A method of movement in which a phase is present. \\Basics of athletics as a sport. The role of vision and hearing in human movements and movements

The main methods of human movement (walking, running, jumping), what do they have in common and how do they differ?

The main types of human movement are walking, running and jumping. What these types of movement have in common is that they are performed in a vertical position of the body (upright) with the obligatory pushing off of the support with the legs. In order for a person to successfully use these movements, he must have a well-developed sense of balance. The most stable type of movement is regular walking. While walking, a person moves his legs alternately and always rests on the ground. While running, a person pushes off from a support, breaks away from it and, as it were, flies through the air. Therefore, when running, the human body is less stable than when walking. To increase body stability when running, you need to run at high speed. The least stable type of movement is jumping. They not only have a flight phase, but also a landing phase, during which the body's stability is too low. To maintain balance after a jump, additional muscle tension is necessary. In life a person has to use different ways walking, running and jumping. For example, walking sideways and backwards, running uphill and downhill, jumping over puddles and ditches. To cope with this successfully, you need to practice regularly. physical exercise helping to develop balance.

The role of vision and hearing in human movements and movements

Vision is the body’s perception of objects in the external world by capturing light reflected or emitted by objects. In physical education and sports, vision helps to navigate when performing physical exercises and to eliminate mistakes made when performing motor actions. Binocular or stereoscopic vision is vision with two eyes, which provides a clear three-dimensional perception of an object and its location in space. Binocular vision allows you to evaluate at each moment the mutual movement of objects of observation, the trajectory of movement and imagine the path of continued movement. This complex function of the organ of vision helps the football player determine by the flight of the ball the place in space where he needs to place his foot to stop the ball or hit it with a volley. The hockey player places his stick at a point located on the trajectory of the fast-flying puck and accurately deflects the puck. It must be borne in mind that the assessment of the flight path and the athlete’s response actions are carried out in a split second. The player’s reaction to a pass, the goalkeeper’s choice of the correct point in the goal to receive the ball or puck largely depends on the acuity (quality) of the athlete’s binocular vision.

Hearing is the perception of sound vibrations by the hearing organs. Thanks to the organs of hearing, students in physical education lessons hear the commands, orders and instructions of the teacher, and athletes hear the comments and methodological instructions of the coach, as well as the comments of the judges. When engaging in physical education and sports, an important role belongs to the visual and auditory analyzers.

The visual analyzer provides the perception and analysis of the size, shape and color of objects, their relative position and the distance between them. For example, an athlete, performing certain technique(for example, passing the ball in volleyball, football, basketball, etc.) regulates his movements and muscle efforts using the eye, assessing the distance to the player to whom the ball will be passed, and the speed of his movement.

The auditory analyzer provides perception and analysis of sound stimuli and generates auditory sensations. For example, in physical culture and sports, sound signals are used to master the rhythm of movements and the timeliness of the application of muscle efforts. They help the student navigate in space, contribute to more correct execution exercises help you evaluate your own actions.

Hearing loss in those involved in physical education and sports, accompanied by a violation of auditory orientation, leads to the fact that their reaction to an audio signal is delayed, which can cause injury.

In progress regular classes Physical exercises improve the functions and coordination of the interaction of the visual and auditory analyzers.

One day, during a conversation, I asked a friend: “Why are you running? What motivates you to study?” After seconds of thought, he replied: “What is given by nature is a sin not to use”. Indeed, nature has endowed us with a unique opportunity - to run. In the modern world, we have the opportunity to go jogging without having to rush after a mammoth or from a hungry predator. You can exercise for fun, health, and useful time. In a word, for yourself.

Thanks to aspiring graphic designer for the image.

Running is an accelerated method of movement in which there is a flight phase and successive cyclic movements are performed. Jogging actively involves the cardiovascular system and the entire muscles of the human body.

At the bottom of the article running test. Pass it!

Regular training leads to an increase in overall endurance and cardiac hypertrophy. Normally, the volume of the human heart is 760 cm³, and in professional athletes due to regular training can increase to 1200 cm³. As the heart muscle develops, the athlete's heart rate becomes slower, which is called sports bradycardia.

