Medical supervision when playing sports. Control and self-control during physical education classes - abstract. Approved at a meeting of the department

basic methods of monitoring physical condition when practicing various physical education and health systems and sports

Medical supervision during classes physical culture and sports. Includes comprehensive program medical supervision of persons involved in physical education and sports in order to promote the most effective application funds physical education to strengthen health, improve physical development And physical training, as well as achieving high sports results. As a system of medical observation methods, VK is a branch of sports medicine.

Medical control is carried out by medical and physical education dispensaries, as well as medical control rooms (or therapists) in clinics, medical units of enterprises and organizations, universities and other educational institutions, at voluntary sports societies, at stadiums and other sports facilities. At the State Sports Committee, a special medical and biological department organizes, together with the health authorities, V.K. among the country’s leading athletes and over groups sports reserve. The general management of V.K. during physical education and sports is entrusted to the Ministry of Health

Medical control includes: 1) medical examination: 2) medical and pedagogical observations; 3) medical and sports consultation; 4) sanitary and hygienic supervision of the places and conditions for physical education and sports classes, as well as competitions; 5) hygienic education of athletes and athletes; 6) medical and sanitary support for sports competitions and mass sports and recreational events.

A medical examination involves examining persons involved in physical education and sports, as well as those starting exercise for the first time. The examination methodology (short or in-depth) and its frequency are determined by the contingent of those involved (their age, gender, sports qualification) and the nature of the classes (curriculum, recreational and therapeutic physical education, sports training).

A survey using a brief methodology is carried out among persons involved in the compulsory physical education program in educational institutions, in general physical training groups, in physical education groups of enterprises, organizations, as well as among beginning athletes and athletes. The examination is carried out by doctors - specialists in V.K., doctors - therapists of district clinics, health centers of enterprises, organizations, educational institutions, first-aid posts of stadiums, swimming pools and others sports facilities. If necessary, medical specialists of various profiles can be involved in the examination (when examining women, an examination by a gynecologist is required). The frequency of examination is at least once a year. In this case, the examination of pupils and students is timed to coincide with the beginning of school year. Repeated examinations throughout the year are carried out according to indications, before competitions and when complaints arise. Examinations using in-depth methods are carried out by medical and physical education clinics and doctors of voluntary sports societies in the process of dispensary observation of highly qualified athletes and students of children's and youth schools. sports schools. The frequency of examination is 2-3 times a year.

During medical examination of athletes and athletes, methods are used clinical examination and functional diagnostics, as well as special techniques and tests developed in sports medicine. The examination using a brief method includes: collection of anamnestic data (taking into account the extract provided by the examinee from the outpatient clinic card), physical examination, measurements of height, circumference chest, determination of body weight, vital capacity of the lungs, muscle strength, clinical blood and urine tests, functional tests with physical activity (see. Physical performance). When examining middle-aged and elderly people, in particular before enrollment in general physical training groups, an electrocardiographic study and a biochemical blood test are additionally performed. In addition, to determine the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and identify signs of hidden pathology, functional tests with dosed loads are used: squats, step test (climbing and descending a two-step staircase), running in place or on a moving track, using a bicycle ergometer. Before and after physical activity, the pulse is counted, blood pressure is measured, and an electrocardiogram is taken.

Based on the medical examination data, subjects involved in the physical education program are divided into three medical groups: basic, preparatory and special. The main medical group includes persons who do not have any health problems and have sufficient physical fitness. They are allowed to take classes according to the full curriculum, pass the GTO standards, take classes in sports sections and participation in competitions. The preparatory medical group includes persons with minor health problems and insufficient physical fitness. They study according to the same program, but with some restrictions (in the initial period) and a more gradual increase in loads; the question of participation in competitions is decided individually in each specific case. The special medical group includes persons with significant health problems or a very low level of physical fitness. Group classes for such persons can only be carried out according to a special program of therapeutic physical culture, according to indications - classes in individual program in a polyclinic or medical and physical education clinic: the nature and stage of the disease, the level of physical fitness of the subject, his age and gender are taken into account.

Medical and pedagogical observations carried out by a sports doctor together with a coach or teacher directly during training and competitions are an important part of VK. Medical and pedagogical observations make it possible to study the specific impact of training on the health and physical fitness of an athlete and to trace the dynamics physical fitness, adaptive changes in the body in the process regular classes sports, determine the degree of fitness (see Training). The results of medical and pedagogical observations serve as the basis for managing the training process (in accordance with the state of health, functional readiness of the athlete’s body), for carrying out measures to restore and improve performance.

A medical and sports consultation on issues related to physical education and sports is carried out by a doctor who is a specialist in VK. For beginners, a medical and sports consultation helps right choice physical exercise or sport (in accordance with the state of health, physical development and level of physical fitness). Coaches, teachers and athletes receive advice on the training regimen, volume and nature of training loads, etc. Answers to all questions can only be obtained on the basis of medical examination data and medical and pedagogical observations (for athletes).

