Techniques for track and field sports - hammer throwing techniques - tests without hassle. Hammer throw World record for hammer throw
Unstable weather in Melbourne. After the unexpected cold, when the athletes who came here for the Olympic Games were shivering in their one- and two-story houses of the Olympic village, the heat came. So much so that at the opening ceremony of the Olympics, more than 200 cases of heat and sunstroke were registered.
The athletes experienced the vicissitudes of the climate during competitions. Strong winds and heat over 30 degrees accompanied the hammer throwers' performance. Add to this the constant hum of voices and screams of hundreds of thousands of spectators who gathered to watch the fight between the two strongest throwers in the world: American Harold Connolly and Soviet athlete Mikhail Krivonosov.
Of course, in such a situation, the question of victory was decided not only by sportsmanship, but also by composure, will, and prudence.
Why did the audience wait so impatiently for the performances of Connolly and Krivonosov? In order to answer this question, we need to go back to the past.
Hammer throwing was unknown to the ancient Greeks. We have already talked about how, as a folk sport, it was widespread among the hill tribes of Ireland and Scotland. It is not for nothing that most of the strongest hammer throwers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were of Irish descent. After the hammer was included in the Olympic Games program in 1900, the Irishman John Patrick Flanagan, who was naturalized in the Fifth Column, won three Olympics. Then his compatriots Matthew McCrath, Patrick Ryan, Patrick O'Callaghan climbed to the highest step of the Olympic podium. After this, world and Olympic records pass into the possession of European throwers for a long time.
This was explained by two reasons. Firstly, the hammer did not gain popularity among the fifth column and, like long-distance running, was not included in the program of university competitions. And secondly, the Europeans offered more advanced technology.
A metal hammer ball attached to a long handle, which the thrower spins, develops a huge centrifugal force of about 300 kilograms. In order to resist this pull, the athlete must have significant weight and great strength. The first Olympic champions in the hammer throw were huge (O'Callaghan weighed 120 kg) but relatively slow people. The Europeans increased the speed of rotation in the circle and added a third to the two turns. That is why first German and then Hungarian athletes became the owners of Olympic and then world records. It was from the Hungarians Imre Nemeth and Josef Csermak that the first Soviet hammer throwers learned.
But, as often happens, the students soon surpassed their teachers, and this happened to the Belarusian hero Mikhail Krivonosov, who in 1954 first set a world record - 63 meters 34 centimeters.
Why did the Belarusian athlete succeed in this? Why did the next generation of hammer throwers also begin their sports career in Belarus? This happened because the Soviet “school” of hammer throwing took its first steps in this republic. Here lived and worked a skilled coach, an experimenter, who, like Alekseev, who trained magnificent shot putters in Leningrad who deserved world recognition, trained contenders for Olympic medals in hammer throw in Belarus. This trainer was a teacher at the Minsk Institute of Physical Culture, Evgeniy Mikhailovich Shukevich. It was with him that Mikhail Krivonosov began training in 1948.
We have many coaches who can quickly prepare their students to perform the third, or at best, second category of the sports classification. But there comes a time when the coach and his student have to fight not for meters, but for centimeters, to prepare not to meet second-class standards, but to win records. At this stage, only a few coaches pass the exam. Those who are capable of delicate work to improve technique, to search for its best option, to skillfully use advanced training methods, and study the experience of the strongest athletes in the world.
Evgeniy Shukevich met these requirements. A thorough analysis of film footage, observations of the Hungarian thrower Nemeth, who was invited to the Soviet Union, consultations at the Department of Theoretical Mechanics of the Minsk Polytechnic Institute, comparison of the thrower’s movements with rotations in figure skating and ballet - this work, which took many years, allowed Shukevich to solve a number of important issues of the speed of turns, determination of the optimal the angle of projectile release, the path of movement of the hammer in turns.
Under the leadership of Shukevich, Mikhail Krivonosov goes through a difficult path from a beginner to a world record holder. In 1952, he gained his first experience of participating in important international competitions at the Olympics in Helsinki. His performance is unsuccessful. But experience was gained, the technique became stable, and Krivonosov set a series of world records. It seems that nothing could stop him from winning the Olympic gold medal in 1956 in Melbourne, if not for the American athlete Harold Connolly.
A graduate of Boston College, history teacher Harold Vincent Connolly had all the ingredients to reach the pinnacle of sportsmanship. With a height of 184 centimeters and a weight of 105 kilograms, he was fast, agile, and had excellent coordination of movements. Even his injured left arm, which was several centimeters shorter than his right, could not prevent him from throwing a hammer.
There is no one to learn throwing in the fifth column, and Connolly goes to Europe, where he takes “lessons” from the German K. Storch and the Hungarian I. Nemeth. Returning to America, he continues to improve in hammer throwing. Perseverance and the ability to behave in competitions, successfully using every attempt, bring him first national and then world records. But the main obstacle for him on the path to an Olympic gold medal remains Mikhail Krivonosov. The correspondence duel between these two athletes begins a few months before the Olympics. Krivonosov sets a world record - 66.38. Connolly responds with a score of 66.71. Krivonosov sends the hammer to 67.32. Connolly improves the world record to 68.54 a few days before the Olympics.
And now there is a face-to-face meeting, which is being watched with such interest by the spectators gathered at the Olympic Stadium in Melbourne.
Of the 22 participants, 15 people achieved the qualification standard of 54 meters. As you know, in the main competitions everyone has three attempts. The best (finalists) are entitled to three additional final throws.
Since the competitions are held in strong winds, scorching heat and the incessant screams of tens of thousands of spectators, it is natural that the results of the throwers are far from record-breaking. In the first three attempts, Krivonosov’s best achievement was 63.03. Connolly comes second with 62.65. But there are still three shots left.
For the first final attempt, Mikhail Krivonosov enters the circle, fenced on three sides with a net. What if you increase the speed of turns a little? Two preliminary rotations of the hammer overhead, and now, gradually increasing speed, the thrower, rotating with the hammer, seems to be screwed into the tight space of the circle. But the centrifugal force of the hammer is too great, and as it flies away, it carries Krivonosov with it, who, despite all his efforts, cannot stay in the circle. Two attempts left. In the next one, Krivonosov flies out of the circle again. And Connolly, always distinguished by calmness and restraint, in the penultimate attempt sends the hammer 16 centimeters further than Krivonosov.