From another point of view, more interesting, we can say that running is:

changing underwear after each run;
the smiles of those running towards you;
envious glances of passers-by;
slender and toned legs;
confidence in your attractiveness;
a sense of accomplishment towards health.

Choose for yourself which definition you like best and let passersby give way to you!

How to run correctly?

The success of a run largely depends on how and where we run, and how we breathe during training. All factors are important, they complement each other, and together the result is obtained.

Running technique is a postulate that must be mastered and assimilated. If we run correctly, then the body perceives the load the way we need it. When the technique is not sufficiently mastered, the body can receive excessive stress on weak areas of the body, which causes discomfort.

The correct technique depends on the type of running: sprint, middle or long distance. However, there are 6 canons of body position, after mastering which you will be able to master any technical elements:

Staging feet done from heel to toe. The exception is sprinting, where athletes cover the distance exclusively on their toes.
Sock turned slightly inward to maintain speed. If your toes point in different directions, your efforts will be less effective.
Height knees depends on the distance. There is a rule - the higher the knee, the more energy is expended. Therefore, if you are running a long distance, then try to raise your knee as little as possible.
Torso tilted forward by 5-7 degrees, which ensures inertial movement.
Hands bent at the elbow joint and walk along the ribs. The shoulder girdle is in a relaxed state. The more often you move your arms, the higher the tempo.
Head plays an insignificant role while jogging. But remember that keeping your head down puts a strain on cervical region spine, which can cause pain.

An interesting video from Tanya Rybakova, in which she tells very important and useful things about running!

From running places It depends on how much stress the body receives. The softer the soil, the more stress the muscles receive, which leads to rapid fatigue. If the goal of jogging is to lose weight, then I recommend choosing a hard surface (asphalt, sidewalk, rubber). To build muscle, running on sand, soft soil or foliage is suitable.

Breathing while running depends on the tempo. The higher the running speed, the more often you need to inhale and exhale. If you feel that there is not enough oxygen, slow down. The breathing technique “inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth” is optional.

Running clothes. What to run in?

Running requires more than just willpower and motivation. An important component of jogging is clothing that will make you comfortable to train in day after day.

Modern sportswear brands pay great attention to the comfort and convenience of the equipment they offer. Depending on the time of year, a material is selected that is optimally suited to the temperature conditions of the season.

If we talk about equipment for autumn, then the complex will include a jacket made of water-repellent material and compartments for air ventilation. Winter clothing includes thermal underwear and windproof sweatpants, a jacket, a hat and gloves. The last two attributes are also worth paying attention to, since a large amount of heat comes out through the head and hands. Summer clothing is a lightweight set of materials that allow air to pass through, which prevents the athlete’s body from overheating.

The main criteria for choosing sneakers are lightness of the material, good foot cushioning and deep treads for comfortable grip on the surface. The seasonality of the shoes does not matter much. Therefore, if the sneakers are securely held on a slippery surface, then you can train in them all year round.

Reviews about running

Masha Panika

Running is an opportunity to explore your capabilities, and training is a means to achieve them. By running, you become stronger and more resilient, and most importantly, healthier. For me personally, this is an opportunity to test my strength, as I get more pleasure from long distances(50-100 km). Running has become a lifestyle and an inexhaustible source of positivity.

Alexey Chemodanov

I started running 19 years ago with the sole purpose of building up my legs. I run differently. If it's a workout, then I enjoy it. It's like a walk for an ordinary person. If I run for results, then I monitor my technique and time. There are different feelings here. Feeling tense. If running exercises, that sense of self-control. I listen to the body, feel for what needs to be changed in technique.

Alexey Tyutman

I started running 2-3 years ago. It was hard at first, but gradually I got involved and liked it. Each time the runs became easier and more enjoyable. A few months later I decided to try myself in extreme running competitions, then successful performance 1000 meters, completed a half marathon. Gradually I realized that running is not just a hobby. Now it's a lifestyle!

Maria Vinogradova

I fell in love with running unconditionally and would not be able to trade it for anything else. This is a drug where instead of a “path” there is a finish line. This is an incredible feeling! When you run you feel lightness and freedom. Once you try it, you won’t change it for anything!