Sanitary and hygienic supervision over the places and conditions for physical education and sports classes, as well as competitions, includes preventive supervision during the design and construction of sports facilities or the allocation of special premises for classes, as well as ongoing supervision over the implementation of established sanitary rules for the maintenance of training places. Preventive supervision is carried out by a representative of the district SES together with a doctor from a medical and physical education clinic. Current supervision is carried out by a doctor of the relevant sports organization.

Hygiene education is aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle. A doctor at a clinic or outpatient clinic in his professional activities promotes the development of physical culture, explaining to the population the role of a rational daily regimen, including regular physical education (see Exercises, Health-improving running) and sports, as well as elements of hardening.

Medical and sanitary support for sports competitions and mass forms of health and physical education work is organized by medical and physical education dispensaries or territorial health care institutions. It includes: verification of medical documentation on admission to participation in competitions; providing first aid for injuries or illnesses and, if necessary, hospitalization of victims; checking the sanitary and hygienic condition of the place and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and competition rules (accommodation of participants, their food, etc.). At international and all-Union competitions, doping control is also carried out (see Doping), and for women - for gender.

During competitions, the doctor is the deputy chief judge of the competition. All doctor’s orders regarding the health of participants are mandatory for judges and competition organizers.

Regional educational and methodological center for physical culture, sports and initial military training

Report

Topic: “Medical supervision during physical education”

Prepared by:

Mashentseva T.I.

Petropavlovsk 2014

Medical supervision during physical education

The problem of maintaining and strengthening health in the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the primary ones. A healthy lifestyle is gradually becoming the norm in our country. In his annual addresses to the people of Kazakhstan, the President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev pays worthy attention to the development of physical culture among the general population and the formation of a healthy nation.

The body of a healthy person has a high resistance to the effects of various environmental factors, including pathogens. In addition, the organs of our body have large stock strength - a huge functional reserve that the body uses in various difficult situations to protect against damage and maintain normalliving conditions, i.e. to maintain health. Deviations from the health norm occur when the body’s natural protective and adaptive reactions are not active enough and therefore its resistance to any damaging influences is reduced.

Deficit of motor activity (hypokinesia), struck our society, including young people, is the reason for the decrease in the body’s resistance, and thereforethe general level of health of students of all courses and especially senior students.

A decrease in physical activity impairs the blood supply to tissues and the delivery of oxygen to them, resulting in oxygen starvation of the brain, heart and other organs. Amyotrophyleads to an increase in the amount of adipose tissue, disruption metabolic processes, changes in the state of the nervous system, which contributes torapid fatigue and emotional instability.

Physical activity causes a sharp increase in heart rate, shortness of breath, and pain in the area.

Thus, as a result of a decrease in motor activity, not only muscle weakness and flabbiness occurs,physiological processes in the body deteriorate, which leads to deterioration of health, performance, and early physiological aging.

Prevention of physical inactivity in Everyday life is achieved full physical activity, systematic exercises physical exercise.

The main principle of physical education is its health-improving orientation, which is provided to everyonethe content and organization of physical education work, in particular the mandatory medical supervision.

Medical supervision is a system of medical research conducted jointly by a doctor and a teacher to determine the impact of stress on the student’s body. The main form of medical control is medical examinations.

The effectiveness of physical exercises, the physical development of those involved,during medical supervision, it is determined using an external examination, anthropometry and a study of the functional state of those involved in physical education.

External inspection makes it possible to evaluate the shape of the chest, back, legs, abdomen, which characterize the overall physique of a person.

Chest shape It can be cylindrical, which is most often observed in people who systematically engage in physical education, and conical or flattened in those who do not exercise and lead a sedentary lifestyle. Flattening of the chest contributes to a decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs, a decrease in the respiratory function of the body

Back shape can be normal, round, flat, round-concave, depending on the severity of the natural curves of the spine

The spinal column has 4 curves: 2 convex forward (cervical and lumbar lordosis) and 2 convex backward (thoracic and sacral kyphosis). All these natural curves are formed by the age of 6-7 years and are fixed by the age of 18-20.

Lateral curvatures of the spinal column to the left or right of the vertical line form scoliotic posture, characterized by an asymmetrical position of the body, in particular the shoulders and shoulder blades.

Scoliosis is thoracic, lumbar and total.

Special corrective classesExercises aimed at strengthening underdeveloped muscle groups help eliminate deviations in posture, ensuring the harmonious functioning of the body.

Belly shape May benormal, saggy and retracted, depending on the development of the abdominal wall muscles.

Leg Shape: N(norm) - legs - when the heels and knees touch No contact in the area knee joint characteristic of O-shaped legs. The divergence of the heels with the knees closed gives an X-shape.

Foot Shape: normal, flattened, flat.The normal shape of the foot plays the role of a shock absorber, which has great importance in protection internal organs a person and his spinal cord and brain from excessive concussions when walking, running, jumping.

Flat feet are often accompanied by pain during long walks or sports exercises, in which a large load falls on the lower limbs.

Body type: normosthenic, asthenic and hypersthenic.

In addition to external examination, the level of physical development is supplemented by dataanthropometric measurements. The main signs of physical development determined using anthropometry are: height (standing and sitting), body weight, neck circumference, chest circumference, shoulder circumference, forearm, waist, thigh, lower leg, as well as vital capacity of the lungs, strength of the muscles of the hands and back .

