Fishing stand. Fixed seine fishing. Fishing in ponds with set traps can be very effective, especially with bait

Over many years of experience in operating fixed seines, it has become clear that external openings and lifting roads significantly increase manufacturing costs and complicate the installation of seines; in the current, they block the entrance to the seine trap and prevent fish walking directly along the seine from entering it. Therefore, based on practical experience in using such seines, fishermen abandoned external openings and external lift roads.

The following fact is important. Salmon, primarily pink salmon, which makes up 3/4 of Russia’s total catch, stick to the very top layer of the ocean, the thickness of which in summer does not exceed several tens of meters, so F.I. Baranov believes that there is no need to make the height of the trap and wing more than 14 m. For pink salmon fishing, as research by V.A. Markin, you can limit yourself to a surface layer of water up to 6 m deep. Therefore, taking into account the current, there is no need to make the height of the trap more than 10 m.

Based on the description of fixed seine designs presented by V.N. Melnikov. , a tree of fixed seines was built (Fig. 5).

Symmetrical traps have found the greatest application. Asymmetrical ones are more often used in areas where fish movement in one direction prevails or where there is a constant current. So, in Primorye, fish (pink salmon) come from the south, and the northern current operates, therefore, the cage is located from the north or on the left side of the wing. Asymmetrical seines have a lower cost (by 30-50%), and for small catches the choice of such a design is decisive.

Rice. 4. Various designs of Russian seines: A – herring; B – salmon storm-resistant; C – with an external lift road; D – combined; E – TINRO designs

Rice. 5. Tree of fixed nets

Seines with one entrance have the simplest design, which combines a yard and a cage, are lower in cost, small in size, and are also easier to operate and install. But these seines have lower catchability compared to combined ones (2 times), so the latter are most widespread. Combined seines, as a rule, have three entrances, Japanese bottom ones - five. As the design becomes more complex, the holding capacity of seines increases.

In the Far East, the method of installing seines on a soft frame has become widespread. In rare cases, you can find installation on a rigid frame or on stakes. In closed estuaries or on muddy soils, i.e. where there is no excitement, this method is completely justified. So, for example, fixed seines are installed in the river. Amur.

There are two types of installation: single and lava. Considering that fixed seines are expensive structures, placing two or more seines on one central cable is carried out in exceptional cases. Thus, on Sakhalin, the eastern coast has shallow depths, so it is necessary to install from 3 to 5 seines on one central cable 1 km or more long.

Such a seine setup makes it possible to increase fishing productivity, since salmon pass along the coast, sometimes at a considerable distance, gradually approaching the shore line at the end of their move.

Of the four known methods of fishing with fixed seines (see Fig. 5), two are used, depending on the fishing area: coastal and semi-suspended. In the first method, the entire thickness of water is covered from the shore to the place where the trap is installed. In the second case, the wing is installed to its full depth, and the trap is torn off the ground. The first method is used more often at shallow depths - 5-15 m; at depths of more than 15 m, the second method is used.

At great depths, especially where the shore is deep, it is possible to install a suspended seine. So, for example, in the Kuril Islands in some areas the coastal zone is broken due to volcanic activity, so it is not possible to install a different type of seine. Here they use seines with a yard without a bottom.

Luxol

Fixed seines from the group of traps are most common. Their principle of automatic fishing and the ability to keep fish alive attracts much attention from specialists.

The catchability of fixed seines depends on the factors influencing the entry of fish into the yard and into the chambers, and their holding capacity.

a guide wing that serves as an obstacle to the movement of the fish and forces it to change the direction of movement towards the location of the camera;
an entrance hole that makes it easier for fish to enter the trap and makes it difficult for them to get back out of it;
a chamber (boiler, box, cage) that holds and keeps the catch alive from one inspection to the next.

The fixed seine is a rectangular net chamber with brackets in the form of vertical flaps. Adding a wing increases the fish's entry into the chamber.

Fixed seines - application

It was found that the use of wings longer than 18 m for carp fishing is inappropriate, since in this case the carp does not enter the trap, but after walking along it for some time turns around. The recommended wing installation angle is 30°; if the trap has a trap, the angle between them should be 60°.

To catch marketable fish in feeding ponds, it is best to use two-chamber traps with a length of 5-8 m, a width of -3-5 m and a height of at least 15 m. To ensure that the fish caught in the trap are not injured on the netting of the fixed seine, the del should be frequently meshed with a cell pitch of 20-26 mm and made of thick thread 93.5 or 187 Tex. In this case, the wings and the first wing can have a pitch of 25-35 mm.

What does tex marking mean?

Carp and silver carp are very careful, so it is better to leave such traps open at the top, or close the large-mesh trap.

The advantage of a fixed seine

The advantage of such fishing gear is the autonomy of their action. The fish is kept alive for a long time and all the fisherman’s work comes down to only selecting the fish. In addition, such fishing gear can be used in places inaccessible to seine fishing.

The studs are installed on stakes, frames or floats and guy lines with weights and anchors. You need to unload fish from the nests from the boat by lifting the bottom of the nest from one edge (entrance), moving it to the opposite wall and driving the fish into a corner where it can be selected with a net.

It is better to install traps in places with dense vegetation and mask the entrance to the trap. The mesh used for the construction of fixed seines must be painted green or brown.

luxsol.ru

Commercial fishing gear in fish farming

How fish are caught in pond and lake fish farming

In the practice of fishery development of inland water bodies, including complex purpose water bodies (CPRs), various tools are used to catch fish, but preference is given to active fishing means.

Regardless of the methods and gear used, reservoirs must first be prepared for fishing:

carefully examine the bed and banks;
clear the water area of floating or ground-bound objects, trees and bushes protruding above the water;
remove alloys;
clear the bottom of sunken objects; level the bed;
perform other work depending on specific conditions.

According to the principle of action, fishing gear is divided into three groups.

The first category includes “enveloping” networks. The principle of their operation is based on the fact that the fish gets stuck, or “entangles,” trying to pass through nets installed in the form of a wall along its path. The netting in such tools is made of thin thread and either cuts into the body of the fish or entangles it. In VKN and on small lakes they use fixed nets, which remain motionless in one place during the fishing process. Their catchability is low and, compared to other tools, does not exceed 14-15%. Fenced networks are widespread. They use them to catch fish different types. In ponds, single nets are used, and for fishing larger reservoirs, the nets are connected sequentially into a long wall, the so-called net order.