Alisa Kozlovskaya

For me, running is a complete unity with the moment and the world, in which I find an all-encompassing feeling of happiness and joy, constantly moving up the ladder of my own achievements. Running is freedom of choice, where I choose the speed of my life. Where I am a queen and the world around is beautiful.

Svetlana Shapoval

Some people run all their lives, but for me it was a kind of discovery. You can't tell whether you like it or not until you try it. I always thought that running was not for me. But one day I ran. I was just looking for an opportunity to lose weight. Of course, I lost weight and got toned, but that’s where my love began! This is not just support for shape and health, but also freedom, strength, endurance, and nurturing your will! This is relief from stress and release from negativity.

I’ve only been running for 3 months, but I’m trying to improve my results by gradually complicating the program. I don’t want to conquer peaks, it’s the process that’s important to me. But who knows, maybe someday...

Natalia Sokolova

It all started a little over six months ago. I once again decided to “start new life” and finally start running. Coincidentally, around the same time, friends invited me to run 10 km a few months later at the annual White Nights running event, and I signed up for the company. There was only one goal: “to reach the finish line and not die,” and it would be nice to run out of 50 minutes. You can't imagine how surprised I was when I did this!

Since then, I have been training regularly, participating in various races several times a month, setting new goals and achieving them. Now 10 km is an easy warm-up for me.

Irina Yansheva

Running gives you the opportunity to observe the world around you, and training allows you to be the strongest and not blend in with the gray mass of boring people. This is freedom during the run and after it ends. This is a completely different world!

Sergey Kulkov

For me running is good way lift your spirits, a sea of smiles and the fight against your shortcomings, achievement best results, increase sports training and the desire for activity and self-development.

I started running only a few months ago and not every day due to lack of time. At first it was very difficult, but each time I felt stronger and more confident, as I was able to overcome minutes and kilometers. Now I'm just enjoying running fresh air, always positive and good mood, and every day I become younger and more beautiful!

Alisa Kupinskaya

Every day was similar to the other - gray days and typical weekends! At one point I realized that I needed to change something in my life, change myself. And one winter day I started running! Running became for me a struggle against despondency and despair. With every kilometer I covered, I began to believe in myself more and more. With every breath of oxygen, I launched a powerful machine with meaning in life. I ran forward, became stronger and more resilient! Everything changed dramatically. Friends, habits, hobbies changed. Everything began to sparkle with new colors. Running has become an integral part of my life, thanks to which I become not only physically stronger, but also cleaner in my thoughts!

Walking is a natural way for humans to move. Race walking differs from simple walking in its higher speed of movement, limitation of movement techniques by competition rules and other technical issues.

Technique race walking has a cyclical nature, i.e. a certain cycle is repeated many times throughout the entire distance and, unlike other cyclic types of athletics, is strictly limited by the rules of the competition. These restrictions significantly influenced the development of race walking techniques. Firstly, in race walking there should be no flight phase, i.e. there should always be contact with the support. Secondly, based on the first limitation, the supporting leg at the vertical moment must be straightened in knee joint(a few years ago they added to this restriction - the supporting leg must be straightened at the knee joint from the moment the leg is placed on the support). The difference between race walking and natural (everyday) walking according to external data is that in natural walking a pedestrian can bend his leg at the knee joint, shock-absorbing the position of the leg, and in race walking the athlete moves on straight legs.

The basis of the race walking technique is one cycle of action, which consists of a double step, a left leg step and a right leg step. The cycle contains: a) two periods of single support; b) two periods of double support; c) two periods of swing leg transfer.

Schematically, you can imagine a race walking cycle in the form of a wheel with six spokes. Two double spokes divide the wheel in half - the period of double support, two single spokes divide these halves into quarters of a circle - the period of single support. The period of single support of one leg coincides with the period of transfer of the other leg. The period of double support is very short, sometimes you may not even see it. The period of single support is longer and is divided into two phases: 1) the phase of rigid front support; 2) repulsion phase. The swing period also has two phases: 1) the backward step phase; 2) front step phase. These phases are present both in the period of transfer or support for the left leg and for the right leg.