The Soviet athlete begins his last attempt. But during rotation the hammer touches the ground - the throw is not counted. The American wins. Krivonosov has a silver medal. The second Soviet athlete, Anatoly Samotsvetov, took third place. Happy Connolly took away from Melbourne not only a gold medal, but also... his wife. She was the Czechoslovakian discus thrower, Olympic champion Olga Fikotova. What to do? After all, there is love at first sight.
The next Olympic Games are 1960 in Rome. What could be more solemn, more festive than the opening of these competitions, be it sunny Athens or foggy London, distant Melbourne or ancient Rome. Here in the “eternal city” on the banks of the Tiber, the opening of the Games was especially noisy and festive. This was largely due to the irrepressible temperament of the Italian spectators. But no less noise was created by numerous military bands and helicopters hovering over the stadium.
A comic episode at the beginning of the opening ceremony caused even more noise and fun. As the stands eagerly awaited the torchbearer, a “runner” appeared on the stadium track, pursued by police. Amid general laughter, the “torchbearer” disappeared into the stands. It turned out that he was an Italian student who had made a bet that he would get into the stadium for free...
When the real torchbearer appeared, the Olympic flame flared up and a flag with five intertwined rings soared over the stadium, Adolfo Consolini rose to the podium. The utterance of the Olympic oath was entrusted to the thrower. Naturally, the shot putters, discus, hammer and javelin throwers who came here considered this a good omen.
Harold Connolly was no exception, who managed for four years not only to hold the world record in the hammer throw, but also to improve it to 70.33. Now he was firmly counting on a second Olympic gold medal.
This time, the honorable duty to fight Connolly was entrusted to Vasily Rudenkov, who also began his sports career in Minsk, where he served in the army, went through the school of E. Shukevich, and then polished his skills with the experienced Moscow coach Leonid Mitropolsky. Joint training with Mikhail Krivonosov gave him a lot.
Rudenkov first became acquainted with sports at the vocational school of Zhlobin, the Belarusian town where he was born and raised. In 1947, speaking for his school, he picked up a hammer for the first time. But then it was not he who threw the hammer, but a heavy projectile that threw him in a circle from side to side.
By the time of the Olympic Games in Rome, Rudenkov was already an experienced thrower. His strength indicators were especially high: with a height of 185 centimeters and a weight of 102 kilograms, he squeezed a barbell weighing 130 kilograms, snatched 135 kilograms, pushed 165 kilograms and squatted 250 kilograms. With such strength, the hammer seemed like a toy to him, and he easily coped with the insidious projectile.
Here in Rome, having found a barbell, Rudenkov used every free minute to perform a bench press or a clean and jerk. “Furious Vasily,” as Rudenkov was called, rightfully earned this nickname. Rarely has anyone trained and competed with such inspiration and such passion.
In Rome, the reserve warm-up stadium was connected to the main Olympic stadium, where the competition was held, by a 100-meter tunnel. It was wise. The athletes, who were heated by the warm-up, were able to “cool down” during this 100-meter course, concentrate, and even distract themselves from the upcoming performance for a short time. Rudenkov never stopped thinking for a minute about the goal he had set for himself - to win! A huge supply of nervous and physical energy filled this strong, self-confident man.
Despite the confidence of victory, Connolly entered the tunnel, preoccupied with not entirely pleasant thoughts. Two weeks ago he tried to make what seemed necessary to him amendments to his hammer throwing technique and now he is not sure whether this experiment was a success. My back, which was injured several years ago during training, was usually aching. And then such an offensive little thing as the stupid rules in the Olympic village, which prevented him from seeing his wife before the competition! Connolly grins, remembering the strict security of the women's building and the fence, 2 meters 40 centimeters high, over which you can, perhaps, only throw flowers.
In the qualifying competitions, Rudenkov sets a new Olympic record - 67.03. What is this - a mistake that has more than once led athletes to defeat, or self-confidence?
Already in the first attempt of the main competition, Rudenkov sends the projectile 65 meters away. He is the undisputed favorite. The result of 67.10, shown in the third attempt, brings him an Olympic gold medal. The second was the Hungarian Gyula Zywotzky and the third the Pole Tadeusz Ruth. What about Connolly? He only took eighth place.
Unprecedented success of Soviet throwers! Of the 7 types of throwing (4 for men and 3 for women), Soviet athletes won five. Viktor Tsybulenko became the Olympic champion in javelin throwing. Nina Ponomareva, Elvira Ozolina and Tamara Press won the discus, javelin and shot put.
...So, from the silver medal of Mikhail Krivonosov in Melbourne to the gold medal of Rudenkov in Rome. How strong is the Olympic championship of Soviet heroes in the hammer throw? At the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, an athlete from Belarus, who went through the Shukevich school, 30-year-old Romuald Klim, again comes to defend the honor of the Soviet Hammers.
The fate of this athlete is amazing. A boy from the Belarusian village of Khvostovo, the son of a partisan messenger, dreamed of the sea and distant countries, and with a ticket from the district Komsomol committee to the nautical school, he found himself passing through Minsk. And here his fate was decided... by ice cream.
“What have I seen so far? - says Klim. - I lived my whole life in the village, and then I ended up in the city, and with some money in my pocket. I've never tried ice cream. I lost at least a kilogram. Of course I got sick. And goodbye, sea..."
After a severe sore throat, Klim remains in Minsk and, having entered the Institute of Physical Education, finds himself in Shukevich’s group. He fulfills the second category, the first, becomes a master of sports, but falls a little short of the right to get into the national team.
In the meantime, he graduates from college, marries and works first in Gorki near Orsha, then in Vitebsk. The family has grown. First Inessa was born, and then the twins Arthur and Romuald (we’ll forgive Klim his commitment to sonorous names). What kind of records are there?
But Shukevich moves to Vitebsk. How not to take advantage of the opportunity, not to remember the old? And Klim is training again. It happens that an athlete, despite his age, seems to get a second wind. The year 1963 was marked by a series of brilliant achievements. But the leaders of the track and field team are adamant. What kind of future could an athlete approaching his 30th birthday have? It took the result shown in 1964 - 69.67, exceeding the all-Union record, to win the right to compete in Tokyo and fight there with Connolly and Zhivotski, whom his predecessors, Krivonosov and Rudenkov, had met.
It is difficult to imagine the massive and slow-moving Klim in this great cramped and bustling Tokyo, among the agile, short Japanese. Passers-by look at him with interest, and when they find out that this is a Russian, they certainly hand him a notebook for an autograph. After all, in Japan there is a great interest in everything Russian - Russian ballet, Russian literature. At the university they study Pushkin and Sholokhov. In the gyms they watch films showing the skillful work of Soviet gymnasts.
