palmar interosseous muscles;
vermiform muscle (cut off);
deep transverse metacarpal ligament;
the tendon of the muscle-superficial flexor of the fingers (cut off);
the tendon of the muscle-deep flexor of the fingers;
fibrous tendon sheath;
I dorsal interosseous muscle;
muscle adductor thumb of the hand;
tendon muscle, long flexor thumb brushes;
muscle - short flexor of the thumb of the hand;
muscle opposing the thumb of the hand;
tendon of the long muscle that abducts the thumb of the hand;
muscle, long flexor of the thumb of the hand.
Muscles of the hand
The muscles of the hand are located mainly on the palmar surface of the hand and are subdivided into the lateral group (muscles of the thumb), the medial group (muscles of the little finger) and middle group... On the dorsum of the hand are the dorsal (dorsal) interosseous muscles.
Lateral group
The short muscle, abducting the thumb of the hand (m. Abductor pollicis brevis) (Fig. 120, 121), removes the thumb, slightly opposing it, and takes part in flexion of the proximal phalanx. Located directly under the skin on the lateral side of the eminence of the thumb. It begins on the scaphoid and ligament of the palmar surface of the wrist, and attaches to the lateral surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
a) abdomen, b) tendon;
3 - muscle opposing the thumb of the hand;
4 - flexor retainer;
5 - short flexor of the thumb;
6 - short muscle abducting the thumb of the hand;
7 - muscle leading the little finger;
8 - palmar interosseous muscles;
9 - muscle leading the thumb of the hand: a) oblique head, b) transverse head;
10 - worm-like muscle;
11 - dorsal interosseous muscle;
12 - tendon of the superficial flexor of the fingers;
13 - the sheath of the tendons of the fingers of the hand;
14 - deep flexor tendon of the fingers
palmar surface
1 - square pronator;
2 - tendon of the brachioradialis muscle;
3 - the tendon of the ulnar flexor of the hand;
4 - tendon of the radial flexor of the hand;
5 - muscle opposing the thumb of the hand;
6 - short flexor of the thumb;
7 - palmar interosseous muscles;
8 - short muscle abducting the thumb of the hand;
9 - dorsal interosseous muscles
The short flexor of the thumb brush (m. Flexor pollicis brevis) (Fig. 116, 120, 121) flexes the proximal phalanx of the thumb. This muscle is also located just under the skin and has two heads. The starting point of the superficial head is on the ligamentous apparatus of the palmar surface of the wrist, and the deep head is on the trapezius and radial ligament of the wrist. Both heads are attached to the sesamoid bones of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
The muscle opposing the thumb of the hand (m. Opponens pollicis) (Fig. 116, 120, 121) opposes the thumb to the little finger. It is located under the short muscle that abducts the thumb of the hand, and is a thin triangular plate. The muscle starts from the ligamentous apparatus of the palmar surface of the wrist and the tubercle of the bone trapezium, and is attached to the lateral edge of the I metacarpal bone.
The muscle that adducts the thumb of the hand (m. Adductor pollicis) (Fig. 120, 123), leads the thumb of the hand and takes part in the flexion of its proximal phalanx. It is the deepest of all the muscles of the eminence of the thumb and has two heads. The starting point of the transverse head (caput transversum) is located on the palmar surface of the IV metacarpal bone, the oblique head (caput obliquum) - on the capitate bone and radiant ligament of the wrist. The attachment point of both heads is located at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the medial sesamoid bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
The short palmar muscle (m. Palmaris brevis) (Fig. 115) pulls the palmar aponeurosis, forming folds and dimples on the skin in the area of the little finger elevation. This muscle, which is a thin plate with parallel fibers, is one of the few skin muscles available in humans. It has an origin at the inner edge of the palmar aponeurosis and the ligamentous apparatus of the wrist. The place of its attachment is located directly in the skin of the medial edge of the hand at the eminence of the little finger.
The muscle abducting the little finger (m. Abductor digiti minimi) (Fig. 122, 123), removes the little finger and takes part in the flexion of its proximal phalanx. Located under the skin and partially covered by a short palmar muscle... The muscle starts from the pisiform bone of the wrist and attaches to the ulnar edge of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
The short flexor of the little finger (m. Flexor digiri minimi) flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger and takes part in its adduction. It is a small flattened muscle covered by the skin and partly by the palmaris short muscle. Its point of origin is located on the hook-shaped bone and ligamentous apparatus of the wrist, and the attachment point is on the palmar surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
The muscle leading the little finger (m. Opponens digiti minimi) (Fig. 116, 120) opposes the little finger to the thumb. The outer edge of the muscle is covered by the short flexor of the little finger. It begins on the uncinate bone and the ligamentous apparatus of the wrist, and attaches to the ulnar edge of the V metacarpal bone.
