Ski racing technique. Main types of cross-country skiing. Why were the World Cups left without a relay?

And the Finns, later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, national ski clubs appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The FIS had 98 national federations.

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Technique

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free (skating) style.”

Classic style

Initially, the “classical style” includes those types of movement in which the skier travels almost the entire distance along a pre-prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel tracks. "Classic" ski moves They are divided according to the method of repulsion with sticks into alternating and simultaneous. Based on the number of steps in one cycle, simultaneous one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished. The most common are alternating two-step stroke (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good gliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5°) and simultaneous single-step stroke (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good gliding, as well as on slopes with satisfactory sliding).

Free style

“Free style” implies that the skier is free to choose the method of movement along the distance, but since the “classic” stroke is inferior in speed to the “skating” stroke, “free style” is, in fact, synonymous with “skating”. Skating has been widely used since 1981, when Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, then in his 40s, first used it in competition - in a 55 km race - and won. The most common are simultaneous two-step skating move(used both on flat areas and on slopes of low and medium steepness) and simultaneous single-step skating stroke (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and flat sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-13°).

Overcoming climbs

The climbs can be overcome either by one of the types of skating, or by the following methods: a sliding step (on climbs with a steepness of 5° to 10°), a walking step (from 10° to 15°), a running step (15° and more), a semi -herringbone”, “herringbone”, “ladder” (not used in competitions), in some cases, when the rise is quite sharp, the “herringbone” is used.

Descent

When descending, athletes use different kinds stands that differ in the bend angle of the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160°; for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140° (120-130° for the version of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on smooth descents, the fastest, lowest stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120°.

Braking

The most common type of braking is “plow”. When descending obliquely, stop braking is often used. To prevent injuries when unexpected obstacles arise on the track, it is sometimes necessary to use fall braking, for which a unique, safest technique has also been developed.

Turn

The step turn is very common in competitions, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as a stop turn, a turn from a stop and a turn on parallel skis are used.

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions
Competitions with general start (mass start)
Pursuit races (skiathlon, Gundersen system)
Individual Sprint
Team sprint

Time trial competitions

In a time trial, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by drawing lots or current situation athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair time trials are possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.

Mass start competition

Finish of the ski race

When using manual timing, the finishing time is recorded at the moment the athlete's front foot crosses the finish line. When using an electronic timing system, the time is recorded when contact is broken. The measuring point of the light or photo barrier should be located at a height of 25 cm above the snow surface.

Skiing

Skiing- includes cross-country skiing over various distances, ski jumping, combined events (race and jumping), alpine skiing. Originated in Norway in the 18th century. The International Federation - FIS (FIS; founded in 1924) has about 60 countries (1991). Since 1924 - in the winter program Olympic Games, world championships - since 1925 (officially - since 1937).

Skiing can be divided into 4 large types:

Northern species: ski race, orienteering, ski jumping, Nordic combination or Nordic combined

Alpine species: virtually all alpine skiing: downhill, giant slalom, super-giant slalom, slalom, alpine skiing combination: (the champion is determined by the sum of two events: downhill|downhill and slalom), team competitions.

Freestyle: skiing down the slope with elements of acrobatic jumps and ballet: moguls, ski acrobatics, ski ballet.

Snowboard:exercises on one “big ski” (special board).

There are sports that include elements skiing, as well as non-Olympic and less common types of skiing:

- biathlon- ski racing with rifle shooting, a very popular separate sport in many countries, is included in the Olympic Games program, like skiing;

- skitour- alpine skiing plus short trips on skis, in some ways it’s similar to

- ski tourism(a type of sports tourism)

- ski orienteering .

- ski mountaineering

Ski race

Cross-country skiing is a ski race over a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). They belong to cyclic sports.

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free style”.

Classic style

The original, “classical style” includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a pre-prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel lines.

The most common are the alternating two-step stroke (used on flat areas and gentle slopes (up to 2°), and with very good gliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5°)) and simultaneous single-step stroke (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory glide).

Free style

The most common are the simultaneous two-step skating stroke (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and the simultaneous one-step skating stroke (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and flat sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-12° )

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions

Competitions with general start (mass start)

Pursuit racing (pursuit, pursuit, Gundersen system)

Relay races

Individual Sprint

Team sprint

Time trial competitions

In a time trial, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 seconds (less often - 15 seconds, 1 minute). The sequence is determined by a draw or the athlete’s current position in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair time trials are possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.

Mass start competition

In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes with best rating occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.