Functional state of the body and its assessment .

Research of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate(heart rate). An important and simple indicator that provides information about the activity of the cardiovascular system is the pulse. Normally, heart rate fluctuates between 60-80 beats/min. When determining the pulse value, it should be remembered that the cardiovascular system is very sensitive to various influences (emotions, physical activity). That is why the rarest pulse is recorded in the morning.

In addition to heart rate, one more characteristic of the pulse can be determined - its rhythmicity or arrhythmia.

The compliance of the applied load should be judged by the recovery of the pulse after exercise or a dosed test.

Test with 20 squats in 30 seconds . After squats for 3 minutes while sitting, the pulse is counted at 10 second intervals. In trained people, heart rate can increase from 8-10 beats/min. (at rest) up to 13-15 beats/min. After workrecovery, as a rule, occurs by the end of the 1st minute. Or at the beginning of the 2nd. If the pulse returns to normal by the end of the 1st minute, this is excellent, if the 2nd, it is good, if the 3rd, it is satisfactory. If recovery does not occur within 3 minutes, this indicates a decrease in the functional state of the cardiovascular system.

If, after a long period of physical exercise (5-6 months), the recovery time of the pulse after physical activity will decrease, this is one of the indicators of improving the body’s adaptability to them.

Assessment of the respiratory system. Breath-hold test. The functional state of the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system can also be determined using a breath-hold test during inhalation (Stange test) and exhalation (Genchi test). The technique for carrying them out is as follows: after a normal inhalation, a maximum inhalation is taken and at the height of inhalation, the breath is held, holding the nose with the fingers. When performing an exhalation test, the exhalation is made normal. Normally, holding your breath on inhalation is 55-60 seconds, on exhalation - 30-40 seconds.

Vestibular stability assessment . Romberg test .

When performing the Romberg test, you need to stand upHaving closed your feet, stretch your arms forward with your fingers slightly apart, and close your eyes. The time of stability in this position is determined. If balance is lost, the test is stopped and fixed.the time of its execution.

Changes in the body under the influence of physical activity

Any physical activity, especially strenuous activity, causes certain changes in the human body’s physiological parameters. Thus, with prolonged intense muscular work, the supply of energy resources decreases, residual metabolic products accumulate in the blood, and impulses entering the cerebral cortex from working skeletal muscles lead to a violation of the coordination of the processes of excitation and inhibition. These changes are accompanied by unpleasant subjective sensations that make it difficult to perform physical work, as a result, the body’s performance decreases and fatigue sets in.

After any work that causes decreased performance and fatigue ( table 1), rest and recuperation are necessary. Rest can be active; with the involvement of other previously unused muscles in the work and passive, when the body imagines muscle rest.

Table 1.

Signs of different degrees of fatigue

Fatigue level

Signs

small

average

big

(invalid)

1. Coloring of mucous membranes and skin

No change or slight redness

Significant redness that goes away soon

Significant redness or, on the contrary, paleness, cyanosis, slowly disappearing

2.Sweating

There is no or slight appearance of sweat on the forehead and chest.

Excessive sweating of the upper half of the body.

Sweating that spreads throughout the body

3. Breathing

Smooth, calm, deep

Increased breathing, sometimes alternating with forced deep breathing.

Sudden increase in breathing. Shallow breathing. Separate deep breaths followed by erratic ones

4. Posture, gait, nature of movements

Posture is not changed. The gait is vigorous. The accuracy of performing the specified movements is quite satisfactory.

Relaxed posture. The step is uncertain, swaying.

Sharp swaying. Trembling of the limbs, forced postures with support

5. Speech, facial expressions

Speech is clear. Normal facial expressions

Speech is difficult. facial expression tense. The look is sluggish.

Speech is extremely difficult. Painful facial expression

6. Well-being

No complaints. Cheerful state.

Complaints about fatigue. Muscle pain. Palpitations, shortness of breath, tinnitus, beating in the temples.

Respiratory system assessment

Respiratory system assessment

7. Attention and interest in the lesson being conducted.

Attention, interest, activity are preserved.

Attention is reduced. Lethargy.

Activity is reduced.

Absent-mindedness. The answers are out of place. Lack of interest, to the point of apathy

Inadequate load maylead to gravitational shock, orthostatic collapse, fainting, etc. So, if you suddenly stop after an intense run, due towith the cessation of the action of the “muscle pump,” acute vascular insufficiency occurs, accompanied by a sharp pallor of the face, weakness, dizziness, nausea, loss of consciousness and pulse. This condition is calledgravitational shock . The victim should be placed on his back, raising his legs above his head, ensuring sufficient blood flow to the head. Temporary loss of consciousness can occur when vascular regulation is disrupted.

With strong experiences and negative emotions, fainting may also occur. Fainting can also occur with hyperventilation of the lungs, when the content of carbon dioxide, which is a stimulator of the respiratory center in the brain, decreases in the blood. Fainting can occur in weightlifters and other athletes who perform exercises with excessive tension, holding their breath, which interfere with normal blood circulation in the brain.