back surface
1 - short extensor of the thumb;
2 - little finger extensor;
3 - the tendon of the ulnar extensor of the wrist;
4 - the extensor of the fingers;
5 - tendon of the long radial extensor of the wrist;
6 - tendon of the short radial extensor of the wrist;
7 - tendon of the long extensor of the thumb;
8 - extensor tendon of the little finger;
9 - muscle abducting the little finger;
10 - extensor tendons of the fingers;
11 - the extensor tendon of the index finger;
12 - dorsal interosseous muscles;
13 - tendon of the long flexor of the thumb
Free part muscles lower limbs are divided into thigh muscles, calf muscles and foot muscles.
The muscles of the thigh surround the thigh bone and are subdivided into the anterior muscle group, which is mainly composed of the extensors, the medial group, which includes the adductors, and the posterior muscle group, which includes the flexors.
Front group
The sartorius muscle (m. Sartorius) (Fig. 90, 129, 132, 133, 134, 145) flexes the thigh and lower leg, simultaneously rotating the thigh outward, and the lower leg inward, providing the ability to throw the leg over the leg. It is a narrow tape located on the front surface of the thigh and, descending in a spiral manner, passes to the front surface. The sartorius muscle is one of the longest muscles in humans. It starts from the upper anterior iliac spine, and is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia and by separate bundles on the fascia of the lower leg.
Image
Rice. 131. Muscles of the pelvis and thigh (front view):
1 - piriformis muscle;
2 - gluteus maximus muscle;
3 - external locking muscle;
4 - quadriceps muscle of the thigh;
5 - short adductor muscle;
6 - a large adductor muscle;
7 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh;
8 - leading channel
Image
Rice. 132. Muscles of the pelvis and thigh (side view):
1 - large psoas muscle;
2 - the iliac muscle;
3 - piriformis muscle;
4 - internal locking muscle;
5 - scallop muscle;
6 - gluteus maximus muscle;
7 - long adductor muscle;
8 - a large adductor muscle;
9 - tailor muscle;
10 - thin muscle;
11 - semitendinosus muscle;
13 - semi-membranous muscle;
14 - broad medial thigh muscle;
15 - gastrocnemius muscle
The quadriceps femoris muscle (m. Quadriceps femoris) (Fig. 131) consists of four heads and is the largest human muscle. When all the heads are reduced, it unbends the lower leg, when the rectus femoris is contracted, it takes part in its flexion. It is located on the anterolateral surface of the thigh, in the lower parts it completely passes to the lateral surface. Each of the heads has its own starting point. The longest rectus femoris (m. Rectus femoris) (Fig. 90, 129, 132, 145) begins on the lower anterior iliac spine; broad medial thigh muscle (m. vastus medialis) (Fig. 90, 129, 130, 132, 133, 145) - on the medial lip of the rough line of the femur; lateral broad muscle of the thigh (m. vastus lateralis) (Fig. 90, 129, 130, 131, 133, 145) - on the greater trochanter, the intertrochanteric line and the lateral lip of the rough line of the femur; intermediate broad muscle of the thigh (m. vastus intermedius) (Fig. 130, 145) - on the front surface of the femur. All heads grow together, forming a common tendon, which attaches to the apex and lateral edges of the patella, bypassing which the tendon falls below and passes into knee ligament attaching to the tibial tuberosity. At the site of muscle attachment, the bursa suprapatellaris, the bursa subcutanea prepatellaris, the bursa subcutanea infrapatellaris, and the bursa infrapatellaris profunda are located.
The articular muscle of the knee (m. Articularis genus) (Fig. 136) pulls the bag knee joint... It is a flat plate and is located on the front of the thigh under the vastus intermediate. Its point of origin is on the anterior surface of the lower third of the femur, and the attachment point is on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the articular bag of the knee joint.
Medial group
The scallop muscle (m. Pectineus) (Fig. 90, 129, 130, 132) flexes and leads the thigh, rotating it outward. The flat muscle is quadrangular in shape, begins on the crest and upper branch of the pubic bone, and is attached to the medial lip of the rough line of the femur below the lesser trochanter.
The fine muscle (m. Gracilis) (Fig. 90, 129, 130, 132, 134, 145) leads the thigh and takes part in flexion of the lower leg, turning the leg inward. The long flat muscle is located directly under the skin. The point of its beginning is on the lower branch of the pubic bone, and the place of attachment is on the tuberosity of the tibia. Tendon thin muscle fuses with the tendons of the tailor's and semitendinosus muscles and the fascia of the lower leg, forming a superficial crow's feet. The so-called goose bag (bursa anserina) is also located here.