Tokyo can be explored during the daytime, along the wide highway and wide streets near the Olympic venues, the construction of which required the demolition of more than 5 thousand houses. But you can’t show up on the central streets during rush hours, when cars move in a continuous stream at walking speed, and pedestrians are breathing down each other’s necks and filling the sidewalks with a solid, tightly compressed crowd.
The hammer throwing competition began with a sensation. Connolly met the qualifying standard only in the third attempt - 66.65. He was unable to improve this result in the main competitions and remained in sixth place.
Klim had to fight with Zivocki and Beyer. In the first three attempts, Zywotzki was first with a score of 69.09, but everything was decided by the first final attempt. Klim sends the hammer to 69.74 and becomes the champion.
Skeptics' predictions that Klim's performance in Tokyo would be the “last flash” did not come true. He continues to not only perform, but also win. In all subsequent meetings with world record holder Gyula Zywotzki, the Belarusian athlete is ahead. And in 1969 he set a world record of 74.52. Zywotzky's only victory over Klim in 1968 at the Mexico City Olympics brought the Hungarian athlete a gold medal. 73.36 and 73.28: only 8 centimeters. At his second Games, Klim had to settle for a silver medal.
16 years have passed since the day when Soviet athletes first took part in the Olympic Games. Over the years, hammer throwers have brought their country two gold, two silver and one bronze medals. No other country has had such success. The Soviet school of hammer throwing has paid off. Coaches not only from Minsk, but also from other cities of the Soviet Union, and above all from Ukraine, began to train excellent throwers. This was confirmed by the Olympic Games of 1972 in Munich and 1976 in Montreal.
...Somehow, imperceptibly, the center of gravity of training hammer throwers in the Soviet Union moved from Belarus to Ukraine. The heyday of hammer throwing in Kyiv was associated with the name of one of the patriarchs of Ukrainian athletics, a thrower in the past, and now a teacher at the Kyiv Institute of Physical Education, Nikolai Ivanovich Vystavkin. This early graying man managed to retain physical strength, youthful enthusiasm, and ardent passion for his types of athletics - throwing - until his old age. At one of the competitions, Vystavkin noticed Anatoly Bondarchuk, a young man from the village of Staro-Konstantinovo, Khmelnitsky region, who had all the skills for a hammer thrower. It is no coincidence that outstanding throwers, as a rule, are born and spend their childhood in rural areas. Fresh air, simple healthy food, physical labor from childhood - these conditions contribute to the emergence of heroic throwers.
Bondarchuk started hammer throwing relatively late, at the age of 24, but within a few years he reached a level of results close to record ones. In 1969, he won the competition for the first time against Olympic champion Romuald Klim, and then exceeded the world record of his older comrade by 16 centimeters. Naturally, he was included in the national Olympic team.
You've probably noticed that at the Olympic Games these days, victories are won in a bitter struggle between many athletes and the winner, as a rule, wins with only a slight advantage. Gone are the days when Olympic champions were ahead of their rivals in running by almost a circle, in jumping by tens of centimeters, in throwing by several meters. This means that now perfect technology and rational training methods have become the property of athletes and coaches in many countries.
So in 1972 in Munich, athletes of approximately equal strength entered the hammer throwing sector. In addition to Bondarchuk, the well-known D. Zyvotsky, U. Beyer from Germany, and I. Sachse from the GDR could count on a gold medal.
But this time Bondarchuk succeeded in the “first strike” tactics. It should be noted that in Munich many participants successfully used this tactic. This is exactly how Vladislav Komar and Nadezhda Chizhova won in the shot put, Heide Rosendahl in the long jump, and Viktor Saneev in the triple jump.
As for the hammer throw, in the first attempt of the main competition Bondarchuk sent the projectile 75 meters 50 centimeters. This is a new Olympic record. None of the competition participants could surpass him...
So, another Olympic gold medal for Soviet athletes in the hammer throw. Such a long-lasting advantage in any athletics event is unusual in modern sports. Moreover, in the next inter-Olympic quadrennial, the world record came into the possession of throwers from the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1975, a soldier from Germany, Karl Hans Riehm, set a world record of 78.50. Walter Schmidt then sent a shot at 79.30.
Phenomenal result! The fantastic milestone of eighty meters has almost been reached.
It would be a mistake to think that the Soviet hammer throwers lost heart and laid down their arms. Three Soviet Hammer fighters came to the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. These were Ukrainians Anatoly Bondarchuk and Yuri Sedykh and Leningrader Alexey Spiridonov. There were also the self-confident record holder and ex-world record holder Schmidt and Rome, who were all predicted to win.
But the incredible happened. Something that no one could have predicted, and that from now on will be a bright page in the annals of the modern Olympic Games.
Competition conditions in Montreal were similar to those in Melbourne. The heat is 35 degrees. The high stands and the canopy above them and the running track prevented wind and fresh air from entering the stadium. Here, in this stuffiness, it was necessary to have special endurance.
In the qualifying competitions, throwers from Germany and the GDR looked especially impressive. As you know, before the main competitions, throwers are given trial attempts, in which the “mood” for the competition is carried out. Here it is important not to waste your strength prematurely, but to acquire a state of “highest mobilization readiness.” The German record holders made a mistake. They performed trial attempts at near-limit and maximum efforts. Rome was especially different. He spun with such brave prowess, the hammer he launched flew so far that applause was heard every now and then in the stands. But where did this prowess go in the main competitions? But Rome had an advantage - it threw last.
The results of the first attempt were amazing. All three Soviet heroes sent the projectile 75 meters away. Frivolous waste of energy failed foreign throwers. As a result, the first three places were taken by Sedykh - 77.52, Spiridonov - 76.08, Bondarchuk - 75.48.
In the hammer throw, a similar feat was achieved more than 70 years ago at the III Olympic Games of 1904, when three representatives of the fifth column climbed to the podium. But in those years, other countries almost did not know this type of athletics. It is interesting to compare the results of the winners of 1904 and 1976. Then D. Flanagan, D. de Wit and R. Rose threw the hammer at 51.23; 50.26 and 45.73. It is not difficult to calculate that over the seventieth year the results have increased by more than 25 meters!
What else is remarkable about this feat of Soviet heroes? Because the coach and his student participated in it. By this time, Anatoly Bondarchuk had become a coach and candidate of pedagogical sciences. And his student, whom he brought to the highest step of the Olympic podium, was Yuri Sedykh, a student and competitor who is 15 years younger than his teacher.