The phases are separated by moments, i.e. such instantaneous positions, after which changes in movements occur. If moments are the boundaries of changes in movements in one or more links, then poses in these moments are a description of the positions of body links relative to the GCM (common center of mass) or each other, i.e. poses give a visual picture of changes in movements.

The phase of the front rigid support of the right leg begins from the moment it is placed on the support. The leg, straightened at the knee joint, is placed from the heel. This phase continues until the vertical moment, when the GCM is above the point (above the foot of the right leg) of support.

From the moment of vertical until the moment the right foot leaves the ground, the repulsion phase lasts. The period of single support of the right leg ends and the period of transfer of the right leg begins, which has two phases: 1) the phase of the back step, which begins from the moment the leg is lifted from the support to the moment of the vertical (the moment of the vertical in the transfer of the leg is determined by the position of the hip - the longitudinal axis of the hip should be perpendicular to the surface area of the support, i.e. horizontal); 2) the front step phase - from the moment of vertical until the moment the foot is placed on the support.

This is followed by a short period of double support. When there is a period of single support of the right leg, left leg is in the transfer period. The same is repeated with the left leg. The cycle ends, a new cycle begins, and so everything repeats.

The period of double support is very short, but it has great importance in the technique of race walking. It determines the compliance of the technique with the rules of the competition. If there is no double support period, then the athlete is not walking, but running, for which he will be disqualified.

Sometimes even a very experienced race walking style judge cannot accurately determine the presence or absence of a double support period. Some biomechanical studies using precision instruments have shown that the duration of the double support period is within thousandths of a second in highly skilled athletes. This fact is a problem for refereeing race walking competitions, because the human eye is not able to determine or highlight such moments, therefore the presence or absence of the flying part in walking is determined by the integrity, honesty and experience of the refereeing team. We will return to the problem associated with the presence or absence of a double support period later.

The cadence of highly skilled walkers ranges from 190 to 230 steps per minute. The step length ranges from 95 to 130 cm and depends on the length of the walker’s legs and the muscle forces developed.

The movements of the arms and legs, the transverse axes of the shoulders and pelvis are cross, i.e. left hand moves forward when the right leg moves forward, and vice versa. The spine and pelvis make complex counter movements. At the end of the push-off phase, the inclination of the anterior surface of the pelvis increases slightly, and by the time of the vertical, during the period of transfer of this leg, it decreases. Such oscillations of the pelvis in the anteroposterior direction help to more effectively move the thigh of the leg pushing back from the support. The inclination of the transverse axis of the pelvis also changes: during the transfer it lowers towards the swing (carried) leg, and during double support it levels out again. This lowering of the pelvis towards the swing leg is associated with the movement of the pendulum, i.e. the leg, like a pendulum, tends away from the axis of rotation under the influence of centrifugal force. This helps the hip abductor muscles relax better.

The spine also bends toward the swing leg during swing. In general, the torso makes a series of complex, almost simultaneous movements in each step: it slightly bends and unbends, lateral bends and twisting of the torso occur.

Cross movements of the arms and legs, shoulders and pelvis, as well as other movements of the body help maintain body balance, neutralize full lateral turn of the body (unlike when the walker ambles, i.e. the movements are not cross), create optimal conditions for staging legs, effective repulsion and rational transfer of the swing leg.

The arm movements in race walking help increase the frequency of steps, so the muscles in the upper shoulder girdle working hard. You should especially pay attention to this towards the end of the distance when fatigue sets in. Hand movements are carried out in the following way: arms bent in elbow joints at an angle of 90° to the direction of movement of the walker; fingers are half clenched; shoulder muscles are relaxed.

The source of driving forces when walking is the work of muscles during their interaction for support through the links of the body. By performing the push-off and transfer of the legs in an optimal combination, the entire body receives acceleration in the direction from the place of support. The ground reaction forces during repulsion impart speed to the body, and the transfer of the swing leg, due to inertial forces, imparts acceleration to the walker’s body. The simultaneous movement of the swing leg forward and pushing off with the pushing leg generally constitutes pushing away from the support.