Image
Rice. 133. Muscles of the pelvis and thigh (side view):
1 - the broadest muscle of the back;
2 - external oblique muscle of the abdomen;
3 - gluteus medius muscle;
4 - gluteus maximus muscle;
5 - tailor muscle;
6 - muscle pulling the broad fascia of the thigh;
7 - iliotibial tract;
9 - biceps femoris: a) long head, b) short head;
10 - lateral broad muscle of the thigh;
11 - gastrocnemius muscle
Image
Rice. 134. Muscles of the pelvis and thigh (back view):
1 - gluteus maximus muscle;
2 - a large adductor muscle;
3 - the iliotibial tract;
4 - tendon jumper of the semitendinosus muscle;
5 - semitendinosus muscle;
6 - biceps femoris;
7 - thin muscle;
8 - semi-membranous muscle;
9 - tailor muscle;
10 - plantar muscle;
11 - gastrocnemius muscle: a) medial head, b) lateral head
The long adductor muscle (m. Adductor longus) (Fig. 90, 129, 130, 132) leads the thigh, takes part in its flexion and outward rotation. This is a flat muscle that has the shape of an irregular triangle and is located on the anteromedial surface of the thigh. It starts from the superior branch of the pubic bone and attaches to the middle third of the medial lip of the rough femur line.
The short adductor muscle (m. Adductor brevis) (Fig. 131) leads the thigh, takes part in its flexion and outward rotation. This muscle is triangular in shape, begins on the anterior surface of the lower branch of the pubic bone, lateral to the gracilis muscle, and attaches to the upper third of the medial lip of the rough line of the femur.
The large adductor muscle (m. Adductor magnus) (Fig. 129, 130, 131, 132, 134) leads the thigh, partly rotating it outward. Thick, wide, the most powerful muscle of this group, located deeper than the rest of the adductors. Its starting point is located on the ischial tuberosity, as well as on the branch of the ischium and the lower branch of the pubic bone. The attachment point is located on the medial lip of the rough line and the medial epicondyle of the femur. In the muscle bundles, several holes are formed that allow blood vessels to pass through. The largest of these is called the hiatus tendineus. Above it is a fascial plate, and between it and the muscle a triangular space is formed, called the adductor canal (canalis adductorius) (Fig. 131). The femoral vein, artery and hidden nerve of the lower limb pass through it.
Back group
The biceps femoris (m. Biceps femoris) (Fig. 133, 134, 145) extends the thigh and flexes the lower leg. In a bent position, rotates the lower leg outward. Passes along the lateral edge of the upper thigh. The muscle has one abdomen and two heads. The long head (caput longum) starts from the ischial tuberosity, the short head (caput breve) - on the lower part of the lateral lip of the rough line of the femur. The abdomen ends in a long, narrow tendon, the attachment point of which is on the head fibula... Part of the bundles is woven into the fascia of the lower leg. Near the point of origin of the long muscle is the upper bag of the biceps femoris (bursa m. Bicipitis femoris superior). In the area of the tendon is the lower tendon bursa of the biceps femoris (bursa subtendinea m. Bicipitis femoris inferior).
The semitendinosus muscle (m. Semitendinosus) (Fig. 130, 132, 134, 145) unbends the thigh, flexes the lower leg, rotating it inward in a bent position, and also takes part in the extension of the trunk. The muscle is long and thin, partially covered by a large gluteal muscle, sometimes interrupted by a tendon jumper (intersectio tendinea) (Fig. 134). Its starting point is located on the ischial tuberosity, and the attachment point is on the medial surface of the tibial tuberosity. Individual bundles of muscles are woven into the fascia of the lower leg, taking part in the formation of the crow's feet.
Semi-membranous muscle (m. Semimembranosus) (Fig. 130, 132, 134, 145) extends the thigh and flexes the lower leg, rotating it inward. Passes along the medial edge of the back of the thigh and is partially covered by the semitendinosus muscle. The muscle starts from the ischial tuberosity and attaches to the edge of the medial condyle of the tibia.
The tendon divides into three bundles that form a deep crow's feet. The outer bundle passes into the popliteal fascia, into the posterior ligament of the knee joint.
At the site of division of the tendon into separate bundles, the synovial bag of the semimembranous muscle (bursa m. Semimembrano
1.Deltoid muscle (m. deltoideus)- located directly under the skin, covers the shoulder joint, forms the characteristic roundness of the shoulder.
It starts from the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula.
Distinguish three parts: clavicular, acromial and scapular.