The fixed network (Fig.) is a canvas rectangular shape, planted on the upper and lower ribs and sometimes on the side veins.

Types of fixed networks: simple; b - cutting.

The picks are made longer than the planted web of the net in such a way that free ends 0.5-0.8 m long protrude from each side of it. These ends, called hooks, are intended for tying the nets into a net order. Sometimes the ears are made in the form of loops. Nets are planted with a coefficient of 0.5! Foam plastic floats (melt) are attached to the upper selection, and sinkers are attached to the lower one. The number of both depends on whether the network will operate afloat or will be buried. In terms of design, fixed nets are simple and “thin”, sometimes they are called two- and three-walled depending on the number of net walls.

To fish areas 1.5-2 m deep, the nets are installed on poles, and with increasing depth - on anchors. The first net is tied in such a way that the lower hook is located from the lower end of the pole at a distance equal to the depth of its driving into the ground, and the upper one is tied depending on the height of the net. The other end of the net is tied to the second pole in the same way, the hooks of the first end of the second net are attached to it, etc. The prepared nets are put into a boat and taken to the installation site. On poles they are usually installed for one night or a day, but sometimes for a longer time. In the first case, the catch is selected simultaneously with the removal of the net order, and in the second, they are sorted at least twice a day, removing the caught fish.

Even more common is the installation of fixed formations on anchors both in shallow and deep water. Stones, bricks and other available materials are used as anchors.

The second group consists of straining tools in the form of a net wall of various shapes. Having swept part of the reservoir, the tackle is washed ashore or onto a boat. Water passes freely through the meshes, the fish is retained, but does not become entangled or entangled, but remains on the canvas or rolls into skein. In these cases, netting is undesirable and even harmful, as it slows down the work and reduces the productivity of fishermen. Therefore, mesh fabric is made from coarser threads and with a finer mesh than nets. The most widely used of this group of weapons were cast nets. A seine with a length of at least 1/3 of the perimeter of the reservoir is considered optimal. A casting homowing seine (picture below) consists of two identical wings, two drives and a reel.

Diagram of a homowinged cast net: 1 - wing; 2 - drive; 3 - coil 4 - outlet hole (shirt) of coil; 5 - upper selection; 6 - lower bore; 7 - floats; 8 - sinkers; 9 - nag; 10 - bridle; 11 - cut.

The wings are designed to cover the fished area of the water area and represent the longest part of the seine. They are made from relatively light, large-mesh material, and sometimes they are composite: sheets of heavier, fine-mesh material are placed in the center. This distribution of the fish is explained by the behavior of the fish: at the beginning of the work of the net, it does not try to leave the swept space, but as it sinks, it tries to leave the net. This is prevented by the part of the wing remaining in the water. The height of the wings towards the ends (nags) is reduced so that when they sink, they are the first to go ashore.

The drives are used to guide the fish into the reel. They are made from thicker thread and fine-mesh thread 20-40 m long and sewn with motney.

For selections, the seine is set with a coefficient of 0.5. A float is attached to the top, a load is attached to the bottom, and poles or nags are attached to the side edges. They straighten the ends of the net, preventing the nets from folding when sinking. Edges - ropes - are tied to the nags, and the net is pulled by them. Catching marketable fish from the VKN is the most difficult and time-consuming task. Large cast nets have the greatest effect. Their catchability increases in proportion to the area of the covered space, which is confirmed by the experience of total fishing of small lakes in the Novgorod, Pskov and Leningrad regions, as well as some VKN of the Stavropol Territory.

According to the Pskov branch of GosNIORKh, total fishing did not have a negative impact on the ichthyofauna of small lakes in the North-West. Moreover, there is a qualitative improvement in its composition due to the removal of low-value species. A sparse school of commercial fish uses feed resources better and gains marketable weight faster.

It is recommended to fish an elongated reservoir with longitudinal nets when the seine covers its entire width. If fishing is carried out with one seine, then the reservoir is blocked into two parts with fixed nets. This makes it possible to filter almost the entire water mass, and the number of tones depends on the length of the reservoir.

In this case, a seine with a length of 1.5 times the maximum width of the reservoir and a height of 5-6 m with extended wings is recommended. In the VKN with winding banks, the nags of the seine sometimes move away from the banks, so additional fenders have to be attached to them.

In silted reservoirs, the lower intake cuts into the silt. To avoid this, a so-called “valance” is sewn to it, and the seine moves more easily along the muddy bottom. To facilitate fishing in non-drainage reservoirs, water is partially pumped out of them with pumps in the fall.

Practice has shown that the bulk of carp and carp are caught first. In subsequent periods, their catch drops sharply, as frightened fish move to hard-to-fish areas. Therefore, the first longitudinal tone must be carried out especially carefully.

Fishing teams in the Stavropol Territory successfully use long seines to fish non-drainable stocked reservoirs. Each team consists of 12 people: a foreman, two mechanics, a cook and eight fishermen. A caravan of five boats is formed at the pier:

the first is equipped with a stationary engine with a power of 11 liters. With. and a winch driven by a Vyatka engine;
the second is a seine net (a seine 750 m long is laid in the stern of the boat, the upper one is laid in loops, the lower one is laid in rings);
the third is equipped with a 1000 m long edge (cable with a diameter of 30 mm);
the fourth has a edge and a winch (a truss with rollers is installed in the bow for normal cable supply); the fifth is intended for transporting caught fish.

A formed caravan, as a rule, goes to the baited fish, but if this was not done in advance, then the foreman goes on the lead boat and “gropes” for the fish with his pole. An experienced fisherman on the move feels the fish hitting the pole, and at this point the seine begins to be noticed.

The first and second boats, without slowing down, sweep the seine in a semicircle, moving away from the shore along the entire length of the edge. The sinking begins immediately after the net is swept out, pulling both wings at the same time. The trailing wing is one and a half times shorter, so it is pulled out first, the nag is secured with a steel pin on the shore, and the upper bridle is thrown onto the boat (Fig.).