Physical activity using intense and monotonous movements in combination with a large emotional load (examination session, family conflicts, etc.) most often leads to a decrease in overall performance, fatigue, irritability, increased sweating, shortness of breath, etc. appear.

Headache may be a consequence of excessive physical activity, especially if it is performed in unfavorable conditions.Pain in the right hypochondrium (the so-called hepatic pain syndrome), observed after intense exercise, can occur as a result of various reasons. But most often pain in the right hypochondrium is a consequencediseases of the liver and gall bladder. In some cases, pain in the right hypochondrium may occur due to inconsistency intense loads functional capabilities of the body, which leads to overexertion and overtraining of the body. A specific role mayplay breathing. Insufficient participation of the diaphragm in the act of breathing during intense physical activity, along with other reasons, can contribute to stagnation of blood in the liver and cause pain. Pain in the liver may occur if the student ate a lot of food before training, especially liquid food. For pain in the right hypochondrium, it is necessary to significantly reduce the load.

Method for express assessment of the body's reserve capabilities

One of simple methods estimates physical capabilities developed at the Kiev Research Institute of Medical Problems of Physical Culture:

1. Nature of work: mental -1 point

physical - 3 points

2. Age: at 20 years old, 20 points are awarded, for each subsequent five years, 2 points are deducted.

3. Physical activity:

exercise 3 or more times a week

for 30 minutes or more are scored 10 points. Less than 3 times per

week -5 points. No points for those who do nothing

Accrued.

4.Body weight:

having normal weight bodies get 10 points

(5% above the norm is allowed). Excess body weight by 6-14

kg above normal is estimated at 6 points, more15 kg-0.

Heart rate:

For each beat of resting heart rate below 90

1 point is awarded, with a pulse of 90 and above no points

are accrued.

6. Blood pressure: having blood pressure no more than 130/80 mmHg. receive 20 points. For an increase in blood pressure for every10 mmHg 5 points are deducted.

7. Complaints: if there are complaintsNo points are awarded, if absent -5 points.

High level physical capabilities corresponds to 75 points or more. Average - 46-74 and low -45 and below.

MEDICAL CONTROL OF PEOPLE ENTERING PHYSICAL EXERCISES

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Domestic

unfavorable intrauterine development;
social conditions;
poor nutrition;
sedentary lifestyle;
bad habits;
work and rest schedule;
environmental factor;

heredity;
presence of diseases;

METHODS FOR STUDYING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Constant physical education and sports places increased demands on the human body and has strong, complex and diverse effects on it. In order for the impact of a training exercise to be correct, classes must be organized correctly, in compliance with the principles of sports training, under the supervision of a trainer-teacher and a doctor. At the same time, improper organization of classes, non-compliance with methodological principles of planning, volume and intensity of training load, lack of taking into account the state of the body and medical observations, as well as regular medical examinations can cause harm to the body.

To avoid this, medical supervision is carried out in sections of children's sports schools and in national teams. Medical control is a branch of medicine and an integral part of the physical education system; it allows timely detection of violations in the state of health, physical development and readiness of those involved in training loads . Forms of medical control are regular medical examinations, medical examinations, medical - pedagogical observations, medical support and services at competitions, as well as measures to prevent sports injuries and health education activities.

Medical and physical education clinics have long become centers for the rehabilitation of athletes of national teams, as well as medical support, medical and pedagogical supervision and monitoring of the condition of athletes.

In a university setting, it is very important to conduct regular medical examinations, as well as regular medical and pedagogical observations in order to prevent sports injuries and illness among athletes and athletes. According to the Regulations on those engaged in physical exercise, students must undergo a medical examination. These examinations are divided into primary and repeated.

An initial examination is required before students begin classes in the 1st year.

Repeated - for all students involved in sports. 2-4 times (depending on the sport). Repeated examinations are needed by athletes and coaches as a source of information for building educational training process, identifying disorders and changes in the body of those involved.

As part of medical supervision, there are also additional medical examinations that are carried out before each competition in order to find out any contraindications at the time of competition and to obtain information about the readiness of the athlete’s body for competitions.

Participants in the marathon (42 km), ski marathon 50 and 100 km, multi-day cycling tours, long-distance swims undergo a medical examination before the start.

Defensive ball handling technique.

One of the main groups of defensive techniques - ball possession techniques - has the following sections:

Receiving the ball

Blocking

Receiving the ball

After serving and attacking strikes from the opponent, you can receive the ball different ways- from above or below with two hands, with one hand.

When receiving the ball from above with both hands, the hands are more bent than when passing the ball overhead and are at face level. The fingers are tense. This technique is used by athletes of higher qualifications and athletic preparedness. Beginner volleyball players may experience hand injuries. Depending on the conditions, the ball from above with both hands is performed in a standing position and in a fall.

Reception of the ball from below with two hands began to be used due to increased power

serves and offensive strikes.

Receiving the ball from below with both hands. Balls flying at waist level (or below the waist) are usually received from below with both hands. In this case, the hands are joined together and brought forward. As the ball approaches, the player straightens his legs and lifts his torso slightly up and forward. The ball is hit with the forearms, then the arms are moved forward and upward by straightening the torso and straightening the legs (Fig. 9).