All movements of the body parts are carried out with acceleration, as a result of which inertial forces of individual parts arise, some of which are involved in imparting speed to the entire body, others neutralize the negative inertial forces (movements of the HANDS).

The movements of all parts of the body (their centers of mass) occur along a curvilinear trajectory, and the movement of the body and its acceleration are carried out in the linear direction, i.e. there is no real driving force creating movement along a linear path. The essence of all movements in walking is the sum of resultant forces directed along a curvilinear trajectory and forces directed at an angle to the movement of the body and support.

Moving inertial and muscle strength act through the foot(s) on the support. Based on the third law of mechanics, counteracting forces arise - support reaction forces, without which a change in the movement of the central mass is impossible.

By repulsion force it is necessary to understand the effect of support on the athlete’s body, which arises as a result of the action of pressure forces on the support. Repulsion is not the result of pure muscle work, but the result of the interaction of muscle efforts and inertial forces on the support. The stiffer the support, the greater the magnitude of repulsion (support reaction force). For example, let's take two supports: a treadmill and a dirt surface. The treadmill is stiffer than the dirt surface, therefore the ground reaction forces on the treadmill will be greater.

Thus, the repulsive force must be understood as the support reaction force that arises under the influence of muscle efforts and inertial forces on the support. The magnitude of the repulsive force depends on:

quality of support;

magnitude of muscle effort;

magnitude of inertial forces;

directions of action of muscle efforts and forces;

the ratio of active to passive body mass (active body mass is the mass of muscles involved in creating muscular efforts for repulsion; passive body mass is the entire rest of the athlete’s body weight).

In race walking, it is not the maximum value of the repulsion force that is important, but the optimal one, designed for a long time of work. The athlete acts on the support at an angle to it, the repulsion force acts on the GCM at an angle to the horizontal velocity vector. The closer the repulsive force vector is to the horizontal velocity vector, the higher the movement speed will be. The angle formed by the repulsive force vector and the horizontal velocity vector is called the repulsive angle. The smaller the repulsion angle, the more effective the repulsion force is and the greater the horizontal speed will be.

In practice, the angle of repulsion is determined along the longitudinal axis of the pushing leg at the moment of its separation from the support and the horizon. The value of the angle with this definition will not be exact, but approximate. A more accurate determination of the repulsion angle is obtained using complex technical devices.

In a single-support position, when the athlete is standing, only the force of gravity acts perpendicularly downward, which is balanced by the reaction force of the support, directed diametrically opposite to the force of gravity. In a two-support position, the force of gravity is distributed over two supports (b), in this case a pressure force appears on the support, acting at an angle, and the force of gravity is distributed over two points of support, and their values will depend on the distance of the points of support from the projection of the GCM. In opposition to the force of pressure on the support and the force of gravity, a reaction force of the support arises, which acts diametrically opposite to them. At rest, the total forces of the front and rear support are equal. To throw a body out of balance and give it any speed, it is necessary to disrupt this balance. This can be done by increasing the pressure on the rear support, thereby increasing the reaction force of the rear support. An increase in the force of pressure on the support is done through the action of muscle force.

Another factor in the imbalance of forces is a change in the angle of action of the pressure force on the rear support. This is done by moving the GCM projection closer to the front support, thereby the angle of action of the pressure force of the rear support becomes more acute, and the angle of action of the pressure force of the front support is more obtuse. Thus, we bring the action of the reaction forces of the rear support closer to the horizontal velocity vector. This creates a starting force that allows the body to be brought out of a state of rest. When walking, the inertial force of the swing movements is also activated during the transfer of the leg. Starting force at the moment the body leaves a state of rest (at the moment of start), it is greater than the repulsion force during movement, since the athlete’s body already has speed and he needs to expend effort either to maintain or increase speed.