Scheme of sweeping the seine: 1 - edge; 2 - wing (comes from the shore); 3 - motnya; 4 - beige wing (larger); 5 - edge; 6 - seine netter; 7 - powerboat.

The third group is represented by traps or stationary fishing gear, which account for no more than 5% of the total fish catch in our country. Such tools (Fig. below) are especially suitable for fishing snags in water bodies. Venter is a net cylinder, or barrel.

Fixed fishing gear: A, B, C - venteri; G - fixed seine.

When cast, it lies on its side at the bottom of the reservoir. At one end the barrel has a hole for the fish to enter, and at the other end it ends with a net cone called a coddle, or coddle. It is held in working condition by wooden or metal hoops - rollers. The diameter of the inlet coil is, as a rule, larger than the others. The length of the venter ranges from 1 to 20 m, and the diameter of the inlet cathedral ranges from 0.5 to 5-6 m. Inside the barrel there are mesh necks, or snouts, in the form of truncated cones, with a wide base directed towards the exit, and a narrow one directed towards the inside of the venter. They direct the fish into the barrel and do not allow it to escape back.

To increase catchability, the barrel is equipped with wings from 5 to 200 m long. They block the passage of the fish from the bottom to the surface and direct it into the vent. Several additional small wings, the so-called openers, serve the same purpose. Fish caught in the venter are accumulated and stored in it. During inspection, small-sized venteri are removed entirely from the water, while large ones have only a codend, the end of which is unraveled and the fish is shaken out into the boat.

According to the principle of operation, fixed seines (stavniki) are similar to venters. They are most widely distributed in marine coastal fisheries.

It must be taken into account, however, that the use of a large number of passive fishing gear or small seines of various designs requires a significant expenditure of effort to maintain them and does not allow the widespread use of mechanization. The result is low labor productivity of fishermen, high cost of fish caught, and incomplete use of the raw material base of reservoirs. G. Servetnikr Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

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Fishing with fixed and floating nets

One of the main fishing gear for salmon fishing is a garva net.

Garva is an old fishing term, used in medieval Russian chronicles, and comes from the Sami word “harrav” - this is how the aborigines of the Kola Peninsula and the northern part of Scandinavia called their salmon fishing nets, which were used at least since the end of the last millennium.

The “harrvas” of the Sami hardly resembled the current garves, at least in the middle of the nineteenth century, V. Dahl in his dictionary gave the following definition of garve: “a set-up net for salmon, 10 fathoms long, 3 fathoms wide, meshes 1-2 inches.”

But by the end of the century, the garves had grown significantly in size, and the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary reports: “The length of the garves varies and sometimes reaches several miles.”

The length of modern garves used for fishing in fresh water is at least hundreds of meters, the height is 8–9 meters, the mesh is 70-100 mm. It is possible to stretch a net of this size in water only with floats with a large carrying capacity (previously they used the so-called “kubass”, now they have been successfully replaced plastic bottles from soft drinks). The orders of garves are not arranged in a straight line, but rather in a rather cunning labyrinth, in search of a way out of which the salmon become entangled in the meshes.

The large size (combined with a hefty price) makes this tackle “unaffordable” for amateurs, both in the figurative and literal sense of the word - it cannot be put out from an ordinary boat. And the fisheries inspection does not issue licenses to amateurs to use garves, they are too large and catchy.

However, there are “amateurs” - they fish with garves in Lake Ladoga, even more often in Onega. Often, when trolling on these lakes, spoons and wobblers get caught on garves that do not have any identification tags required for fishing gear. But such fishing can only be called “amateur” in quotation marks – it’s the same fishery, only underground.

If garves are used on wide bodies of water, which cannot be blocked from bank to bank, then on the relatively narrow rivers of the Kola Peninsula a different method of installing nets is used: they are stretched across the river, in parallel, at a distance of no more than 2 meters from each other. Usually the river is blocked with 3 nets, sometimes their number in one place reaches 5–6. The meaning of this setup is as follows: salmon see the net well in clear water and do not want to go into it. But instinct drives the fish to the upper reaches, to the spawning grounds - it jumps over an obstacle and immediately finds itself in front of the next one, without having free space to accelerate before a new jump. And if he somehow gets smart and jumps over the second net, then there’s a third one ahead, etc.

But this happens only in theory. In fact, salmon, which manage to jump onto two-meter waterfalls (also having almost no room for acceleration), often effortlessly overcome obstacles set by humans. Here is a small sketch made by a visiting St. Petersburg spinning angler who made his debut on the rivers of the Murmansk region (V. Makeev, “For the first time on Kola,” “Rybolov” No. 4/2000):

“The next day we decided to fish on the Kuz River, which is only 20 km from the village (from Umba - A. Sh.). It was clear from everything that the fisheries inspectorate had given up on this river - it seemed that it didn’t exist here at all, and, as a result, there was no salmon - poachers had killed it almost completely. But the remnants of the once large herd stubbornly walked to their native river, overcoming the nets placed one after another.

We saw the poachers almost immediately, they were lounging on the grass, looking towards the river: what if some fool, having flown into the net, would still try to get out of it. After questioning them, we were horrified to learn that there were at least 50–60 nets on this river! They completely crossed the river, and moreover, in two or three rows: salmon is a smart fish, it jumps over the net, but, having overcome one, it flies into another with acceleration. One fish can be exchanged for 6 bottles of vodka, so they guard it day and night, not thinking that it will be lost in this river forever.

And yet, by some miracle, some salmon get through the nets!”

Emotional opinion. A visiting sportsman might think a little: local residents have been catching salmon this way since time immemorial - but it still hasn’t ended... He could, but he didn’t think about it. I didn't want to. Or failed.

But another opinion, more balanced, is the view on the problem of the nets of the Kola fly fisherman A. Sokolov, presented on the Internet, which, presumably, is somewhat better than Mr. Makeev, familiar with local realities:

“At the same time, there are people who fish for sale with sports equipment - spinning and fly fishing. During the season, some of the most “efficient” manage to catch up to 200 tails, and this is not somewhere on the teeming Varzuga, but on Kola! And this is for one person! The fishing mode is simple - “caught-in-the-bush”.