Receiving the ball from below with one hand. Balls flying far from the player are received with one hand, after the player has previously moved. The striking movement is performed with a tense hand. Of great importance for a successful game in defense is receiving the ball from below with one hand, falling forward or to the side, followed by sliding on the chest and stomach. When performing a lunge forward and then a kick, the player sends his torso down and forward, with his arms slightly pulled back for the upcoming swing movement. Simultaneously with the push, the leg located behind is lifted upward with a swinging movement, the player’s torso moves forward and upward, and the angle of its inclination to the horizontal increases. The ball is struck in flight with the back of the hand or fist. After hitting the ball, the player extends his arms forward and spreads them to the sides slightly wider than his shoulders. When landing on your hands, shock absorption is carried out mainly by the yielding movement of the belt upper limbs. The torso bends at the lower back, dropping down and forward until the chest and abdomen touch the platform. Landing is accompanied by a sliding of the body along the platform, while the chin is tilted slightly back.

Receiving the ball from below with one hand while falling and performing a somersault over the shoulder after hitting the ball is very effective.

Common mistakes:

1. The player receives the ball with technical errors (the ball rolls over his hands, stops, etc.). Reasons: incorrect exit of the player to the meeting place with the ball; incorrect placement of hands when receiving the ball; lack of visual control when hitting the ball.

2. The player cannot accurately direct the ball to his partner. Reasons: too sudden movement of the hands when hitting the ball; arms are not extended in the direction of ball movement; incorrect choice of stance when receiving the ball.

Ways to eliminate mistakes: practice the correct approach to the ball so that it falls on your forward knee; pay attention to the quick straightening of the legs and the relatively slow movement of the hands when passing; practice stretching your arms after a pass in the direction of the ball; Make sure you have the correct stance.

Blocking

Blocking in volleyball is the team's main means of defending against strong offensive attacks.

Blocking can be performed by one, two or three players.

The classification of blocking is given in the diagram:

Blocking technique:

Having determined the direction and height of the ball for an attacking shot, the player moves to the intended meeting place with the ball with side steps, a jump or a slow run. At the same time, his legs are slightly bent at the knees, and his arms are at elbow joints, the hands are at head level. Before blocking, the player bends his legs more strongly at the knees and ankle joints, feet shoulder-width apart, and forearms of bent arms raised slightly above the head. When blocking attacking shots performed after regular passes, the player pushes away from the support at the moment when the attacker is in an unsupported position. Having determined the actions of the attacker, the blocker pushes off from the support, while the movement begins with his arms and then with his legs. By sharply extending the legs, straightening the body and energetically waving the arms, the player assumes a vertical position.

The hands are raised above the net so that the forearms have a slight slope in relation to the net, the fingers are spread slightly less than the diameter of the ball and are optimally tense. As the ball approaches, the hands move forward and upward towards the opponent. At the same time, the hands are bent at the wrist joints and the fingers move forward and down. After blocking the player lands on bent legs(Fig. 1).

The movements described above relate to the technique of performing a stationary block. Movable blocking is similar to fixed blocking. If for stationary blocking the hands are placed above the net in order to cover a certain area of ​​the court, then for moving blocking the player moves his hands to the right or left, depending on the direction of the attacking blow. If shots are blocked from the edges of the net, the palm of the hand closest to the edge turns inward so that when the block is hit, the ball bounces into the opponent's court.

The technique for blocking attacking blows performed after various passes is almost similar to that described above. The exception is the moment of repulsion from the support, which corresponds to the beginning of the unsupported phase of the attacker.

Common mistakes:

1. The player does not have time to place a block. Reasons: untimely movement to the place of blocking, incorrect choice of place, jumping forward or to the side, the blocker jumps before the attacker.

Medical control is a comprehensive medical examination of the physical development and functional readiness of those involved in physical exercises. The purpose of medical control is to study the state of health and the effect of physical activity on the body.

The main form of medical control is medical examination, which makes it possible to timely identify deviations in health status, as well as plan training loads in such a way as not to harm the health of those involved.

Primary examination is provided before the start of physical education classes (in the 1st year).

Re-examination is necessary once a year, and for those involved in sports, depending on the type of sport and qualifications of the athletes - 3-4 times a year. Students assigned to a special medical group for health reasons must undergo a repeat medical examination at least once a semester.

Additional medical examinations make it possible to exclude participation in sports competitions students for whom competitive stress could have a negative impact on their health; establish the most effective mode of exercise and rest; determine the current state of health and functional readiness.

Future competition participants must undergo an additional medical examination 2-3 days before the start of the competition. Participants in mass physical education and sports events held within the university, as well as participants in shooting, chess, checkers, etc. competitions. may be admitted to competitions based on the results of an initial or repeated examination, which, however, does not exclude the possibility of undergoing an additional examination on their own initiative.

You must appear for a medical examination 1.5 hours after eating and 2 hours or more after physical exercise or heavy physical work.

The medical examination program includes Physical education: Textbook / Ed. V.A. Golovina, V.A. Maslyaka, A.V. Korobkova and others - M.: Higher. school, 1993. - P. 51.:

general and sports history of students to obtain personal data, information about previous diseases and injuries, characteristics of physical development, bad habits, forms of physical exercise, etc.;

external inspection;

anthropometric measurements;

examination of the nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, organs abdominal cavity and etc.;

carrying out a functional test.