Pursuit racing

Pursuit races are combined competitions consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined based on the results of previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run classic style, and the other - free style.

Pursuit races with a break are held over two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race usually takes place with a time trial. Based on its final results, the gap from the leader for each participant is determined. The second race is held with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finishing time of the second race.

A pursuit race without a break (duathlon) begins with a general start. After covering the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with a different style. The final result of the pursuit race without a break coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.

Relay races

Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often three), of which the 1st and 2nd stages are run in the classical style, and the 3rd and 4th stages are run in the free style. The relay begins with a mass start, while the most advantageous places at the start are determined by drawing lots, or they are given to the teams that take the most high places at previous similar competitions. The relay is transferred by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the relay transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated using the formula “finishing time of the last team member” minus “starting time of the first team member.”

Individual Sprint

Individual sprint competitions begin with qualifications, which are organized in a time trial format. After qualifying, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which are held in the form of races of different formats with a mass start. The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarter-finals are held, then the semi-finals and, finally, finals B and A. Athletes who did not qualify for final A take part in final B. The table of final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: Final A results, Final B results, quarter-final participants, unqualified participants.

Team sprint

The team sprint is conducted as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who take turns replacing each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. When enough large number declared teams there are two semi-finals, of which an equal number best teams qualify for the finals. The team sprint begins with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Distance length

On official competitions The length of the distance ranges from 800 meters to 50 km. In this case, one distance can consist of several laps.

Race format Distance length (km)

Time trial competitions 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 50

Competitions with mass start 10, 15, 30, 50

Pursuit 5, 7.5, 10, 15

Relay races (length of one stage) 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10

Individual sprint (men) 1 - 1.4

Individual sprint (women) 0.8 - 1.2

Team sprint (men) 2х(3-6) 1 - 1.4

Team sprint (women) 2х(3-6) 0.8 - 1.2

Biathlon

Biathlon (from Latin bis - twice and Greek ’άθλον - competition, fight) - winter olympic event sport that combines cross-country skiing with rifle shooting.

Biathlon is most popular in Germany, Russia and Norway. From 1993 to present official international competitions biathlon, including the World Cup and World Championships, are held under the auspices of International Union biathletes (English: International Biathlon Union, IBU).

Story

The first race, which vaguely resembled biathlon, took place back in 1767. It was organized by border guards on the Swedish-Norwegian border. As a sport, biathlon took shape in the 19th century in Norway as an exercise for soldiers. Biathlon was presented at the Olympic Games in 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948. In 1960, it was included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games. The first winner of the Olympic Games (in Squaw Valley, 1960) was the Swede K. Lestander. At the same time, the Soviet athlete Alexander Privalov received a bronze medal.

Rules and equipment

Biathlon uses a free (that is, skating) style of skiing. Use regular skis and ski poles for cross-country skiing.

For shooting, small-caliber rifles with a minimum weight of 3.5 kg are used, which are transported on the back during the race. When releasing the hook, the index finger must overcome a force of at least 500 g. The rifle sight is not allowed to have the effect of magnifying the target. The caliber of the cartridges is 5.6 mm. The speed of a bullet when fired at a distance of 1 m from the muzzle of the barrel should not exceed 380 m/s.

At the shooting range, the distance to the targets is 50 meters (before 1977 - 100 meters). The targets used in competitions are traditionally black, in the amount of five pieces. As the target is hit, it closes with a white flap, allowing the biathlete to immediately see the result of his shooting. (In the past, many types of targets were used, including shatter plates and balloons.) Sighting before competitions is carried out on paper targets similar to those used in bullet shooting. The diameter of the targets (more precisely, the zone in which a hit is counted) when shooting from a prone position is 45 mm, and from a standing position - 115 mm. In all types of races, with the exception of relay, a biathlete has five shots at each shooting range. In the relay race, you can use additional manually loaded cartridges in the amount of 3 pieces for each firing line.

Official competitions are held at distances ranging from 800 m to 70 km. Cross-country skiing has been part of the Winter Olympics since 1924.

The first competition in speed skiing took place on the territory of modern Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, national ski clubs appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The FIS had 98 national federations.

Technique

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free (skating) style.”

Classic style

Initially, the “classical style” includes those types of movement in which the skier travels almost the entire distance along a pre-prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel tracks. “Classical” ski moves are divided according to the method of pushing off with poles into alternating and simultaneous. Based on the number of steps in one cycle, simultaneous one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished. The most common are alternating two-step stroke (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good gliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5°) and simultaneous single-step stroke (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good gliding, as well as on slopes with satisfactory sliding).