At the same time, in the nets in June and July there really is little to be found - I shot a lot of nets at that time on Kola and Kitsa - empty. The salmon is not stupid, it sees the net well. And blocking the river from bank to bank with an order of 5-6 nets placed every 2 meters in order to catch fish jumping over the net does not help. But in the fall, with dark, long nights, the nets become catchy. Yes, and belts too, and floating ones.”

I have said it more than once and I will repeat it: there are no predatory gear, there are predator fishermen. What causes more damage to salmon populations – nets or spinning fly fishing – is a controversial issue. But an interesting fact should be noted: in the middle of the 20th century, when the use of nets on the Kola rivers was practically unlimited, and spinners on their banks were a unique phenomenon, salmon entered the rivers many times more.

Some athletes speak out for such a radical solution to the problem: ban nets once and for all, strictly monitor the implementation of the ban, and catch with sports gear according to the “catch and release” principle.

In response, I can only give one more quote, this time from myself, my beloved (from the preface to one of my books):

“Oh yes, there is also the famous principle: “catch and release.” But it’s not so simple with it either... It is used en masse for licensed fishing on spawning salmon rivers. They say that the athlete will amuse himself, and the salmon will spawn and produce offspring...

Oh? After all, salmon do not feed in rivers: they grab a small fish that comes along, bite it in half and throw it away - they instinctively care about the fate of their offspring, reducing the number of people who like to feast on salmon eggs and fry. The entire energy reserve for the long journey to the spawning grounds and for the spawning itself is in the fat accumulated by the fish over the months of sea life. And that supply is barely enough, just enough - the salmon roll back into the sea, emaciated, exhausted to the last degree.

What if a considerable part of that reserve was spent on a long, fierce struggle, on attempts to get away from the spinning rod of a nature-loving athlete? What if we add the consequences of traumatic shock? One cannot discount the nervous shock of being in the hands of people (after all, it would be unsporting to do without a photo shoot with a defeated fish). After all this, does the fish still have a chance of successful spawning? Okay, let's say they remain. Tiny, but they remain. So, there is a new licensed area ahead, and again the spoon falls in front of the salmon’s nose, and again instinct makes it grab it...

I am not saying that if you salt the caught salmon, there will be more fish in the rivers. But somehow it will work out more honestly, without the sanctimonious sportsman’s hypocrisy...”

However, let's return from discussions about poaching and sportiness to catching salmon with nets. For fans of more than garves, small orders of relatively short nets are available, allowed by the rules. Naturally, they are used not in large lakes, but in relatively narrow and non-turbulent sections of rivers.

L.P. Sabaneev described such orders called “curtains”:

“Fixed nets (for catching salmon - A. Sh.) are divided into curtains and garves. The first ones consist of two fixed nets supported on stakes; one of the networks - the “wall” - goes from the shore perpendicular to its direction; the other network - the “factory” - is adjacent to the first with its middle, going perpendicular to it, therefore, parallel to the shore; a “cache” is attached to the ends of the plant - a semicircular network with the hole facing the wall; access to the cache is narrowed by two networks, which leave only a small passage between them - “gates”. A salmon walking along the shore runs into a wall, turns along it, runs into a plant, turns around again, and finally gets caught through a gate into a hiding place, from where it is difficult for it to get out.”

A rather vague description, and the classic did not provide a picture to clarify the essence of the matter. However, it is clear that the systems of fixed gill nets used today differ little from the “curtains” - the principle is the same: put an obstacle in the way of salmon going upstream and wrap it in a tight pen, surrounded on all sides by the net.

Where amateurs are allowed nets up to 60 m in length (or two thirty-meter ones), you can still try to set up something like a “curtain” alone; where you can fish with only one net 25–30 m long, at least two people must go out fishing (and each fisherman must have his own personal permit; however, many of our fishermen despise the bureaucracy and get by just fine on dark nights without papers with stamps).

In Fig. 17 shows an order of two single-walled thirty-meter nets installed near the shore on stakes driven into the bottom. Using the same scheme, by proportionally increasing the indicated distances, you can stretch two 60-meter networks, the main thing is not to violate the proportions: the angles BVG and EZHZ in the depicted figure should not exceed 35–40 degrees.

Rice. 17. A set of two 30-meter nets for catching salmon. Distances between stakes: AB – 30 m; BV and VG – 6 m; GL and DE – 3–3.5 m; EZh and ZhZ – 6 m; ZB –1.5 m.

Special “salmon” nets are quite expensive, so sometimes two types of nets are used in one design. For example, in the AB section, an ordinary “bream” net made of twisted thread is pulled into a straight line (salmon almost never get tangled in it, and it only performs a guiding function), and a polygonal figure is built from a special “salmon” one.

Theoretically, the guide net can be made from any equipped net fabric, for example, from a seine wing - this is how fishermen construct their nets. But in practice, it is impossible to implement such an idea: salmon nets are always placed on the bank closer to which the river’s core is located, and the strong current does not allow the use of nets with a large windage (strong - in this case, only in comparison with the current on the opposite bank; You can’t set up a network on a real rapid).

Why exactly “bream”? Why not some kind of fine-mesh particle? For several reasons. Firstly, every little thing won’t come across and distract you from serious fishing. Secondly, due to the increased mesh size, the net will catch less fallen leaves and other debris floating along the river in the fall. Thirdly, salmon may not notice a net designed for small fish, - that is, usually tied from a thin fishing line - and foolishly flies into it. An event that is sad not for the salmon, but for the net and its owner - in the morning, instead of the caught fish, a large hole will be found in the net. And large-mesh gill nets for catching spring caviar bream in our area are knitted from twisted nylon thread, quite thick and coarse (for some reason, bream goes into such a net more willingly than into a thin line one, perhaps in search of objects that “rubs” against, squeezing out caviar and milk). Such tackle holds salmon, although it is rarely caught in it.

But an ordinary “bream” net needs some modification, first of all, equipping it with additional floats and weights (especially if it uses cargo and floating cords with weights and floats woven inside - such nets are suitable exclusively for calm water, and on rivers they are installed in creeks, bays and along coastal grasses).

Large (18–20 cm in diameter) and heavy rings made of a five-millimeter metal rod are tied as additional sinkers; A foam float is attached above each ring. Cast lead weights are inconvenient to use - they fall into large meshes of the net, tangling the tackle.