External inspection. Using an external examination, posture, condition of the skin, bones and muscles, and fat deposition are assessed.

To characterize the physique, it is determined chest shape ( conical, cylindrical or flattened), backs, abdomen (normal, saggy or retracted), legs And stop ( normal or flattened).

The normal shape of the back has natural curves of the spine in the anterior-posterior direction, within 3-4 cm in relation to the vertical axis, respectively, in the lumbar and thoracic parts of the spine. An increase in the backward curve of the spine by more than 4 cm is called kyphosis, forward - lordosis. With insufficient development of the back muscles, its round shape is observed, in which there is pronounced kyphosis of the chest spine (stooping). Lateral curvature of the spine - scoliosis should not be normal. Scoliosis can be thoracic, lumbar, total, and in direction - left- or right-sided and S-shaped. Sometimes there are simultaneous curvatures of the spine back and to the right (or left), which are called kyphoscoliosis. One of the main causes of spinal curvature is insufficient trunk muscles or incorrect position when working at a desk.

Based on the results of an external examination, the type of build of a person is determined. Distinguish asthenic ( long and thin limbs, narrow shoulders, long and thin neck, long, narrow and flat chest, poorly developed muscles), normasthenic ( proportionally developed basic body shapes) and hypersthenic types ( short limbs, massive skeletal system, short and thick neck, wide, short chest, well-developed muscles).

At student age, with the help of specially selected exercises, some unwanted deviations in physique can be eliminated by S.K. Gorodilin. Physical education of students. - Grodno: GrSU, 2002. - P. 40..

Anthropometric measurements. Based on anthropometric data, the level and characteristics of physical development, the degree of its correspondence to the gender and age of the person are assessed. Measure:

height ( length) body standing and sitting (when determining height using a stadiometer, it should be taken into account that body length changes during the day, decreasing in the evening or after physical activity);

body weight;

chest circumference ( measured in three states: at maximum inhalation, during a pause and at maximum exhalation; the difference between the chest circumference during inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion, its average value is 5-7 cm);

vital capacity of the lungs (VC) measured using a spirometer (average vital capacity for men is 3800 - 4200 cm3, for women - 3000 - 3500 cm3);

hand muscle strength using a dynamometer (the dynamometer is taken into the hand with the arrow towards the palm and squeezed with maximum force, while the hand is moved slightly to the side; of the three measurements, it is taken into account best result in kilograms), etc.

The level of physical development of the subjects is assessed using three methods: anthropometric standards with drawing an anthropometric profile, correlation and anthropometric indices. The last method is the most popular. Method of anthropometric indices allows us to characterize a person’s data only partially, however, it makes it possible to make approximate estimates of changes in the proportionality of physical development. Let's consider the most commonly used anthropometric indices.

Weight-height index, i.e., the ratio of body weight ( G) to body length ( cm). Normally, the partial division should be 350-400 g/cm for men and 325-375 g/cm for women. This indicator indicates the presence or absence of “excess” weight.

The height-weight indicator is calculated using the formula: height (cm) - 100 = weight (kg).

Proportionality factor (PR):

where L1 is the length of the body in a standing position, L2 is the length of the body in a sitting position. Normal CP = 87-92%. This indicator is used mainly in sports orientation and sports selection: persons with a low CP have a lower center of gravity, which gives them advantages when performing exercises that require high body stability in space (wrestling, etc.). And, conversely, people with a CP of more than 92% have advantages in those sports where a higher center of gravity, other things being equal, allows them to achieve significant results.

Vital indicator - the ratio of vital capacity to body weight ( G). An indicator below 65-70 ml/g in men and 55-60 ml/g in women indicates insufficient vital capacity of the lungs or excess weight.

Strength index is the ratio of hand strength over strong hand (kg) to body weight. On average, the strength index for men is 0.70-0.75, for women - 0.50-0.60.

The chest proportionality index is the difference between the chest circumference (at pause) and half the body length. If the difference is 5-8 cm for men and 3-4 cm for women or exceeds the numbers mentioned, this indicates good development chest.

Functional status testing. The health, functional state and fitness of students can be determined using functional tests and control exercises. Functional tests can be general (nonspecific) and with specific loads. Assessment of functional readiness is also carried out using physiological tests. These include heart rate monitoring and an orthostatic test. In addition, to assess the state of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and the ability of the internal environment of the body to be saturated with oxygen, the Stange test and the Genchi test are used.

Stange test ( holding your breath while inhaling). After 5-7 minutes of rest while sitting, inhale and exhale completely, then inhale again (about 80-90% of the maximum) and hold your breath. The time is noted from the moment of delay until its termination. The duration of breath holding depends not only on the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but also on the person’s volitional efforts, therefore, a distinction is made between the time of pure delay and the volitional component. The beginning of the latter is recorded by the first contraction of the diaphragm (oscillation of the abdominal wall). In healthy people and adolescents aged 6-18 years, the duration of breath holding during inhalation ranges from 16-55 seconds. Healthy adults, untrained individuals hold their breath while inhaling for 40-50 seconds, and trained athletes - from 1 to 2-2.5 minutes. With increasing training, the time of holding your breath increases, and with fatigue it decreases.