The hammer is thrown into a 60° sector from a cemented circle with a diameter of 2.135 m, bordered by a metal rim. Hammer weight for men 6 and 7, 257 kg, for boys 5 and 6 kg, length 122 cm. It is recommended to fence the circle with a safety metal mesh. Men and boys throw the hammer. A circle with any hard ground is suitable for studying and improving throwing techniques. The hammer is thrown in rubber-soled shoes.
The basis of the hammer throwing technique is accelerating turns (usually three, less often four), in which rotational movement is combined with translational movement.
When performing turns, the thrower's double-support positions alternate with single-support positions.
There are several ways to hold a hammer. The most common one is shown in the figure. The thrower places the hammer handle on the fingers of the left hand, and places the fingers of the right hand on top (the thumb of the left hand is placed on the thumb of the right).
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In preparation for throwing, the athlete stands at the part of the circle farthest from the sector, with his back in the direction of throwing; Place your feet slightly wider than your shoulders. He places the hammer with his right hand on the ground from behind to the right so that the wire of the projectile is in line with his right hand. Then, slightly crouching, leaning forward and turning the shoulder girdle to the right, the thrower, without changing the position of the hammer, takes the handle with his left hand and places the right one on top (frame 1).
By straightening his legs and torso, he begins the pre-rotation necessary to accelerate the hammer and make quick turns. The plane of rotation of the hammer is inclined to the right-front and raised to the left-back.
After 2-3 circles of preliminary rotation (frames 1-4), turns are performed, during which the thrower moves all the time in front of the hammer, leading it behind him and increasing the speed of rotation. The arms are straight.
The first turn begins when the hammer is in front to the right of the body. The thrower performs the first part of the turn in a two-support position (on the left heel and right toe, the left foot turns in the direction of throwing). He continues the second half of the turn in a single-support position - on the front part of the left foot (frames 7, 8).
The second and third turns are performed in the same way as the first. However, their speed increases significantly. As the rotation speed increases, the thrust of the hammer also increases. In this regard, the thrower is forced to deviate more in the direction opposite to the hammer, otherwise the balance during rotation will be disrupted (frames 9-16).
Having completed the last turn and having reached the starting position, in which the hammer is to the right of the body at the height of the shoulder joints, the thrower performs the final effort.
Straightening his legs, torso and turning to the left, he carries the hammer with straight arms in a large arc, gives the hammer maximum speed and throws it to the left at the height of the shoulder joints at an angle of up to 43° (frames 17-20).
To maintain balance and stay within the circle, the thrower changes the position of his legs.
The movement of the projectile from above-right-behind occurs in a downward direction
arc to the bottom point. Subsequently, the thrower makes the same movements as in the first preliminary rotation. E. M. Shukevich and M. P. Krivonosov (1971) believe that significant bending of the arms creates excessive tension and reduces the amplitude of movement of the projectile. Preliminary rotations performed in the front plane are irrational, because they complicate the movement of the thrower and shorten the amplitude of the projectile. In addition, they cause the thrower to fall back into the circle (forced compensatory movement of the body back in order to tension the projectile), and a shift to the left of the lower point of the plane of rotation in subsequent turns. ,All this negatively affects not only the throwing technique (reduces the efficiency of hammer turns and final effort), but also the throwing rhythm.
The most common mistake in performing preliminary rotations is a significant displacement of the lower point of the rotation plane to the right and back, beyond the line of the toe of the right foot. Few throwers manage to get rid of this mistake in the process of subsequent movements. In this position, the thrower is forced to “pull” the projectile from one plane rotation to another, which is very difficult due to the centrifugal force that arises during the preliminary rotations, reaching 50 kg.
Turns. In the single-support phases of turns (frames 12-13, 17-18, 21-23), the athlete faces two main tasks: the first is to create optimal conditions for the least loss of projectile rotation speed acquired in the double-support phases; the second is to facilitate maximum possible overtaking in corners and final effort. The successful solution of these problems depends on the difference in rotation speed in the single-support phases of the thrower's body and the projectile.
The speed of the body must exceed the speed of the projectile. The observed difference in movement speeds is the result of active actions of the lower parts of the thrower’s body, especially the right leg, and a consequence of a decrease in the speed of rotation of the projectile after the end of the two-support phase. The increase in the speed of rotation of the lower parts of the body occurs due to the fact that after the axes of the pelvis and shoulders coincide in the frontal plane, the athlete remains in the two-support phase for some time and during this period of time can acquire the necessary speed of rotation due to the actively working muscles of the legs and pelvis. At the same time, the thrower is no longer able to influence the projectile and moves by inertia for some time, and then its speed begins to decrease.
Single-support phases of turns begin at the moment the right foot is removed from the ground and end at the moment it is planted. In the first part of the single-support phase, the thrower first turns on the toe of the right foot and the heel of the left foot approximately 60-90° relative to the starting position. After this, the rotation of the thrower-hammer system is carried out on the outer side of the foot and at the moment the projectile passes the highest point of the plane of rotation, it occurs already on the toe with further movement to the inner part of the foot.
At the moment of transition to the single-support phase, especially starting from the second turn, the athlete leans back somewhat (compensatory movement of the body associated with the need to maintain balance of the thrower-hammer system). Its value depends on the weight of the athlete (the greater the weight, the smaller the deviation), the degree of development of speed-strength qualities, the technique of performing this phase, the radius
rotation of the projectile and, of course, on the magnitude of the resulting centrifugal force.
During a significant part of the single-support phase, the projectile rotates by inertia, and the moment of inertia depends on the quantity and quality of movements performed in the double-support phase. The effectiveness of single-support phases depends entirely on the actions in the double-support phases, or more precisely, on the speed of rotation of the projectile, which must correspond to the physical and technical capabilities of the thrower. In this case, the athlete must actively influence the apparatus until the axis of the shoulders and the axis of the pelvis coincide in the frontal plane and the apparatus reaches the lowest point in each of the turns.
During the single-support phases, the thrower's left leg bends in some intermediate positions. Until the projectile passes the highest point of the plane of rotation, any sitting down on the supporting leg is harmful. E. M. Shukevich (1964) rightly notes that it reduces the tone of the trunk muscles and does not make it possible to control the movement of the projectile due to the lowering of the general center of gravity. But after passing the highest point of the plane of rotation, bending the supporting leg is necessary. By slightly bending the leg, the thrower actively influences the projectile, and due to this, its angular velocity of rotation increases even before placing the right foot on the ground. Squatting on the supporting leg is observed in hammer throwers of various sports qualifications: this is a natural compensatory movement of the body, due to which the path of active influence on the projectile increases and the smallest loss in the speed of rotation of the projectile is achieved.