The carrying capacity of floats is determined experimentally: they take a float that is obviously larger than needed, tie a ring to it and lower it into a barrel of water. Then reduce the float until it, together with the ring, begins to sink quickly, reaching the bottom of the barrel in 2–3 seconds; the resulting float is used as a template for making the rest.

The gaps between additional floats and sinkers depend on the initial load of the net and the strength of the current in the place chosen for fishing, and can range from 0.5 to 1.5 meters. There is no point in tying them more often than every 0.5 m: if the current still “lays” the net, you can tie anchors (heavy, several kilograms, metal weights or stones of the same weight) to it every 5–6 meters, and Above each anchor, tie a two-liter plastic bottle to the top cord. To prevent the net from deforming in the water, in the places where the anchors are attached, a vertical string is passed through its cells (nylon cord 1.5–2 mm thick, and the length is slightly less than the height of the net in the landing), tying its ends to the upper and lower selection.

If the anchors do not help keep the net in the correct vertical position, look for a new place for fishing, with a calmer current.

Now let's move from the auxiliary net, stretched perpendicular to the shore, to the main part of the gear - to the one that actually catches salmon.

It is best to purchase a branded salmon net made in Finland or Norway, with a mesh size of 70–80 mm (this mesh size is most optimal for Luga salmon; in places where larger salmon enter, it is possible to use a mesh size of 100–120 mm). Imported salmon nets are made of multi-monofilament thread - the name is complex, but, to put it simply, among the materials from which nets are knitted, this thread is the same as “braid” among fishing lines: with a small thickness, it is characterized by increased strength.

The best networks are connected without knots; there is also such a technology for machine networking: the intersecting threads that form a cell of the mesh fabric are not connected, but are, as it were, woven into one another. Usually commercially available salmon nets are set correctly, but sometimes they still have to be reloaded, adjusting them to specific fishing conditions; however, this is not such a labor-intensive task compared to knitting and planting.

The only disadvantage of Norwegian and Finnish “salmon fish”, especially knotless ones, is the high price. Therefore, many people use homemade nets: either they knit the net fabric themselves, or they put ready-made nets on selections. In the first case, I do not recommend using monofilament, although with a thickness of 0.4–0.5 mm it holds entangled salmon. But the problem is in the knots: monofilament is generally quite slippery compared to twisted nylon threads, and requires a more complex knot, or a double regular knot, otherwise it will “crawl”; On thick monofilament, it is especially difficult to tighten such knots and they turn out to be bulky and sloppy - nets with them are more likely to catch debris floating by, and fish are reluctant to go into them.

On commercially available scaffolding mesh fabrics, the knots are small and neat, but they also use a clever technology: the threads only on the knots are heated to a certain temperature and glued and fused - as a result, a simple knot does not “creep”. A factory-made canvas made from monofilament is suitable for a salmon net, but the trouble is that it is almost impossible to find on sale canvases with a mesh of 70-100 mm and a line diameter of 0.5 mm - the circle of possible buyers is too limited.

Large-mesh fabrics made of twisted nylon thread are found on sale much more often - they are usually used when planting a salmon net on your own.

The planting methods are somewhat different from those used in the manufacture of a conventional particle network. If in a net intended for small fish, on the so-called. “flint” or “posad” (a piece of planting thread between two knots attaching it to the lower or upper selection) is loosely strung from 4 to 7 outer meshes of the net fabric, then in salmon nets - no more than two, and then with a relatively small mesh (60 –70 mm), and in large-mesh nets (over 70 mm) each cell is attached to the fences (a similar fit is used in the manufacture of nonsense).

Rice. 18. Planting a large mesh salmon net.

Only in those cases when the point of attachment of the landing thread to the selection falls on the float, two cells are placed on the “flint” in any case (the dimensions of the float do not allow it to be placed between the cells). The metal rod rings described above are used as sinkers, and there is no need to double the length of the “flint” to attach them.

Rice. 19. Planting a salmon net at the place where the float is attached.

In advance, before the net is planted, the floats are strung on the cord of the upper harness and fixed with wooden wedges at a given distance from each other. The sinker rings are then tied onto the assembled net, each one exactly under the float. It happens that, due to fishing conditions, it is necessary to use very large floats and very heavy rings - in such cases it does not hurt to connect them with vertical strings, as described above.

If you need a particularly heavy load, then it is not advisable to increase the diameter of the load rings too much. At the same time, it is difficult to bend them from a very thick rod - it is much easier to connect two rings together by attaching one to the other and securing it with electrical tape.

Cords for selection and landing thread are used of increased thickness and increased strength. Landing knots also need to be knitted more securely: for example, Finnish fishermen use the knots shown in Fig. 20.

Rice. 20. Particularly strong knots for planting salmon nets.

The landing coefficient of the net along the length is standard, 1?2: that is, from a 60-meter doll a 30-meter net should be obtained. Nets with a landing coefficient of 1?2.5 (exactly this landing is shown in Fig. 18) are more catchy, but in rivers they are applicable only in places with weak currents, that is, extremely rarely - mainly such nets are used for fishing in flowing lakes of Karelia and Kola peninsula.

The stakes for installing the net are cut down strong (alder and similar trees are not suitable), with a thickness at the top of at least 3–4 cm; if the lower end turns out to be too thick, the excess wood is trimmed off it.

Each stake is tied in turn to the net in advance at two points, to the bottom and top pick-up (to the bottom - stepping back from the end of the stake at a distance equal to the depth of the stake into the bottom soil), and then driven into the bottom using a sledgehammer and a simple device called “ hammer" - a piece of metal pipe mounted on a pole.

Usually the stakes are driven so that they do not reach the surface of the water by 5-10 cm, which makes the exposed tackle invisible from the outside.

There is another way to install a single-wall salmon net, which is much simpler, but much less catchy. It is used in shallow places where for some reason it is impossible to stretch a net in the form of a trap: a rocky bottom that does not allow driving in stakes, too strong a current, etc. Moreover, you can fish with a net using this method without a boat, wade in, and install the net in alone.