Of no small importance in race walking is the angle of placing the foot on the support, as well as the forces arising during this. The angle of the swing leg is determined at the moment the leg touches the support and is formed by the longitudinal axis of the leg and the horizon line. This is an approximate value; more precisely, the angle is determined by the velocity vector of the reaction force of the support and the support line. At the moment the leg is planted, a pressure force on the support begins to act and, as a result, an opposing reaction force of the support arises; their directions are diametrically opposite. These forces are negative because they counteract the walker's movement and reduce the speed of movement. For effective walking, they must be eliminated or, if possible, their negative impact must be reduced. The force of gravity that arises in this case does not affect the change in speed. The effect of negative forces can be compensated in three ways: 1) bringing the angle of the leg closer to 90°, i.e. the leg should stand as close as possible to the projection of the GCM, but this reduces the length of the step; 2) depreciation of the position of the leg, but according to the rules of the competition, the leg must be placed on a support straightened at the knee joint, which means depreciation is excluded; 3) rapid reduction of the hips after removing the leg from the support after the push-off phase, which increases the inertial force of the swing leg, which compensates for the impact of braking forces.

The movement of the GCM in race walking does not occur along a rectilinear trajectory, but follows a more complex curvilinear trajectory. The upward and downward movement of the GCM is complemented by left and right movements. From the moment the leg is placed on the support, the GCM moves upward and somewhat towards the supporting leg until the vertical moment; after the vertical moment, the GCM moves downwards, approaching the line of direction of movement, until the foot is placed on the support. Then everything is repeated with the other leg.

The smaller the magnitude of vertical vibrations, the more efficient technology race walking. The minimum amount of vertical oscillation can be determined experimentally. This value is equal to the difference in the height of the GCM in a single-support position and a double-support position (long step). Thus, we have identified the factors influencing the speed of movement in race walking.

Positive factors include:

quality of support;

magnitude of repulsive forces;

repulsion angle;

push-off time;

swing leg swing time.

Negative factors include:

foot angle;

braking ground reaction forces when planting the leg.

List of used literature:

Zhilkin A.I. and etc. Athletics: Textbook. aid for students higher ped. textbook institutions / A.I. Zhilkin, V.S. Kuzmin, E.V. Sidorchuk. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 464 p.

Running is one of the methods of movement in which there is a “flight phase” (moments when both legs do not touch the support). Running is also one of the disciplines athletics. While running, all muscle groups develop, as well as some organ systems. The cardiovascular system is trained to work in an enhanced mode, which is the prevention of certain diseases - stroke, tachycardia and others. During intensive breathing in the fresh air, the lungs are cleared of dust and harmful smog particles. Due to increased blood circulation in the body, metabolism accelerates, due to which the cells are more likely to be saturated with useful elements, and the skin is toned, which increases its elasticity and firmness.

In this sport, there are competitions at various distances, and running is also included in some other disciplines (for example, biathlon). The best runners in world practice are athletes from African countries (Kenya, Ethiopia and others). Perhaps their secret is in the length of their legs or the body's endurance when overheated. If we compare men and women, then the stronger sex has an advantage, and this is due to the distribution of fat and muscle tissue in the body, as a result of which mechanical and energy processes proceed differently.

A huge number of films have been made about this sport. Among them are “Distance” - 2008 (describes different aspects of the biography of athlete Svetlana Masterkova), “Saint Ralph” - 2004 (a film about a boy who, overcoming difficulties, moved towards his goal), “Finish Straight” - 2011 ( about how running fills life with new meaning), “CI-Running” - 2000 (film adaptation of a running textbook from Danny and Catherine Dreyer).

Of course, today you can run at home using a treadmill, but many are still more inclined to regular “street” running in parks or forest areas. After all, for some it is a time to reflect on problems, for some it is a way to lose weight, and there are those for whom running is a method of self-realization in the world of sports.

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Basics of race walking technique

Walking- a natural way of human movement. Race walking differs from simple walking in its higher speed of movement, limitation of movement techniques by competition rules and other technical issues.

The race walking technique is cyclical, i.e. a certain cycle is repeated many times throughout the entire distance and, unlike other cyclic types of athletics, is strictly limited by the rules of the competition. These restrictions significantly influenced the development of race walking techniques. Firstly, there should be no flight phase in race walking, i.e. There must always be contact with the support. Secondly, based on the first limitation, the supporting leg must be straightened at the knee joint at the moment of vertical movement (a few years ago they added to this limitation - the supporting leg must be straightened at the knee joint from the moment the leg is placed on the support). The difference between race walking and natural (everyday) walking according to external data is that in natural walking a pedestrian can bend his leg at the knee joint, shock-absorbing the position of the leg, and in race walking the athlete moves on straight legs.