However, the drop in the second part of the single-support phase of turns should be optimal, and in no case should it be increased deliberately. Significant undercutting on the supporting leg reduces the radius of rotation of the projectile, but does not negatively affect its angular velocity of rotation (V.N. Tutevich, 1969).
Particular attention should be paid to the work of the right leg in a single-support movement. It is difficult to agree with E.M. Shukevich (1964), who claims that it, actively rotating, slows down the angular velocity of rotation of the projectile and is one of the reasons for bending the right arm in single-support phases, and also does not contribute to the optimal movement of some parts of the thrower’s body. In the latter case, we mean the misalignment of the shoulder axis with the pelvic axis in the two-support phases.
In contrast to E.M. Shukevich, we believe that the right leg is the most active link in the system of body links in the single-support phase, if we take into account the degree of loading of the left leg not so much by the weight of the thrower, but by the inertial forces that arose during the execution of the double-support phases. The active work of the right leg makes it possible to create the necessary difference in the angular speeds of rotation of the projectile and the lower parts of the thrower’s body, which contributes to the least loss of rotation speed of the projectile and creates the necessary preconditions for its greatest overtaking. This can be easily verified if you stand on the toe or heel of your left foot and, with a swing of your right foot, try to make a turn to the left from a static starting position.
We will see that the more active the swing movement of the right leg, the greater the turn will be.
As for bending the right arm, this error is explained by the fact that in a two-support position the athlete stops accelerating the projectile long before the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane and pulls the hammer behind him, as in discus throwing.
After passing the upper point of the plane of rotation, the speed of the projectile does not decrease for some time, and sometimes even increases slightly. Apparently, such an increase in speed occurs due to the created moment of inertia, because in a single-support position the thrower has nothing to influence the projectile and his task is to overtake the projectile as quickly as possible and resist the resulting centrifugal force (compensatory movement).
A. M. Samotsvetov (1968) is not entirely right when he unreasonably recommends overtaking not only by actively twisting the body, but also by slightly braking the projectile in single-support positions. The thrower does not slow down the projectile *in single-support phases and practically cannot do this, and the rotation speed of the hammer drops due to the fact that the athlete has nothing to influence it with, unless, of course, you count deliberately sitting down on the supporting leg. The proposed braking is also impractical because until the moment of passing the highest point of the plane of rotation, the centrifugal force acquired by the projectile is the leading link in the thrower-hammer system. However, in the future, A. M. Samotsvetov rightly notes that the athlete should reach maximum twisting shortly before placing the right foot on the ground, somewhat later than the moment of passing the highest point of the plane of rotation (twisting too early is irrational).
The single-support phase ends with the placing of the right foot on the ground. As the projectile moves to the lower point of the plane of rotation, the body weight first moves from the right leg to the left. When the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis, the weight of the thrower’s body is evenly distributed on both legs, up to the moment the left leg turns on the heel to the left, and then is transferred to a greater extent to the right leg until it touches the ground. Let us touch upon another issue of the single-support phase. When placing the right foot on the ground, the athlete must avoid falling on this foot. Otherwise, it will no longer be an active stance of the right leg, but a fall caused by loss of balance.
Double-support phases of turns (Fig. 43, frames
8-11, 14-16, 19-20). Double-support phases of turns, as opposed to single-support, begin when the right foot is placed on the ground and end with its removal. During their execution, the thrower actively influences the projectile, giving it an optimal speed of movement, and also strives to create ideal conditions for further actions in the single-support phase.
In two-support phases, the angular velocity of rotation of the projectile increases with each turn in the presence of a rational throwing rhythm. It increases until the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis
pelvis The exception here is the entrance to the first turn, but more on that later, but now we note that some authors, in particular A. M. Samotsvetov (1971), consider it unnecessary to remain in the two-support phase after the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis. From the point of view of active influence on the projectile, this is true, however, we must not forget that in order to effectively perform single-support phases, the angular velocity of the thrower’s body and the projectile must coincide for some time (V.N. Tutevich, 1969), which is observed in the first part of the single-support position, which ends while passing the highest point of the plane of rotation. Subsequently, the thrower, with the help of actively working parts of the body, must acquire an additional rotation speed - greater than that of the projectile, and overtake it already in the second part of the single-support phase.
It is possible to create the appropriate prerequisites only in those short periods of time when the athlete, after the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis, is still in a two-support position for some time.
A. M. Samotsvetov, stating the early removal of the right leg in each of the turns, which is currently observed among the strongest throwers in the country and the world, does not take into account the following. The speed-strength training of throwers of the seventies increased significantly, which is directly related to the duration of the two-support phases. And at any speed of rotation of the hammer thrower, the duration of the two-support phase in each subsequent turn is always less than in the previous one. In addition, the throwers named by the author, after the hammer passes the lower point of the rotation plane in each turn, rotate for some time on both legs. This is especially noticeable in the first turn. There is also no doubt that with the growth of sports results, the duration of the two-support phases will quite naturally decrease.
In this regard, V.P. Kuznetsov (1966) writes that against the background of the accelerating movement of the projectile, the athlete needs to push off with his foot earlier in each subsequent turn in order to prevent the projectile from overtaking himself, without, of course, disturbing the rhythm of throwing.
The speed of rotation of the projectile in the first turn, in contrast to subsequent turns, increases for quite a long time after the pelvic axis aligns with the shoulder axis in the frontal plane. This phenomenon is explained not only by the difficulty of transition from the double-support phase to the single-support phase, but also, apparently, by the insufficient speed of rotation of the projectile. This can be confirmed by such an experiment. Get into the starting position, make two preliminary swings and try, while aligning the axis of the shoulders with the axis of the pelvis (the hammer ball is opposite the bottom point), to remove your right foot from the ground, while rotating on the heel of your left foot and without moving to the outer or inner part of the foot. You will see that the higher the speed of the projectile in the preliminary rotations, the more rotation the thrower-hammer system will make in relation to the initial position. However, we must not forget that the speed of the projectile in preliminary rotations and, of course, in the first turn should be optimal, i.e., contribute to not early removal of the right foot from
soil, and above all the rational rhythm of throwing. In addition, too high projectile speed acquired in the first turn negatively affects the throwing technique in the future, in particular during the transition from the double-support phase to the single-support phase.