The bundles of all parts converge on the outer surface of the humerus and are attached to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Under the deltoid muscle between the deep plate of its fascia and the large tubercle of the humerus there is synovial subdeltoid bag (bursasubdeltoidea).
Functions:
The clavicular part bends the shoulder, penetrates it, also lowers the raised hand down;
The scapular part extends the shoulder, supines it, lowers the raised arm;
The acromial part abducts the hand.
2.Superior muscle (m. supraspinatus)- located in the supraspinatus fossa.
It starts from the posterior surface of the scapula above the scapular spine and from the supraspinatus fascia.
It is attached to the large tubercle of the humerus, some of the bundles are woven into the capsule of the shoulder joint.
Functions:
Removes the shoulder;
3. Subspinatus muscle (m. Infraspinatus)
It starts from the posterior surface of the scapula below the scapular spine and from the infraspinatus fascia.
Attaches to the large tubercle of the humerus.
Under the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle is located subtendinous synovial bag of the infraspinatus muscle (bursa subtendinea musculi infraspinati).
Functions:
Rotates the shoulder outward;
Delays the joint capsule, preventing pinching.
4. Small round muscle (m. Teres minor)
From the lateral edge of the scapula and infraspinatus fascia to the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Functions:
Rotates the shoulder outward (supination);
Delays the joint capsule, preventing pinching.
5. Large round muscle (m. Teres major)
From the lower part of the lateral edge, the lower angle of the scapula and from the infraspinatus fascia to the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
The tendon of the large round muscle is adjacent to the tendon of the latissimus back muscles, between them is often located synovial bursa of the latissimus dorsi (bursa subtendinea musculi latissimi dorsi), the lower edges of the tendons of these two muscles are connected at a short distance. Between the tendon of the large round muscle and the humerus is located tendinous synovial bag of the large round muscle (bursa subtendinea muscul teretis majoris).
Function:
With a fixed scapula, it unbends the shoulder in the shoulder joint, simultaneously penetrates it;
The raised hand leads to the body;
With a strengthened hand, it pulls the lower corner of the scapula outward and shifts it forward.
6.Subscapular muscle (m. Subscapularis)
From the subscapular fossa and the lateral edge of the scapula to the lesser tubercle and the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Under the tendon of the subscapularis muscle there is pouch of the subscapularis muscle.
Functions: turns the shoulder inward at the same time brings the shoulder to the torso.
Mm. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor form around the shoulder joint « rotatorcuff ", which stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula during movements in the shoulder joint. By attaching the shoulder joint to the capsule, these muscles stretch it and prevent it from being pinched during movement.
All muscles upper limb it is customary to divide into 2 groups: the muscles of the shoulder girdle and the free upper limb, which in turn consist of 3 topographic areas - the muscles of the shoulder, muscles of the forearm and hand. Many people mistakenly think that the muscles of the shoulder girdle also belong to the muscles of the shoulder, but according to the accepted anatomical classification, this is not the case. The shoulder is the portion of the free upper limb, from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint.
All muscles of the shoulder anatomical region can be divided into posterior and anterior groups.
Anterior shoulder muscle group
These include:
- biceps brachii,
- coracohumeral muscle,
- brachial muscle.
Two-headed
It has two heads, from where it got its characteristic name. The long head originates from the tendon from the supra-articular tubercle of the scapula. The tendon passes through the articular cavity of the humeral joint, lies in the intertubercular groove of the humerus and passes into muscle tissue. In the intertubular groove, the tendon is surrounded by a synovial membrane, which connects to the cavity of the shoulder joint.
The short head originates from the apex of the coracoid process of the scapula. Both heads merge together and pass into fusiform muscle tissue. Slightly above the ulnar fossa, the muscle narrows and passes again into the tendon, which is attached to the tuberosity of the radius of the forearm.
Functions:
- flexion of the upper limb in the shoulder and elbow joints;
- supination of the forearm.
Coracohumeral
Begins muscle fiber from the coracoid process of the scapula, attached to the humerus approximately in the middle with inside.
Functions:
- flexion of the shoulder at the shoulder joint;
- bringing the shoulder to the body;
- takes part in turning the shoulder outward;
- pulls the scapula down and anteriorly.
Shoulder
This is a fairly wide muscle that lies directly under the biceps. It starts from the front surface of the upper part of the humerus and from the intermuscular septa of the shoulder. Attaches to the tuberosity of the ulna. Function - flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Posterior muscle group
This group includes:
- triceps muscle of the shoulder,
- ulnar,
- muscle of the elbow joint.