The phases are separated by moments, i.e. such instantaneous positions, after which changes in movements occur. If moments are the boundaries of changes in movements in one or several links, then poses in these moments are a description of the positions of the body links relative to the GCM or each other, i.e. poses give a visual picture of the change in movements.

From the moment of vertical until the moment the right foot leaves the ground, the repulsion phase lasts. The period of single support of the right leg ends and the period of transfer of the right leg begins, which has two phases: 1) the rear step phase, which begins from the moment the leg is lifted from the support to the vertical moment (the vertical moment in the transfer of the leg is determined by the position of the hip - the longitudinal axis of the hip should be perpendicular to the surface area of the support, i.e. horizontal); 2) the front step phase - from the moment of vertical until the moment the foot is placed on the support. This is followed by a short period of double support. When the period of single support of the right leg is underway, the left leg is in the period of transfer. The same is repeated with the left leg. The cycle is over, a new cycle begins, and so everything repeats (Fig. 11).

The period of double support is very short, but it is of great importance in race walking techniques. It determines the compliance of the technique with the rules of the competition. If there is no double support period, then the athlete is not walking, but running, for which he will be disqualified.

Rice. 11. Periods, phases, moments in race walking

Sometimes, even a very experienced race walking style judge cannot accurately determine the presence or absence of a double support period. Some biomechanical studies using precision instruments have shown that the duration of the double support period is within thousandths of a second in highly skilled athletes. This fact is a problem for refereeing race walking competitions, because the human eye is not able to determine or highlight such moments, therefore the presence or absence of the flying part in walking is determined by the integrity, honesty and experience of the refereeing team. We will return to the problem associated with the presence or absence of a double support period later.

The movements of the arms and legs, the transverse axes of the shoulders and pelvis are cross, i.e. the left arm moves forward when the right leg moves forward, and vice versa. The spine and pelvis make complex counter movements. At the end of the push-off phase, the inclination of the anterior surface of the pelvis increases slightly, and by the moment of the vertical, during the period of transfer of this leg, it decreases. Such oscillations of the pelvis in the anteroposterior direction help to more effectively move the thigh of the leg pushing back from the support. The inclination of the transverse axis of the pelvis also changes: during the transfer it lowers towards the swing (carried) leg, and during double support it levels out again. This lowering of the pelvis towards the swing leg is associated with the movement of the pendulum,
those. the leg, like a pendulum, tends away from the axis of rotation under the influence of centrifugal force. This helps the hip abductor muscles relax better (Figure 12).

Rice. 12. Movement of the pelvis when walking

The arm movements in race walking help increase the frequency of steps, so the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle work harder. You should especially pay attention to this towards the end of the distance when fatigue sets in. The movements of the arms are carried out as follows: the arms are bent at the elbow joints at an angle of 90° to the direction of movement of the walker; fingers are bent; shoulder muscles are relaxed.

All movements of body parts are carried out with acceleration, as a result of which inertial forces of individual parts arise, some of which are involved in imparting speed to the entire body, others neutralize negative inertial forces (hand movements).

The movements of all parts of the body (their centers of mass) occur along a curvilinear trajectory, and the movement of the body and its acceleration are carried out in a linear direction, i.e., there is no real driving force that creates movement along a linear trajectory. The essence of all movements in walking is the sum of resultant forces directed along a curvilinear trajectory and forces directed at an angle to the movement of the body and support.

Driving inertial and muscular forces act through the foot(s) on the support. Based on the third law of mechanics, counteracting forces arise - support reaction forces, without which a change in the movement of the central mass is impossible (Fig. 13).

By repulsion force it is necessary to understand the effect of support on the athlete’s body, which arises as a result of the action of pressure forces on the support. Repulsion is the result of the interaction of muscle efforts and inertial forces on the support.