The speed of rotation in the first turn (two-support phase) increases after the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane due to the fact that the thrower, turning to the left 90° on both legs, engages the muscles of the shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs, especially right. At the same time, the weight of the body moves more and more from the Right leg to the left and at the moment of transition to the single-support phase falls completely on it. The body, together with the arms, turns to the left, and the ball of the projectile, after passing the bottom point of the plane of rotation, moves in an ascending arc to the left and up to the highest point. The rotation of the thrower-hammer system occurs around a vertical axis by 90°, with the axis of the pelvis coinciding with the axis of the shoulders, and the arms and the axis of the shoulders form the so-called isosceles triangle (E. M. Shukevich, 1964). The projectile is a continuation of this triangle, and the body weight is evenly distributed on both legs. The speeds of movement of the projectile and the thrower’s body must coincide in this position (V.N. Tutevich, 1969). Subsequently, the active removal of the right leg occurs, which, together with the inertial forces that arose during the execution of the two-support phase and moving the projectile, turns the thrower 270°.
In sports practice, the time spent in the two-support phase after the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis is also conventionally called the entrance to the first and subsequent turns. A special role in this is played by the entrance to the first turn, which is rightfully considered one of the complex elements of the hammer throwing technique.
Entry into subsequent turns begins slightly earlier than the first. It always ends with the active removal of the right foot from the ground. The lowest point of the plane of rotation shifts to the left with each turn. So, in the first turn it is located against the toe of the right foot, in the second it moves to the left by 30-40 cm, and in the third it is at the level of the foot, but already of the left leg.
When entering the first turn, the right foot is removed from the ground at the moment the thrower-hammer system is displaced relative to the initial position by 90°, in the second - by 80° and in the third - by 75° (P. J1. Limar, 1965).
A common mistake when entering the first turn is to “pull” the projectile out of the circular path by moving the left shoulder straight to the left. It can be corrected by actively moving the projectile with your hands forward in front of you. Rotation on both legs to the left should be done immediately after the axis of the shoulders is aligned with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane and stop influencing the projectile in all turns except the first. The moment of removing the right foot from the ground in the first turn depends on the chosen entry option, on the shape and speed of movement (E. M. Shukevich).
An error in this phase of the movement will be a significant straightening of the left leg and a backward deviation of the torso, caused by a compensatory
movement of the body to maintain the balance of the thrower-hammer system. This error is a consequence of “pulling” the projectile from the circular path, premature removal of the right foot from the ground, and also the result of the projectile’s plane of rotation being too steep. The straightening of the left leg and a significant deviation of the body back is also explained by the fact that during the two-support phase the thrower begins to turn too early to the left on both legs, while trying to pull the projectile behind him, as is done in discus throwing. Premature rotation in the two-support phase on the legs, which begins much earlier than the coincidence of the axis of the shoulders with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane, leads to a decrease in the path of active influence on the projectile and a significant loss of the pain of its rotation. The angular speed of rotation of the lower links of the thrower's body (legs, pelvis) is currently higher than the speed of rotation of the projectile. The difference in angular velocities arises due to the fact that the speed of the projectile drops (the thrower stops actively influencing it long before the axis of the shoulders coincides with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane). As a result, in the future, the angular velocity of rotation of the thrower’s body not only does not coincide with the angular velocity of rotation of the projectile, but even exceeds it.
The observed difference in angular velocities is unfavorable (V.N. Tu-tevich, 1969), because it entails a number of significant and not always correctable errors during throwing - a decrease in the radius of rotation of the projectile, falling on the right foot at the moment it is placed on the ground.
Final effort. The final effort phase begins after the single-support phase of the third or fourth turn at the moment the right foot is placed on the ground (Fig. 43, frames 24-27). They are no different from the two-support phases of turns, up to the coincidence of the axis of the shoulders with the axis of the pelvis in the frontal plane. The only difference between them is that in turns the thrower turns to the left with optimally bent legs, and during the final effort he gradually straightens his legs towards the end of it. At the moment the projectile is released from the hands, the weight of the thrower’s body is evenly distributed on both legs, the arms are straightened. True, when placing the right foot on the ground, the weight is located to a greater extent on the left foot and, as the projectile moves to the lower point of the plane of rotation, it gradually moves towards the right until it is evenly distributed on both.
The final effort, as V.N. Tutevich writes, should flow from the turns preceding it and be their continuation, and not be some kind of new movement. It is performed along the maximum possible radius of rotation of the projectile without deflecting the thrower’s body in the direction of the movement of the projectile.
The leading throwers of the country and the world are currently demonstrating the technique of performing the final effort without significantly bending the body back. Such a movement not only has a negative effect on increasing the speed of the projectile, but also creates additional difficulties for the athlete to maintain balance after releasing the hammer. In the final effort, as in the entire throwing process, the speed of the projectile increases due to rotational movements alone, and its loss due to extension of the body with a backward tilt is not compensated by the forward movement. The effectiveness of the final effort depends entirely on the previous actions of the thrower in the process of performing preliminary rotations and turns with the hammer. The final effort is a kind of measure of the throwing technique as a whole, and its effectiveness can be judged by the stability of the thrower in the circle after releasing the projectile.
- an athletics discipline consisting of throwing a special sports equipment - a hammer - at a distance. Requires strength and coordination of movements from athletes. It is held in the summer season in open stadiums. Refers to the technical types of the athletics program. It is an Olympic discipline in athletics (for men - since 1900, for women - since 2000).
Competition rules
The hammer is a metal ball connected to a handle by steel wire. The length of the men's hammer is 117-121.5 cm and the total weight is 7.265 kg (= 16 lb). In women, its length ranges from 116 to 119.5 cm, and its total weight is 4 kg. That is, the weight of the hammer is equal to the weight of the core used by athletes of the corresponding gender.
When throwing, an athlete is in a special circle with a diameter of 2.135 m, within which he spins and throws a sports projectile. In order for the attempt to be counted, the athlete must leave the circle only after the hammer hits the ground and only from the back of the circle. In addition, the hammer must fall within the designated sector fenced with a grid.
Due to the danger that the flying hammer poses to athletes participating in other types of competitions, the angle of the sector was constantly narrowed. In the 1900s it was 90°, in the 1960s it was 60°, and currently it is approximately 35°. For the same reason, the hammer throw competition is often held at the beginning of an athletics program or moved to another stadium.