A simplified installation is called a “weather vane” - one end of the net is firmly tied to a stake or metal pipe, and it itself is freely pulled out by the force of the current, not fixed in any way by anything else, and sways like a weather vane, or rather, like a large flag in the wind. To avoid twisting the network into a bundle, the so-called so-called rope is tied to the far end. “nag” is a wooden pole equipped with a weight at the upper end and a float at the upper end; the load is selected so that the nag stands vertically in the water, but only its float remains on the surface.

The length of the nag should be significantly less than the height of the net when planted (for example, for a net 1.8 m high, a meter-long nag is sufficient). Along the entire length of the net, vertical strings equal to the length of the nag are placed every 3–4 meters. Heavy sinkers are not needed with this fishing method; the net must have positive buoyancy - it is enough for the weight cord to give it a vertical position in the water.

Such a net is already something of a cross between fixed and smooth nets, the catching of salmon with which is described in detail in the article “Floating Nets.”

Next chapter

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Set net

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in coastal zone. The fixed seine contains a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage. The central cable, guide wing and frame are mounted on pick-ups and secured with guy ropes and anchors. The traps are installed opposite each other on the frame, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable. The main and additional traps have two pairs of inputs formed from the shore and the sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end. An increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine is ensured by increasing the fishing area. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in the coastal zone.

Fishing with fixed seines in some areas is a rather complex problem that has not yet been solved. On the one hand, the problem arises due to the bottom topography where the seines are installed - the relief is not the same - it is difficult to install the seine to the optimal depth, it can cling to the topography and tear when the sea is rough. On the other hand, the design of seines generally provides for entry into the trap only from the shore, which does not allow collecting big catch, because the fish that comes from the sea goes back to the sea.

In addition, due to low storm resistance, in conditions of strong waves or storms, the seines become entangled, washed ashore and become completely unusable.

Thus, at the moment, the level of technical development and technology for installing fixed seines in industrial fishing conditions are still far from perfect.

A fixed seine is known, including a guide wing, a yard with openings, a lifting road and a cage equipped with distributed buoyancy along the upper selection. Along the upper catch, the seine and cage are additionally equipped with a system of variable buoyancy blocks, which are evenly distributed along the upper catch and along the outer frame of the net and connected to a wave compressor through a receiver. The seine is attached to the ground with dead anchors using inclined guys (RF clause No. 2138161, IPC A01K 69/00, published 1999).

But despite the classic level of performance of this fishing gear, the following disadvantages can be noted: the seine has low productivity, because To completely fill a seine with fish, it takes quite a long time, since the seine has one entrance, which requires a wait-and-see attitude of fishermen to fill the fishing gear and, consequently, a certain loss of working time.

A hanging net is known, which includes a trap with a bottom and an inlet hole made in the form of a slit and equipped with a lifting curtain. The trap includes a lifting road and is additionally equipped with a rectangular frame, secured by guys with anchors, while two guide wings equipped with rebounds are attached to the narrow side of the trap, one of which is half as long as the other (Russian Federation No. 2219768, IPC A01K 69/00, published December 27, 2003).

The disadvantage of the known invention is the presence of one entrance to the trap, which reduces the passage of fish per unit time and, consequently, reduces the fishing efficiency.

In addition, noting the small size of the known seine as its advantage, we can say that this is also its disadvantage, since such a seine has a low production capacity due to the fact that after filling the seine, the fishing process is suspended to pour out the fish, i.e. time is wasted unloading the catch.

Moreover, a small number of anchors and weights does not allow such a seine to work in conditions of high seas, because it can be unmoored and carried away by the current.

A classic fixed seine is known, including a central cable, a wing made of mesh fabric mounted on rebounds, and a trap containing several mesh chambers - yards and cages. The net walls of the yard direct the fish into the cage, where the catch is concentrated. At the entrance to the trap there are openings formed by vertical converging mesh walls, designed to direct the fish into the trap. The entrance consists of a mesh tray that rises from the bottom almost to the surface of the water - a lifting road ending with a pouring device (watering can). The trap is suspended from the frame. The central cable, frame and trap are secured with a guy rope system. The seine is attached to the ground with dead anchors using inclined guys. (Melnikov V.N. Design of fishing gear and technology of fish production, M., Agropromizdat, 1991, p. 127-133).

The disadvantage of the known fishing gear is the low production capacity of the seine.

The closest analogue of the claimed invention is a fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame, a main and an additional trap, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage, with a central cable, a guide wing and a frame placed on pick-ups and secured by guy ropes with anchors, while the traps are installed on the frame opposite to each other, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable (Andreev N.N. “Handbook of fishing gear, fishing gear materials and fishing equipment”, Moscow, Pishchepromizdat, 1962 , pp.227-230).

The disadvantage of the invention is the presence of one entrance to the traps. This reduces the productivity of the seine, because the fish enters the net from one side and a certain waiting time is necessary to fill the net.

The objective of the invention is to increase the production capacity of the seine, as well as reduce fishing time by ensuring process continuity.

The technical result is an increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine due to an increase in the fishing area.

To achieve the technical result, a fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage; the traps (main and additional) are equipped with two pairs of inputs formed from the coast and sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end.

Providing the seine with additional openings makes it possible to form two pairs of inputs, which allows fish to enter both from the sea and from the shore, and this, in turn, contributes to the speedy filling of the seine and an increase in the volume of fish caught, which leads to the achievement of a technical result.

The drawing shows the device in working position, general form, view from above.

The fixed seine includes a central cable 1, a frame 2 and traps 3 installed on the frame 2 opposite to each other. Each trap contains a lifting road 4 equipped with openings 5, a watering can 6 and a bulkhead cage 7. In the middle, perpendicular to the central cable 1, openings 8 are installed, forming entrances 9 to the traps 3.

The central cable 1 and frame 2 are mounted on 16 pick-ups and are equipped with 10 buoys and 11 floats to keep them afloat. To secure the frame and the central cable, guy lines 12 with anchors 13 are installed along their perimeter to secure the seine to the ground. To orient the fish into the trap, a guide wing 14 is installed on the central cable 1, made of mesh fabric and containing 15 flaps at the end.

The fixed net works as follows.