Three-headed
This anatomical formation has three heads, hence the name. The long head originates from the subarticular tubercle of the humerus and below the middle of the humerus passes into the tendon common to the three heads.
The lateral head starts from the posterior surface of the humerus and the lateral intermuscular septum.
The median head starts from the posterior surface of the humerus and both intermuscular septa of the shoulder. It is attached with a powerful tendon to the olecranon of the ulna.
Functions:
- extension of the forearm at the elbow joint;
- adduction and extension of the shoulder due to the long head.
Ulnar
It is, as it were, a continuation of the median head of the triceps brachii muscle. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and is attached to the posterior surface of the olecranon of the ulna and to its body (proximal part).
Function - extension of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Elbow muscle
This is a fickle anatomical formation. Some experts consider it as part of the fibers of the median head of the triceps muscle, which are attached to the capsule of the elbow joint.
Function - tightens the capsule of the elbow joint, which prevents it from being pinched.
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
It is worth mentioning the muscles of the upper limb girdle, which are often referred to as the muscle formations of the shoulder:
- deltoid muscle of the shoulder,
- supra- and infraspinatus muscle,
- small and large round,
- subscapularis.
Both muscle groups of the shoulder are separated from each other by two connective tissue intermuscular septa that extend from the common brachial fascia (enveloping the entire muscle frame shoulder) to the lateral and median edges of the humerus.
Pain in the muscles of the shoulder
Pain in the shoulder and shoulder girdle area is a common complaint of people of different age groups... This symptom may be associated with the pathology of the skeleton, joints, ligaments, but most often the reason is hidden in the damage to muscle tissue.
Causes
Let's consider the most common reasons pain syndrome in the shoulder area:
- overstrain and sprain of ligaments, tendons, muscles;
- diseases or traumatic injury shoulder joint;
- inflammation of the ligaments and tendons of the muscles (tendonitis);
- rupture of tendons and muscles;
- joint capsulitis (inflammation of the joint capsule);
- inflammation of the periarticular bags - bursitis;
- frozen shoulder syndrome;
- humeroscapular periarthrosis;
- vertebrogenic causes of pain syndrome (associated with damage to the cervical and thoracic spine);
- impingement syndrome;
- polymyalgia rheumatica;
- myositis of an infectious (specific and nonspecific) and non-infectious nature (with autoimmune, allergic diseases, ossifying myositis).
Pain in the shoulder area can be associated with damage to the bones, joints, ligaments, and damage to muscle tissue
Differential diagnosis
The following criteria will help distinguish shoulder pain caused by muscle damage from joint diseases.
| Sign | Joint diseases | Muscle lesions |
| The nature of the pain syndrome | The pain is constant, does not disappear at rest, slightly increases with movement | Pain occurs or significantly increases with a certain type of physical activity (depending on the damaged muscle) |
| Localization of pain | Unlimited, diffuse, spilled | Has a clear localization and certain boundaries, which depends on the localization of the damaged muscle fiber |
| Dependence on passive and active movements | All types of movement are limited due to the development of pain syndrome | Due to pain, the amplitude of active movements decreases, but all passive ones remain in full |
| Additional diagnostic signs | Change in the shape, contours and size of the joint, its swelling, hyperemia | The joint area is not changed, but there may be swelling in the soft tissue area, slight diffuse redness and an increase in local temperature with inflammatory causes of pain |
What to do?
If you suffer from shoulder pain associated with muscle damage, the first thing to do in order to get rid of such an unpleasant symptom is to identify the provoking factor and eliminate it.
If after this the pain still returns, you need to visit a doctor, perhaps the cause of the pain syndrome is completely different. The following recommendations will help you quickly get rid of pain:
- in case of acute pain, it is necessary to immobilize the sore arm and provide it with complete rest;
- you can take 1-2 tablets of an over-the-counter pain relieving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on your own or apply it to the affected area in the form of an ointment or gel;
- massage can be used only after the elimination of acute pain syndrome, as well as physiotherapy;
- after the pain subsides, it is important to exercise regularly physiotherapy exercises to develop and strengthen the muscles of the shoulder;
- if a person on duty is forced to perform daily monotonous movements with his hands, it is important to take care of protecting muscles and preventing their damage (wearing special bandages, protective and supporting orthoses, doing gymnastics for relaxation and strengthening, taking regular therapeutic and prophylactic massage courses, etc.).
As a rule, the treatment of muscle pain caused by overexertion or minor injury lasts no more than 3-5 days and requires only rest, minimal stress on the arms, correction of rest and work regimen, massage, and sometimes the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If the pain persists or it initially has a high intensity, accompanied by other alarming signs, it is imperative to visit a doctor for examination and correction of treatment.