Story
As a sport, hammer throwing originated in Scotland and Ireland, where it was originally a massive weight with a wooden handle attached. Since 1866, the first hard-handled hammer throwing competitions have been held in England. The first record was 24.50 m. Modern rules were established in England in 1887. Since 1896, a modern hammer with a handle in the form of a flexible steel cable has been introduced into training and competition practice. A significant contribution to the development of technology and popularity was made by the Irish athlete Flanagan, who emigrated to the USA in 1896. He became an Olympic champion three times (1900,1904,1908) and broke world records 14 times.
IAAF world records in the hammer throw have been recorded since 1913.
In post-war history, starting from the 1950s, the leadership among men was taken by athletes from Hungary and the USSR. In 1976-1988, Yuri Sedykh (USSR) won 2 gold and 1 silver medal at the Olympics, who still holds the world record (86.74m). Currently, athletes from Belarus, Poland, Japan, and Slovenia are leading in this event.
Starting in the 1990s, hammer throwing became popular among women. Since 2000, it has been included in the women's Olympic program. The leaders here are athletes from Russia, Cuba, Germany, and China.
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Hammer throwing technique
Hammer throwing is considered a purely male event. Women mastered shot put, discus and javelin throwing a long time ago, almost simultaneously with men, and hammer throwing was for a long time banned for women.
Hammer throwing came from throwing a blacksmith's hammer, which was common in Ireland, and it was thrown not only at a distance, but also up - to a height. An engraving has survived that depicts King Henry VIII of England throwing a blacksmith's hammer. Hammer throwing in England replaced the previously common club throwing. Moreover, the hammer was thrown not only by ordinary people at fairs and holidays, but also by nobles and members of the royal family.
At first, the weight of the projectile was arbitrary, as was the place for the takeoff run. Only in 1860 in England was it decided to determine the weight of the projectile as 16 pounds - 7.257 kg, and in 1875 a place for throwing was established - a circle with a diameter of 7 feet - 2.135 m. The shape of the projectile gradually changed, from a hammer it turned into into the ball, from the wooden handle came to the chain, then -
to a steel wire with a special metal handle.
For the first time, hammer throwing competitions were held in the annual athletics competitions of the Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and then were included in the English championship. In 1866, the Englishman R. James won the championship with a score of 24.50 m. Then the USA won the hammer throw, where the national champion Mitchell threw the projectile at 42.22 m in 1892.
The hammer throw was first included in the Olympics in 1900. Then the champion was the Irish-American D. Flanagan, who overcame the 50-meter line, his result was 51.00 m. In 1952, the Hungarian J. Cermak threw the hammer over 60 m. In 1960 Mr. American
G. Connolly exceeds the 70 m mark - 70.33 m. And the first thrower to master the 80 m mark was the Soviet athlete B. Zaychuk - 80.14 m, setting a world record.
A large role in the formation and development of hammer throwing belongs to athletes and coaches from the USA, Hungary and the USSR. Representatives of these countries occupied podiums at many international competitions, setting world and continental records.
Currently, the world record belongs to the Soviet athlete Yu. Sedykh - 86.74 m, set in 1986.
The history of the women's hammer throw is shorter than the history of all other types of athletics. For women, it was included in the Olympic Games only in 2000. And for the first time, women began to compete in this athletics event in 1995. In the same year, the world record was updated four times: first, the Romanian M. Melinte threw the hammer at 66.86 m, and then Russian O. Kuzenkova sets the record three times, bringing it to 68.16 m. In 1999, M. Melinte brings the record to 76.07 m, which still holds today. O. Kuzenkova holds the Russian record - 75.68 m.
At first, the athletes threw the hammer from a standstill, then they began to throw from one turn. In 1900, throwing with two turns was used for the first time, and 36 years later German athletes demonstrated hammer throws with three turns. At this time, the modern technique of throwing with heel-toe turns was established. Its founder is a German trainer
Sh. Christman. Currently, throwers throw with three or four turns.
Recently, the results of throwers have approached the border of 87 m. For a long time there was a question about using four turns in throwing, since there was little advantage in acceleration, and the chances of performing a spade increased. The fourth turn gave a maximum increase to the athlete's result of only 70 cm. The use of four turns only complicated the hammer throwing technique, especially for throwers with large feet.
Hammer throwing also implements the basic principle of all throwing - “body whip”, which is performed by a helical (bottom-up) translational rotation of the legs, body and projectile ejection, due to the dynamic forces that arise. It must be clearly understood that the transfer of energy to the projectile is possible only with a rigid support. It is also necessary to ensure that the head and shoulders do not precede the rotation of the legs and pelvis.
The hammer throwing technique can be divided into the following points, convenient for analysis:
Holding a hammer;
Initial position and preliminary rotation of the hammer;
Turns of a thrower with a hammer (rotational-translational);
Final effort;
Braking.
Holding a hammer. In order to avoid injury to the hand, the thrower is allowed to wear a glove on his hand. He holds the handle of the hammer on the middle phalanges of four fingers, the other hand is placed on top, covering the hand, the thumb of this hand is pressed against the hand of the lower hand, and the thumb of the lower hand is placed on top of this finger (Fig. 36).
Rice. 36. Holding a Hammer
If the hammer is released through the left shoulder, then the lower hand will be the left one, if through the right, then the right hand. This method of holding the projectile allows throwers to withstand centrifugal force of over 300 kg.
Initial position and preliminary rotation of the hammer. A circle with a diameter of 2.135 m is used completely by a qualified thrower, i.e. over the entire diameter. Before starting the rotation, the thrower stands towards the far side of the circle, with his back in the direction of throwing. The feet are placed slightly wider than the shoulders, so that the foot of the supporting leg (on which the rotation occurs) can perform a translational-rotational movement along a longer path, approaching the length of the diameter. Having assumed a stable position, the thrower squats slightly on his legs, his torso is slightly tilted forward. Then, moving the hammer to the left, then to the right, it begins to rotate, deflecting the body away from the hammer, i.e. holds it, gradually increasing the rotation speed. Typically, the pre-rotation speed of the strongest throwers reaches 14 m/s, the inclination of the hammer rotation plane is at an angle to the horizontal of 30–40°. When the hammer approaches the left shoulder, the arms begin to bend at the elbow joints, first the left, then the right. The arms pass above the head in a bent position. At the moment the hammer passes the right shoulder, their extension occurs, first with the left, then with the right arm. The arms are straightened in front of the chest, the torso is tilted back. Pre-rotation should be done freely, without unnecessary muscle tension. When performing a rotation and creating optimal conditions for starting turns, a major role is played by the movement of the thrower (mainly the pelvis) in the direction opposite to the action of the centrifugal force of the hammer (Fig. 37).