To set up the seine, first install the central cable 1 with the guide wing 14. Then install the flaps 15 and frame 2. The traps 3 are connected to the frame 2 and the flaps 8 are hung.

During the fishing process, the fish that comes from the sea passes along the guide wing 14, passes through the entrances 9, and encounters 8 openings on its way, which orient the school along the 5 openings into the trap 3. The fish are prevented from leaving the trap 3 by the openings 5, which installed at an angle to the inlet of the trap. The fish travels along the lift road 4, then through the watering can 6 into the bulkhead cage 7, where it is concentrated. According to the accumulation of fish, without stopping the fishing process, either a floating cage or any vehicle, where the catch is poured.

If a fish moving along the guide wing 14 from the sea tries to go back to the sea, then the openings 15 do not allow it to deviate to the side; they orient the fish along the guide wing 14 in the opposite direction, driving it into the traps 3.

A fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage, and the central cable, the guide wing and the frame are mounted on pick-ups and secured by guy ropes with anchors , while the traps are mounted on the frame opposite to each other, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable, characterized in that the main and additional traps have two pairs of inputs formed from the shore and sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end.

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How fish are caught in pond and lake fish farming

In the practice of fishery development of inland water bodies, including complex purpose water bodies (CPRs), various tools are used to catch fish, but preference is given to active fishing means.

Regardless of the methods and equipment used reservoirs must first be prepared for fishing:

carefully examine the bed and banks;
clear the water area of floating or ground-bound objects, trees and bushes protruding above the water;
remove alloys;
clear the bottom of sunken objects; level the bed;
perform other work depending on specific conditions.

According to the operating principle fishing gear divided into three groups.

The first category includes “enveloping” networks. The principle of their operation is based on the fact that the fish gets stuck, or “entangles,” trying to pass through nets installed in the form of a wall along its path. The netting in such tools is made of thin thread and either cuts into the body of the fish or entangles it. In VKN and on small lakes they use fixed nets, which remain motionless in one place during the fishing process. Their catchability is low and, compared to other tools, does not exceed 14-15%.
Fenced networks are widespread. They catch different types of fish. In ponds, single nets are used, and for fishing larger reservoirs, the nets are connected sequentially into a long wall, the so-called net order.

Fixed network(fig.) is a rectangular canvas, placed on the upper and lower ribs and sometimes on the side veins.

: simple; b - cutting.

The picks are made longer than the planted web of the net in such a way that free ends 0.5-0.8 m long protrude from each side of it. These ends, called hooks, are intended for tying the nets into a net order. Sometimes the ears are made in the form of loops. Nets are planted with a coefficient of 0.5! Foam plastic floats (melt) are attached to the upper selection, and sinkers are attached to the lower one. The number of both depends on whether the network will operate afloat or will be buried.
In terms of design, fixed nets are simple and “thin”, sometimes they are called two- and three-walled depending on the number of net walls.

To fish areas 1.5-2 m deep, the nets are installed on poles, and with increasing depth - on anchors. The first net is tied in such a way that the lower hook is located from the lower end of the pole at a distance equal to the depth of its driving into the ground, and the upper one is tied depending on the height of the net. The other end of the net is tied to the second pole in the same way, the hooks of the first end of the second net are attached to it, etc. The prepared nets are put into a boat and taken to the installation site.
On poles they are usually installed for one night or a day, but sometimes for a longer time. In the first case, the catch is selected simultaneously with the removal of the net order, and in the second, they are sorted at least twice a day, removing the caught fish.

Even more common is the installation of fixed formations on anchors both in shallow and deep water. Stones, bricks and other available materials are used as anchors.

The second group consists of straining tools in the form of a net wall of various shapes. Having swept part of the reservoir, the tackle is washed ashore or onto a boat. Water passes freely through the meshes, the fish is retained, but does not become entangled or entangled, but remains on the canvas or rolls into skein. In these cases, netting is undesirable and even harmful, as it slows down the work and reduces the productivity of fishermen. Therefore, mesh fabric is made from coarser threads and with a finer mesh than nets. The most widely used of this group of tools are cast nets. A seine with a length of at least 1/3 of the perimeter of the reservoir is considered optimal.
A casting homowing seine (picture below) consists of two identical wings, two drives and a reel.

: 1 - wing; 2 - drive; 3 - coil 4 - outlet hole (shirt) of coil; 5 - upper selection; 6 - lower bore; 7 - floats; 8 - sinkers; 9 - nag; 10 - bridle; 11 - cut.

The wings are designed to cover the fished area of the water area and represent the longest part of the seine. They are made from relatively light, large-mesh material, and sometimes they are composite: sheets of heavier, fine-mesh material are placed in the center. This distribution of the fish is explained by the behavior of the fish: at the beginning of the work of the net, it does not try to leave the swept space, but as it sinks, it tries to leave the net. This is prevented by the part of the wing remaining in the water.
The height of the wings towards the ends (nags) is reduced so that when they sink, they are the first to go ashore.
The drives are used to guide the fish into the reel. They are made from thicker thread and fine-mesh thread 20-40 m long and sewn with motney.

For selections, the seine is set with a coefficient of 0.5. A float is attached to the top, a load is attached to the bottom, and poles or nags are attached to the side edges. They straighten the ends of the net, preventing the nets from folding when sinking. Edges - ropes - are tied to the nags, and the net is pulled by them.
Catching marketable fish from the VKN is the most difficult and time-consuming task. Large cast nets have the greatest effect. Their catchability increases in proportion to the area of the covered space, which is confirmed by the experience of total fishing of small lakes in the Novgorod, Pskov and Leningrad regions, as well as some VKN of the Stavropol Territory.

the first is equipped with a stationary engine with a power of 11 liters. With. and a winch driven by a Vyatka engine;
the second is a seine net (a seine 750 m long is laid in the stern of the boat, the upper one is laid in loops, the lower one is laid in rings);
the third is equipped with a 1000 m long edge (cable with a diameter of 30 mm);
the fourth has a edge and a winch (a truss with rollers is installed in the bow for normal cable supply); the fifth is intended for transporting caught fish.

: 1 - edge; 2 - wing (comes from the shore); 3 - motnya; 4 - beige wing (larger); 5 - edge; 6 - seine netter; 7 - motor boat.