The stiffer the support, the greater the magnitude of repulsion (support reaction force). For example, let's take two supports: a treadmill and a dirt surface. Treadmill stiffer than the ground surface, therefore, the ground reaction forces on the treadmill will be greater.

Rice. 13. Reaction of support reaction forces: braking (negative linear

Acceleration – A, caused by the horizontal component R x , reaction of the support R y) and overturning (angular acceleration E caused by the moment of forces R equal to R? d)

Thus, the repulsive force is the reaction force of the support, arising under the influence of muscle efforts and inertial forces on the support.

The magnitude of the repulsive force depends on:

– quality of support;

– magnitude of muscle effort;

– magnitude of inertial forces;

– directions of action of muscle efforts and forces;

– the ratio of active body mass to passive (active body mass is the mass of muscles involved in creating muscular efforts for repulsion; passive body mass is the entire rest of the athlete’s body weight).

In race walking it is not important maximum value repulsion force, but optimal, designed for long operating time. The athlete acts on the support at an angle to it, the repulsion force acts on the GCM at an angle to the horizontal velocity vector. The closer the repulsive force vector is to the horizontal velocity vector, the higher the movement speed will be. The angle formed by the repulsive force vector and the horizontal velocity vector is called the repulsive angle. The smaller the repulsion angle, the more effective the repulsion force is, and the greater the horizontal speed will be.

In practice, the angle of repulsion is determined along the longitudinal axis of the pushing leg at the moment of its separation from the support and the horizon. (Fig. 14).

The value of the angle with this definition will not be exact, but approximate. A more accurate determination of the repulsion angle is obtained using complex technical devices.

In a single-support position, when the athlete is standing, only the force of gravity acts perpendicularly downward, which is balanced by the reaction force of the support, directed diametrically opposite to the force of gravity. In a two-support position, the force of gravity is distributed over two supports (b), in this case a pressure force appears on the support, acting at an angle, and the force of gravity is distributed over two points of support, and their values will depend on the distance of the points of support from the projection of the GCM. In opposition to the force of pressure on the support and the force of gravity, a reaction force of the support arises, which acts diametrically opposite to them.
At rest, the total forces of the front and rear support are equal. To throw a body out of balance and give it any speed, it is necessary to disrupt this balance. This can be done by increasing the pressure on the rear support, thereby increasing the reaction force of the rear support. An increase in the force of pressure on the support is done through the action of muscle force.

Rice. 14. Measuring repulsion angles: A– along the axis of the leg; b– in the direction of the GCM;

V – by full support reaction; G- by reaction to repulsion

Another factor in the imbalance of forces is a change in the angle of action of the pressure force on the rear support. This is done by moving the GCM projection closer to the front support, thereby the angle of action of the pressure force of the rear support becomes more acute, and the angle of action of the pressure force of the front support is more obtuse. Thus, we bring the action of the reaction forces of the rear support closer to the horizontal velocity vector. This creates a starting force that allows the body to be brought out of a state of rest. When walking, the inertial force of the swing movements is also activated during the transfer of the leg. Starting force at the moment the body leaves the state of rest
(at the moment of start) is greater than the repulsion force during movement, since the athlete’s body already has speed, and he needs to expend effort either to maintain or increase speed.

The movement of the GCM in race walking does not occur along a rectilinear trajectory, but follows a more complex curvilinear trajectory. The up-down movement of the GCM is complemented by left-right movements. From the moment the leg is placed on the support, the GCM moves upward and somewhat towards the supporting leg until the vertical moment; after the vertical moment, the GCM moves downwards, approaching the line of direction of movement, until the foot is placed on the support. Then everything is repeated with the other leg.

The smaller the vertical oscillations, the more effective the race walking technique. The minimum amount of vertical oscillation can be determined experimentally. This value is equal to the difference in the height of the GCM in a single-support position and a double-support position (long step). Thus, we have identified the factors influencing the speed of movement in race walking.

TO positive factors relate:

– quality of support;

– magnitude of repulsive forces;

– repulsion angle;

– push-off time;

– swing leg swing time.

TO negative factors should include:

– foot angle;

– braking ground reaction forces when planting the leg.