Rice. 37. Hammer pre-rotation
Hammer thrower turns. The purpose of all turns is acceleration. Moreover, the first turn is used for a smooth transition from preliminary rotations to rotational-translational movements in a circle, and the last one is used for better execution of the final effort. Entry into a turn is very important. In each of the subsequent turns, the angle of the hammer rotation plane gradually increases, reaching 44°.
The first turn is performed on the toe of the left foot, followed by three turns using the heel-toe variation, i.e. half a turn is performed on the heel of the left foot, half a turn on the toe of the left foot. Thus, the thrower moves two feet towards the sector. During the first turn, the thrower slightly bends the knees, the left foot rotates on the toe, and the right foot pushes off with the toe. The thrower turns around its axis on the left leg without using forward movement. Thus, in the first turn, the thrower does not use the area of the circle at his disposal, but returns to the starting position. In this way, he can move on to the next turns with forward movements, and the possibility of a spade is eliminated. This is a variant of throwing with four turns, which places high demands on the thrower's technique. At the same time, the additional first turn in place allows the thrower to smoothly enter the acceleration of the projectile.
A simpler version of the hammer acceleration is from three turns, which is used by most athletes, especially when initially learning the hammer throwing technique (Fig. 38).
Rice. 38. Turns in the hammer throw
In this case, the athlete immediately begins a rotational-translational movement, from the first turn. It is very important that each subsequent turn is performed faster than the previous one. Rotation of the thrower, i.e. making a turn should be faster than moving the hammer in a circle. The thrower must lead the hammer and not spin behind it. Uniformly accelerated movement in turns should be smooth, without jerking. The angles of body inclination and flexion in the knee and hip joints change throughout all turns. Their change depends on the magnitude of the centrifugal force, changes in the position of the plane of rotation of the hammer and the speed of its rotation. When making turns, the thrower moves towards the opposite part of the circle one and a half to two feet for each turn. In this case, the right leg, performing a quick circular swing, approaches the left supporting leg, and the placement of the feet occurs not along two parallel lines, but along two converging lines. The head is held straight, as in the starting position.
When accelerating a projectile during turns, a distinction is made between double-support and single-support positions of the thrower. In a two-support position, the right foot pushes off the surface of the circle in order to accelerate rotation. In a single-support position, the thrower speeds up the movement by quickly swinging his right leg. During turns, the arms are always straightened at the elbow joints. In a single-support position, the deviation of the body to the side from the hammer is greater than in a double-support position. At the end of the turn, the thrower places his right leg with his entire foot in line with his left leg, while the hammer is to the right of the thrower at shoulder level. The active influence of the thrower on increasing the speed of the hammer occurs in a two-support position. The time of this position decreases with each turn, but the force impulse created by the muscles in a shorter time period increases, which increases the acceleration of the projectile. After the thrower has completed the third turn with his right foot on the ground, the final effort phase begins.
Final effort. After placing the right foot on the support, the thrower finds himself in a position with his back in the direction of throwing. The torso is slightly tilted to the left, and the hammer is on the left at shoulder level. When the hammer passes the bottom point of rotation, the torso straightens and the legs begin to straighten at the knee joints. After passing the lowest point and the middle axis of the thrower’s body, the hammer deflects the body back while simultaneously straightening the legs, performing a kind of deadlift. When the hammer is raised to the level of the left shoulder, the thrower turns sideways towards the sector, the left leg is fully straightened, the right leg, bent at the knee, rests the toe on the ground, the body leans back from the hammer. Next, the hammer continues to rise up and down, and when the hammer rises above the thrower, it is released from the hands (Fig. 39).
Rice. 39. Final effort phase of the hammer throw
First, the right hand releases the hammer, after a moment - the left hand, which only accompanies the hammer. The final force creates the optimal direction for the hammer to fly out at an angle of 44°. In this type of throwing, this angle of projectile departure is the greatest. After the projectile is released, the thrower is no longer affected by the forces of rotational motion and the mass of the hammer, and he begins to brake so as not to step outside the circle or fly out of it due to inertia. It should be noted that of all types of throwing, this type is completely supporting, i.e. If in other types of throwing the flight phase is observed in the acceleration phase of the projectile, then in hammer throwing there is always contact with the support.
Braking. After releasing the projectile, the thrower continues to rotate on his left leg around its axis to maintain balance, i.e. without moving forward. At the same time, with a swinging movement, he moves his right leg back closer to the center of the circle, tilting his torso away from the sector. The arms help perform the rotational movement. Some throwers perform a jump as when braking in other throws.
It must be remembered that without preliminary physical training of the thrower it is impossible to begin mastering the hammer throwing technique. The force at which throwing is performed reaches 300–500 kg for the strongest throwers; for beginners, naturally, it will be less, but still quite high. The athlete needs to prepare his muscles in order to successfully withstand this load.
Studies by some authors in the field of hammer throwing among women have not shown any differences in the rhythmic structure of movements, i.e. Some specific “female” throwing technique has not yet been formed. There are slight differences in the decrease in the total time of turns, and in women there is a more gradual decrease in the time of turns from the first to the third, i.e. increase in rotation speed: 7 – 6 – 3% - in women, and in men this figure is 19 – 3 – 1%. Apparently, this is explained by the greater mass of the hammer in men (they need to immediately quickly increase the speed of rotation of the hammer) or by the fact that the speed of preliminary rotations of the hammer is higher in men.
Anatomically, the female body is better suited to hammer throwing than to other types of throwing, since a long (relative to the legs) torso helps maintain balance in a rotational movement, and the shorter length of the foot facilitates the technical execution of four turns, leaving space in the circle. Women and men have approximately the same ratios of fast and slow muscle fibers, which makes it possible to talk about equal opportunities in the manifestation of speed abilities, other things being equal. If the voluntary strength of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and torso is 40-70% of male indicators, then the relative strength of the legs is often higher. This is of great importance, since the strength of the muscles of the lower extremities is a determining factor in throwing for achieving high athletic results. The lower weight of the apparatus in women, amounting to 5-6% of the athlete’s weight (7-8% in men), determines the predominantly speed-oriented development of physical qualities.