Genchi test ( holding your breath while exhaling). After exhaling and inhaling completely, exhale again and hold your breath. Healthy, untrained people can hold their breath for 20-30 seconds, trained people - for 90 seconds or more. In case of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory organs, after infectious and other diseases, after overexertion and overwork, as a result of which the general functional state of the body deteriorates, the duration of breath holding on inhalation and exhalation decreases. It is recommended to carry out these tests once a week before the first lesson, recording the results in a self-monitoring diary.

One-stage functional test with squats. The subject rests standing in the main stance for 3 minutes. At the 4th minute, the heart rate is calculated for 15 seconds, recalculated to 1 minute (initial frequency). Next, 20 deep squats are performed for 40 seconds, with the arms raised forward, the knees spread to the sides, while maintaining the torso in an upright position. Immediately after squats, the heart rate is again calculated during the first 15 s, recalculated to 1 minute. The increase in heart rate after squats is determined in comparison with the initial one as a percentage. Rating for men and women: excellent - 20 or less, good - 21-40, satisfactory - 41-65, bad - 66-75, very bad -76 or more. In the practice of medical control, other functional tests are also used.

Regional state autonomous educational institution of secondary vocational education

"KRASNOYARSK SCHOOL (TECHNIQUE) OF OLYMPIC RESERVE"

Test

In the academic discipline "Medical supervision"

Topic: Medical and pedagogical control during physical education and sports.

Completed by Ryazhkina O.M.

Krasnoyarsk - 2015

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Medical control is a system of medical research conducted jointly by a doctor and a trainer (teacher) to determine the impact of training loads on the body of the student. The main form of medical control is medical examinations. Primary, repeated and additional examinations are carried out. Primary examinations are carried out before the start regular training. Repeated (annual) sessions allow you to get an idea of ​​the correctness and effectiveness of the classes. Additional medical examinations are carried out before competitions, after illnesses and injuries, and in case of systematic intensive training and so on.

After the completion of the medical examination, a medical report is drawn up, which includes an assessment of the physical development, health status, functional state and preparedness of the subjects; recommendations on the regimen and methods of training, indications and contraindications, therapeutic and preventive prescriptions

Medical pedagogical control in the process of physical education

Physical exercise has unusually strong, complex and diverse effects on the human body. Only properly organized classes under the supervision of a doctor, in compliance with the principles sports training strengthen health, improve physical development, increase physical fitness and performance of the body, promote growth sportsmanship. Improper organization of classes, neglect of methodological instructions, implementation of the volume and intensity of physical activity without taking into account the health status and individual characteristics of those involved, lack of regular medical monitoring can be harmful to health.

The mass involvement of older and elderly people in physical education and sports requires especially in-depth medical supervision over them. Based on condition and physical fitness, gender and age, as well as other indicators, this group of students is divided into the following medical groups:

I am practically healthy people who do not complain to doctors and have sufficient physical fitness for my age.

I am persons with age-related changes, accompanied by minor functional deviations with sufficient compensation, or initial forms of diseases often characteristic of the aging process, as well as practically healthy people with insufficient physical fitness.

I am a person with reduced functional adaptation, deviations in health status of a permanent or temporary nature, with poor physical fitness.

Senior and elderly persons with significant disabilities and over 75 years of age may be referred to physical therapy medical institutions for training under the supervision of doctors.

If there are no contraindications, the subject is issued a certificate giving the right to engage in physical exercise in a sports and recreation group. Depending on the dynamics of health and physical fitness during regular exercise, the student may be transferred to one or another medical group.

An important part of medical examinations are medical and pedagogical observations and monitoring of workloads. In addition, sanitary and hygienic control is carried out over training places, and sanitary and educational work is carried out among students.

The doctor takes part in methodological work, gives appropriate recommendations, and conducts consultations. In doing so, he must be guided by the table of restrictions and contraindications.

All students involved in physical education and sports according to the academic schedule or independently must undergo medical examinations. Additional medical examinations are carried out before competitions, after illnesses, in case of unfavorable subjective sensations, in the direction of a physical education teacher.

Self-control in the process of physical education and sports

Medical supervision and medical-pedagogical observations will give better results if they are supplemented with self-control.

Self-monitoring is an essential addition to medical supervision. It is carried out by the participants themselves. To do this, each of them is required to keep a self-control diary.

Self-monitoring allows you to timely determine the presence of certain deviations in the health status of students and take the necessary measures to eliminate them. At the same time, self-monitoring allows the doctor to conduct regular ongoing monitoring, and the trainer to make certain changes to the training plans.

Its main advantage is that those who exercise, by carrying out daily self-observations, can clearly feel the beneficial effect of physical exercise on their health.

Students must be taught to keep a self-control diary from the very beginning of group classes. At the same time, the goals and objectives of self-control are covered in detail, the meaning of individual indicators of objective and subjective data is revealed.

OBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Height is an important indicator of physical development. But it should be considered in combination with body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity (spirometry). Measuring height is of great importance for calculating indicators characterizing the correctness, proportionality of the physique and the state of physical development.