: A, B, C - venteri; G - fixed seine.

To increase catchability, the barrel is equipped with wings from 5 to 200 m long. They block the passage of the fish from the bottom to the surface and direct it into the vent. Several additional small wings, the so-called openers, serve the same purpose.
Fish caught in the venter are accumulated and stored in it. During inspection, small-sized venteri are removed entirely from the water, while large ones have only a codend, the end of which is unraveled and the fish is shaken out into the boat.

According to the principle of operation, fixed seines (stavniki) are similar to venters. They are most widely distributed in marine coastal fisheries.

Fixed seines are one of the most common coastal fishing gear, but in some cases they are installed far from the shore on sea banks. A fixed seine consists of one or more wings and one or more traps (Fig. 18). The most common are single- and double-boiler mounted seines.

Rice. 18. Double-boiler marine fixed seine

The wing of a fixed seine is a mesh fabric stretching from the shore to the trap or from trap to trap. The wings of the studs are usually installed across the course of the fish. The mesh fabric of all parts of the seine is planted on pick-ups with a landing coefficient close to 0.707.

Typically, fixed seines are installed in longwalls, several pieces at a time. In some cases, another order of seine installation is used, for example, checkerboard. In lakes where fish move in different directions, a cross-shaped installation of fixed seines is used. The shape of the wing, blocking the reservoir from the bottom to the surface, must take into account the bottom topography. The trap consists of one or more yards and cages or cauldrons. A system of piles (pile) connected to each other by nylon cables or steel wire is used as a rigid frame. The wire that wraps around the gounder heads is called a frame, or alavera. For stability, gounders are stretched to the sides using guy ropes.

The catchability of seines is greatly influenced by the method of holding fish in pots or traps. The watering cans of the necks of the boilers can be equipped with a special lifting curtain, raised by the fishermen after the fish have entered. Having poured the fish out of the cauldron, the fishermen lower the net again.

The second most common method of holding fish in traps is the use of traps. Such seines are called adoption seines. To reduce the possibility of fish leaving the boilers, the entrance to the boilers and the openings are sometimes shaped like mesh trays that rise upward and taper. These trays are called watering cans. The end of the tray enters the cauldron, forming, as it were, openers, but not the entire height of the cauldron, but only in its upper part. Thanks to this, it is more difficult for the fish to escape from the net and its catchability increases.

In addition to the already described tools such as traps (in total, more than 50 types of such fishing gear are used in industry and fishing), we should dwell on the so-called mullet factories (Fig. 19). With some structural local differences, mullet plants are fixed guns catches having a wing and one lowered net wall of the boiler, connected to a system of ropes and blocks, allowing it to be quickly raised at the required moment.

Rice. 19. Fixed mullet plant

Mullet hatcheries, installed across the migration course, require constant observation and the presence of fishermen, who, when entering the fish pot, lift the lowered net wall. The use of such fishing gear is short-term, but can be very effective.

Hook fishing

Commercial hook fishing gear includes fishing rods, trolls and various tackles. They are used primarily for fishing predatory fish, which do not form large concentrations or stay in places inaccessible to other fishing gear. The catching element of the fishing gear under consideration is a hook, on which there is a head, a forearm, a butt, or prying, with a forehead and a back of the head, and a sting with a barb (Fig. 20).

Fishing rods

Fishing rods are not only used by amateur fishermen, but also fished on an industrial scale, for example, tuna fishing.

Rice. 20. Bait fishing hook

Trolls

Trolls or trolling are fishing rods that work on the principle of amateur tracks, i.e. multi-hook fishing rods towed behind the vessel (Fig. 21). Several trolls with lines passed through blocks on the shots are towed out to sea. They are swept out or selected using special winches.

Rice. 21. Fishing with trolls and gear

Tackle

Gear is the name given to ropes to which hooks are attached at a short distance from each other on short leash lines (Fig. 21). The leashes are tied at a distance that prevents adjacent hooks from snagging. Small fish are often used as bait. Gear is used both in river and lake fishing, as well as in sea fishing. Gear in the form of longlines is especially widely used when fishing for cod, flounder, and tuna. In the Black Sea, katran sharks are fished in longlines.

Ice fishing

In winter, when the surface of reservoirs is covered with ice, fishing does not stop in many fishing areas, including in such inland seas as the Azov Sea and the northern part of the Caspian Sea.

Fishing gear is installed under the ice. Usually these are only slightly modified nets, cast seines, venteri (Fig. 22), fixed seines, and hook gear.

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in the coastal zone. The fixed seine contains a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage. The central cable, guide wing and frame are mounted on pick-ups and secured with guy ropes and anchors. The traps are installed opposite each other on the frame, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable. The main and additional traps have two pairs of inputs formed from the shore and the sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end. An increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine is ensured by increasing the fishing area. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in the coastal zone.

Fishing with fixed seines in some areas is a rather complex problem that has not yet been solved. On the one hand, the problem arises due to the bottom topography where the seines are installed - the relief is not the same - it is difficult to install the seine to the optimal depth, it can cling to the topography and tear when the sea is rough. On the other hand, the design of seines mainly provides for entering the trap only from the shore, which does not allow collecting a large catch, because the fish that comes from the sea goes back to the sea.

In addition, due to low storm resistance, in conditions of strong waves or storms, the seines become entangled, washed ashore and become completely unusable.

Thus, at the moment, the level of technical development and technology for installing fixed seines in industrial fishing conditions are still far from perfect.

The disadvantage of the known invention is the presence of one entrance to the trap, which reduces the passage of fish per unit time and, consequently, reduces the fishing efficiency.

Moreover, a small number of anchors and weights does not allow such a seine to work in conditions of high seas, because it can be unmoored and carried away by the current.

The disadvantage of the known fishing gear is the low production capacity of the seine.

The objective of the invention is to increase the production capacity of the seine, as well as reduce fishing time by ensuring process continuity.

The technical result is an increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine due to an increase in the fishing area.

The drawing shows the device in working position, general view, top view.

The fixed net works as follows.

To set up the seine, first install the central cable 1 with the guide wing 14. Then install the flaps 15 and frame 2. The traps 3 are connected to the frame 2 and the flaps 8 are hung.