Free style

“Free style” implies that the skier is free to choose the method of movement along the distance, but since the “classic” move is inferior in speed to the “skate” move, “free style” is, in fact, synonymous with “skating move". Skating has been widely used since 1981, when Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, then in his 40s, first used it in competition - in a 55 km race - and won. The most common are the simultaneous two-step skating stroke (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and the simultaneous one-step skating stroke (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and flat sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-13° ).

Overcoming climbs

Descent

When descending, athletes use different types of stances that differ in the angle of bend of the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160°; for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140° (120-130° for the version of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on smooth descents, the fastest, lowest stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120°.

Braking

Turn

The step turn is very common in competitions, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as a stop turn, a turn from a stop and a turn on parallel skis are used.

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions
Competitions with general start (mass start)
Pursuit races (skiathlon, Gundersen system)
Individual Sprint
Team sprint

Time trial competitions

In a time trial, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by the draw or the athlete’s current position in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair time trials are possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.

Mass start competition

In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes with the best ratings occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.

Pursuit racing

Pursuit races (pursuit, English pursuit) are combined competitions consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined based on the results of previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which athletes run in the classical style, and the other in the skating style.

Pursuit races with a break are held over two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race usually takes place with a time trial. Based on its final results, the gap from the leader for each participant is determined. The second race is run with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finishing time of the second race.

Pursuit race without a break (skiathlon , until June 2011 - duathlon, later officially renamed by the FIS Ski Committee) begins with a general start. After covering the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with a different style. The final result of the pursuit race without a break coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.

Relay races

Teams consisting of four athletes (less often three) compete in relay races. Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often - three). Relay races can be held in one style (all participants run their stages in the classical or free style) or in two styles (participants run stages 1 and 2 in the classic style, and stages 3 and 4 in the free style). The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start determined by a draw, or they are given to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The relay is transferred by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the relay transfer zone. The final result of a relay team is calculated using the formula “finishing time of the last team member” minus “starting time of the first team member” (usually equal to zero).

Individual Sprint

Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification (prologue), which is organized in a time trial format. After qualifying, selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which are held in the form of races of different formats with a mass start of four people (varies). The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarter-finals are held, then the semi-finals and finally the A final. The table of final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: results of the final A, semi-final participants, quarter-final participants, unqualified participants.

Team sprint

The team sprint is conducted as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who take turns replacing each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. If the number of entered teams is sufficiently large, two semi-finals are held, from which an equal number of the best teams are selected for the final. The team sprint begins with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Ski racing over a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). All over the world, skiing has become one of the most popular types winter sports. There is no sport that is more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so beneficial for humans. They belong to cyclic sports.

The first skis appeared among ancient hunters in the northern countries. The appearance of skis was due to man's need to hunt for food in winter and move across snow-covered terrain. Skis appeared everywhere where people lived in snowy winter conditions. The first skis were walking skis. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was discovered on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4,300 years ago. The first written documents about the application sliding skis belong to the VI-VII centuries. n. e. Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, Greek historians Jordan in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century. Historian Verefrid gave detailed description skis and their use by the peoples of the North in hunting animals. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to records 925. presented good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as a training accessory for Norwegian court dignitaries. The first use of the word “skis” in Rus' dates back to the 12th century. Metropolitan Nikifor, in a letter to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh, uses the word “skis”.

The folk epics of the Nordic countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull. The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter to obtain food later became the basis for their widespread development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs. In the Nikon Chronicle for 1444. describes the successful campaign of the Moscow ski army to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde. Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, amusements, games, and entertainment on skis, including with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

The first speed skiing competition took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. In 2000 the FIS had 98 national federations. Cross-country skiing has been included in the Winter Olympics program since 1924.

