Sports grounds in parks. Parks as sports facilities in the urban landscape Sports area in the park

The sports parka is the jacket of choice for lovers active image life, those who value convenience in clothing above all. It is usually straight, there is no unnecessary decor. The distinctive features of this jacket are deep pockets, often located at chest level or on the sleeves, a large hood, a stand-up collar, and a lock covered with a flap with buttons or snaps.

Until recently, sports parkas were the favorite clothing of only young mothers, who valued them for their practicality.

Now these jackets are worn by people of various ages and status, and this is not surprising. Sports parks allow you to feel free and relaxed and do not restrict your movements. In addition, they are light, because they are not weighed down by unnecessary decor. Many jackets have elements for which young people especially appreciate them. For example, these are special pockets where you can put headphones, and several layers of fabric on the elbows.

And of course, one of the most important advantages of a sports parka is the material from which it is made. These jackets are made from the most modern fabrics that are highly breathable and absorb excess moisture.

The parka perfectly protects from bad weather conditions, and during active movements the body does not sweat. Parkas are usually insulated with Thinsulate material - lightweight, breathable, and with excellent insulating properties. The colors of the jackets can be completely different, to suit every taste.

• Pay attention to the fabric from which the jacket is made. It’s good if you combine nylon and cotton on the outside and wool on the inside. For winter, it is better to choose a jacket with natural insulation.
• Buy a jacket that is the right size so you feel comfortable in it.
• When choosing a women's sports parka, consider the characteristics of your figure.

Fashionable sports parks

Today, jackets up to the knee or slightly higher are popular. The military style is very popular. These jackets are made from rough materials, which makes them even more practical.

Military-style parkas have neutral colors (green, brown, gray) and are suitable for every day - they are not afraid of dirt and dampness. Plain bright parkas in black, blue, red, orange and other colors are also popular.

Boulevards are linear green areas created along highways, residential streets and embankments, and pedestrian routes in residential areas. Boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.

In urban planning practice, several types of boulevards have developed in the urban environment:

Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;

Boulevards along embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;

Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.

According to their layout, boulevards can be divided into:

Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main garden roads and alleys

Boulevards with asymmetric placement of the main alley;

Boulevards with a free layout, including elements of a regular and landscape layout

The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures must be harmoniously combined with green spaces, as the main planning component of the territory.

Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150...300 m. On regional highways and on streets with heavy traffic, entrances to the boulevard must be linked to pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. On the short side of the boulevard - the “head” - the main entrance is arranged in the form of a wide platform, where a fountain, a flower bed is designed, or a monument is erected.

Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic must be offset from the axis of the highway, between roadway and a sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards a residential area. On busy highways, it is possible to install two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is due, first of all, to the accessibility of the boulevard area for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be located along the axis of the street.

In city centers, boulevards-esplanades are created, with a predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the development. The open type of spatial structure of plantings predominates.

The main planning elements of boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), secondary and additional paths for short-term recreation, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set depending

on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. It is recommended to place rest benches, fountains and pools at the entrances to the sites and along the main path. The main path of the boulevard must have durable structures, covered with tiles or crushed stone special mixtures. Secondary paths may have crushed stone coverings made from special mixtures.

When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be taken into account that plantings should play both a decorative and sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard strips on the side of the roadway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.

When designing boulevards, the density (density) of plantings, as well as the age and size of planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.

Boulevards on embankments. Boulevards of this type actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.

Boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas, in many respects in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on streets in residential areas. However, their difference is that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and should visually combine riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such “linear” gardens are also created on the banks of large bodies of water. Three main layout schemes for embankment-boulevards can be distinguished:

symmetrical, with a central alley;

asymmetrical - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;

free - on wide strips over 50 m.

Boulevards, or linear gardens, along embankments are not recommended to be combined with highway traffic. The coastline and strip along a river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both on the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides bordering the territory. Recreation areas are provided on the territory of the boulevard-embankment, from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden includes descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.

The volumetric-spatial structure of boulevard plantings on embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excess solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in public recreation areas and along walking alleys.

Germany. Munich Olympic Complex (300 hectares). The center of the planning composition is the central arena and the theater, while two zones are clearly distinguished: the sports zone and the Olympic Village zone. It is an outstanding example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park). The area previously included an airfield where the Olympic Village was planned. The site of the former city dump has been transformed into picturesque landscapes with green hills with pine trees, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with a stadium. The main alley (in some places up to 120 m wide) is covered with cable-stayed roofing. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with transport highways are at different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railway, etc.

Russia. The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics-80 took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki (area 180 hectares), located in a bend of the river. Moscow (facilities: large and small arenas, Sports Palace, swimming pool, sports universal hall"Friendship"). The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, which is accessible by the shortest roads from parking lots and transport stops (metro, trolleybus, bus). From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, and the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Prospekt Mira (an area of ​​20 hectares with a multi-purpose indoor hall for 35 thousand people), in Krylatskoye (750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track), in the Bitsevsky forest (equestrian center), in Mytishchi (bullet and stand shooting.

System of hydroparks to the General Plan of Moscow. It was planned in the western region of the capital on the Moscow River: Myakininskaya zone (reservoir area 100 hectares), Stroginskaya zone (reservoir area 120 hectares), Krylatskoye. The hydropark is located 12 km from the city center, area 750 hectares, designed to serve 100 thousand people in summer, 60 thousand people in winter. The center of the composition is a rowing canal, created artificially and filled by gravity due to the difference in water levels between the canal and the river. The canal is 2300 m long, more than 200 m wide (channels are 125 and 75 m), and is divided in the middle by a narrow strip of island. The canal has a cycle track and a 14 km long ring road. The compositional basis of the hydropark is the water system (canals, streams, streams, river delta, lake, etc.). The center of the hydropark composition forms a complex of structures, less often - a stadium, a central reservoir, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands - a sports zone with a stadium, in Krylatskoye - a rowing canal.