Body weight is one of the main characteristics of a person’s physical condition and is an indicator of the development of his body. A person’s body weight is normally determined by subtracting conventional values ​​from height indicators (in cm).

Chest circumference. A well-developed chest is an indicator of good physical development and a well-known guarantee of good health. The chest circumference is examined at rest (in a pause), during inhalation and exhalation.

The difference between inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion. The latter depends on the development of the respiratory muscles and the type of breathing. Muscular strength of the arms. Arm muscle strength is measured with a dynamometer. Muscular strength of the arms depends on height, body weight, chest circumference and other indicators. Average relative strength arm muscles for men - 60-70% of weight, for women - 45-50% of weight. Stanovaya muscle strength- This is the strength of the back extensor muscles. It depends on gender, age, body weight, and occupation. Men have significantly higher deadlift muscle strength than women. With age it begins to fall.

Spirometry. Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs, characterizing mainly the strength of the respiratory muscles, as well as the elasticity of the lung tissue.

The value of vital capacity different people varies quite widely depending on gender, age, health status and other indicators. Physical education and sports, especially rowing, swimming, running, sports games, contribute to an increase in vital capacity.

Pulse. A person’s level of fitness and performance largely depend on the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system.

Each person has their own heart rate. At rest in a healthy, untrained man it is usually 60-80 beats/min; in women it is 5-10 beats more often.

The pulse rate depends on age, body position, level of physical activity, etc. During physical exercise, the pulse always increases.

Sweating. During large muscular work, sweating helps to establish acid-base balance, regulates body temperature and is the main indicator of normal water-salt metabolism.

At rest, 36-60 g of water is released from the surface of human skin in 1 hour, and 900 g per day. Moderate exercise causes water loss per day of up to 2 liters, and with intense exercise in the heat - up to 8 liters. Sweating depends not only on the load and air temperature, but also on the state of the nervous system. With the correct method and training regimen, sweating decreases, and body weight remains almost unchanged

SUBJECTIVE DATA

Mood plays a big role in a person's life. Contributes to greater efficiency of the training process good mood.

But sports and physical education, in turn, improve mood, evoke feelings of cheerfulness, joy, and self-confidence.

When a person is in good athletic shape, he perceives the world around him completely differently.

Well-being. Under the influence of regular exercise and sports, the entire body is rebuilt. Thus, the work of the heart, lungs and other internal organs is accompanied by the appearance of nerve impulses. Under normal conditions, these impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and do not cause corresponding reactions that turn into sensations. This is why healthy people usually cannot feel their heart, lungs, liver, etc.

Fatigue, exhaustion, and decreased performance are directly related to the state of the human nervous system. This is a complex physiological process that begins in the higher parts of the nervous system and affects other systems and organs of the human body.

Night sleep cannot be replaced by anything. Its essence lies in a kind of delay in activity nerve cells cerebral cortex by the process of inhibition. The depth and duration of sleep depend on many reasons.

Sleep should be sufficient and regular, but not less than 7 hours, and with large amounts of physical activity - 8-9 hours.

It is useful to take a walk before bed fresh air. In this case, food must be taken last time no later than 1.5-2 hours before bedtime, dinner should not include strong tea or coffee; Smoking at night is strictly prohibited.

Appetite. During physical activity, metabolism occurs more actively.

In the first days of training, body weight decreases, as the body’s reserves are used up: accumulated fat “melts” and water is lost, but at the same time appetite develops. It is well known that appetite is unstable, easily disrupted by illness or illness, but then restored again.

Often, with violations of the training regime, increased load, or overexertion, appetite is lost. This allows you to judge the correctness or incorrectness of the training methodology.

In the self-monitoring diary, appetite is noted as good, satisfactory, or poor.

Palpitation is a sensation of rapid and strong blows heart disease associated with poor health. At the same time, the pulse quickens or slows down, i.e. it becomes irregular.

Palpitations are, as a rule, a sign of increased excitability of the nervous system of the heart.

Muscle pain. Often, during the preparatory period of a lesson or in people who have just started physical education, muscle pain appears. As a rule, these pains continue for two to three weeks and are evidence of active restructuring of the body.

Those who engage in physical education all year round do not experience these pains, and after heavy physical exertion their muscles quickly restore their performance. Massage and the use of various medications help to quickly relieve muscle pain

Conclusion

Monitoring sports results is the most important point of self-control, allowing you to assess the correct use of means and methods of training, training loads.

When comparing indicators, the effect of physical exercise and sports is determined, and training loads are planned. Self-control instills in the student a competent and meaningful attitude towards their health and physical exercise, helps them to know themselves better, teaches them to monitor their own health, stimulates the development of sustainable hygiene and compliance skills. sanitary standards and rules. Self-control helps regulate the training process and prevent overwork. Self-control is of particular importance for students of a special medical group. They are required to periodically show their self-control diaries to a physical education teacher and a doctor, and seek advice on issues of physical activity and nutrition.

List of used literature

1. Gusalov A. Kh. “Physical training group”, 1997

Dembo A. G. “Medical control in sports”, 1998

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