Technique

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free style”.
Classic style. The original “classical style” includes those types of movement in which the skier travels almost the entire distance along a pre-prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel tracks. “Classical” ski moves are divided according to the method of pushing off with poles into alternating and simultaneous. Based on the number of steps in one cycle, simultaneous one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished. The most common are alternating two-step stroke (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good gliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5°)) and simultaneous single-step stroke (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good gliding, as well as on slopes with satisfactory glide).
Free style. “Free style” implies that the skier is free to choose the method of movement along the distance, but since the “classic” stroke is inferior in speed to the “skating” stroke, “free style” is, in fact, synonymous with “skating”. Skating has been widely used since 1981, when Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, then over 40, first used it in competition (in a 55 km race) and won. The most common are the simultaneous two-step skating stroke (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and the simultaneous one-step skating stroke (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and flat sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-12° ).
Overcoming climbs. The climbs can be overcome either by one of the types of skating, or by the following methods: a sliding step (on climbs with a steepness of 5° to 10°), a walking step (from 10° to 15°), a running step (15° or more), a half-herringbone ", "herringbone", "ladder" (not used in competitions), in some cases, when the rise is quite sharp, the "herringbone" is used.
Descent. When descending, athletes use different types of stances that differ in the angle of bend of the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160°; for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140° (120-130° for the version of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on smooth descents, the fastest, lowest stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120°.
Braking. The most common type of braking is “plow”. At the same time, when descending obliquely, stop braking is often used. To prevent injuries when unexpected obstacles arise on the track, it is sometimes necessary to use fall braking, but not in a sitting position, but sideways, for which we have also developed our own, safest, technique.
Turn. The step turn is very common in competitions, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as a stop turn, a turn from a stop and a turn on parallel skis are used.

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions. In a time trial, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by a draw or the athlete’s current position in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair time trials are possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated using the formula “finish time” minus “start time”.
Competitions with a general start (mass start). In a mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes with the best ratings occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.
Pursuit races (Pursuit, Gundersen system). Pursuit races (pursuit) are combined competitions consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined based on the results of previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which athletes run in the classic style, and the other in the free style. Pursuit races with a break are held over two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race usually takes place with a time trial. Based on its final results, the gap from the leader for each participant is determined. The second race is held with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finishing time of the second race. A pursuit race without a break (duathlon) begins with a general start. After covering the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with a different style. The final result of the pursuit race without a break coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.
Relay races. Teams consisting of four athletes (less often three) compete in relay races. Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often three), of which the 1st and 2nd stages are run in the classical style, and the 3rd and 4th stages are run in the free style. The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start determined by a draw, or they are given to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The relay is transferred by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the relay transfer zone. The final result of a relay team is calculated using the formula “finishing time of the last team member” minus “starting time of the first team member” (usually equal to zero).
Individual sprint. Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification (prologue), which is organized in a time trial format. After qualification, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which take place in the form of races of different formats with a mass start, the mass start consists of four people (varies). The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarter-finals are held, then the semi-finals and finally the A final. The table of final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: results of the final A, semi-final participants, quarter-final participants, unqualified participants.
Team sprint. The team sprint is conducted as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who take turns replacing each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. If the number of entered teams is sufficiently large, two semi-finals are held, from which an equal number of the best teams are selected for the final. The team sprint begins with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Movement styles

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free style”.

Classic style

The original, “classical style” includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a pre-prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel lines. “Classical” ski moves are divided according to the method of pushing off with poles into alternating and simultaneous. Based on the number of steps in one cycle, two-step, four-step and stepless moves are distinguished.

Free style

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions
Competitions with general start (mass start)
Pursuit racing (pursuit, pursuit, Gundersen system)
Relay races
Individual Sprint
Team sprint

Time trial competitions

Mass start competition

Pursuit racing

Pursuit races are combined competitions consisting of several stages. In this case, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined based on the results of previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which athletes run in the classic style, and the other in the free style.

Pursuit races with a break are held over two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race usually takes place with a time trial. Based on its final results, the gap from the leader for each participant is determined. The second race is held with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finishing time of the second race.

Pursuit without a break (duathlon) begins with a common start. After covering the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with a different style. The final result of the pursuit race without a break coincides with the athlete’s finishing time.

Relay races

Teams consisting of four athletes (less often three) compete in relay races. Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often three), of which the 1st and 2nd stages are run in the classical style, and the 3rd and 4th stages are run in the free style. The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start being determined by drawing lots or being given to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The relay is transferred by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the relay transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated using the formula “finishing time of the last team member” minus “starting time of the first team member.”

Individual Sprint

Team sprint

Distance length

At official competitions, the distance ranges from 800 meters to 50 km. In this case, one distance can consist of several laps.

Ski racing technique. Main types of cross-country skiing. Why were the World Cups left without a relay?

Encyclopedic YouTube

Subtitles

Technique

Classic style

Free style

Overcoming climbs

Descent

Braking

Turn

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions

Mass start competition

Finish of the ski race

Technique

Classic style

Free style

Overcoming climbs

Descent

Braking

Turn

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions

Mass start competition

Pursuit racing

Relay races

Individual Sprint

Team sprint

Movement styles

Classic style

Free style

Main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competitions

Mass start competition

Pursuit racing

Relay races

Individual Sprint

Team sprint

Distance length

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