Specialized parks

Park of the Youth Palace (Palace of Pioneers). Created in Moscow in 1962 according to the design of architects I. Pokrovsky, F. Novikov, V. Egerev, V. Kubasov and others. The park was created for educational, cultural, educational, physical culture and sports work, i.e. it meets range of circle work. The center of the park composition is the building of the Youth Palace with a parade area, a fire pit and steps of granite stands. The park territory is divided into three zones: the central zone with the entrance alley; zone active rest with stadium and swimming pool, athletics arena and attractions; zone for young biologists with areas for decorative floriculture, vegetable crops, greenhouses, orchard, zoo, fish ponds. The architectural and planning composition of the park was designed taking into account the natural conditions of the landscape.

Disneyland Park was created in the state of Florida, USA, near Los Angeles based on the sketches of Walt Disney, according to the design of architects V. Schell, H. Couser in 1956-1960. The area of ​​the park is 64 hectares, of which 23 hectares are occupied by buildings, 36.8 hectares are park spaces. The buffer zone contains parking lots with an area of ​​40 hectares. The center of the park’s composition is a complex imitating the urban development of America in the 19th century. on a reduced scale taking into account the growth of children - visitors to the park. The central alley divides the park into parts: the eastern part - the “Land of the Future” and the western part - the “Land of Adventure” with a system of ponds and artificial hills (267,400 m 3 of land was used to construct the hills). Children are greeted and shown around the park by Disney cartoon characters. The service staff numbers up to 19 thousand people. The annual attendance of the park is 12 million people. For the convenience of visitors, there is intra-park transport - Railway, monorail, steamships and horse-drawn cars. Disneyland has a buffer area of ​​11,000 hectares of protected natural landscape.

There is a tendency towards specialization of parks in large cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas, which usually have several small parks, are being actively reconstructed. The areas of these parks are not sufficient for the full development of all zones of multifunctional parks, in domestic terminology - cultural and recreation parks. Then one or two functions receive preferential development. Another important factor specialization of parks - increasing the requirements of visitors for comfort, satisfied by specialized services.

The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In large cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high stress on their bodies. nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is exactly what sports parks provide, unlike sports centers, intended mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, aquatic, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of the famous German Riviera parks) complexes, which, in terms of the composition of their structures, have

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The number of spectator seats is close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in the larger area of ​​greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreational activities and active recreation.

Unique Olympic parks are large sports complexes for the Olympic Games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of “short distances and green landscapes” was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, artificial terrain was created to create intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast green area became an active recreation area for the population of Munich both in summer and winter. In winter, artificial artificial hills turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.

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Dimensions sports parks can range from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, just as when placing sports complexes, conditions must be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots must be provided.

Specialized sports parks for a particular sport or a group of related species are intended for related active recreation, as well as for activities for more high level than in other types of parks. The most common specialized parks are for aquatic species sports (Fig. 10.5.7). There are numerous centers abroad

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318 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS FACILITIES

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for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming increasingly common everywhere, including here. They require water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to precisely this condition.

The size of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatskoye has a total area of ​​about 700 hectares, Kharkov hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, which are often used abroad Place swimming and bathing centers.

There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and cycling parks, where the complex terrain of the areas is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.

Sports parks are not such mass facilities as multifunctional cultural and recreation parks; they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there cannot be recommendations on the composition of structures, and especially with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special specifications, depending on local and natural conditions.

Among the structures of sports parks there are a wide variety - from large unique ( indoor stadiums, swimming pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple grounds, lawns for sports and recreational games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of residents for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common in all types of sports parks are swimming pools (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with artificial waves, water slides).

Gyms are very common - universal, specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.

Much less common than halls are skating rinks with artificial ice(Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. Example - sports park"Ottobrunn" in Germany (Fig. 10.5.4).

The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

In contrast to sports centers, in sports parks, especially abroad, entertainment areas are arranged among flat structures. sports games(mini golf, golf, croquet, skittles, etc.), areas and tracks for roller skating and boarding; mountains for sledding, boarding, plates and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized park courses. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are expected to be built.

Green spaces must make up at least 70% of the sports park area. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuation large number people in pairs

kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.

In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, physical education health activities and active recreation, when designing, it is advisable to distinguish zones: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.

Lecture 17. Sports parks

Sports parks are:

- specialized, used for practicing one sport, for example swimming for a certain age group, or different by functional purpose training, demonstration, physical therapy;

- complex, multifunctional, designed for training and competition of athletes in a wide variety of sports, used for active recreation, recreational activities and sports entertainment, visitors.

Back in the 19th century, the first public gardens began to introduce grounds for gymnastics, tennis, croquet, and horse riding roads.

In Moscow, the first stadiums were created on the territory of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1923). The Khimik and Iskra stadiums were built in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). In 1930-1935 there were about 650 stadiums in the country.

In the 1950s, stadiums with new architecture were built in Riga, Minsk, Moscow, and Khabarovsk. Later, in the 1960-1970s, the construction of large sports complexes with stadiums, bicycle tracks, rowing canals, beaches for sports, exhibitions and competitions began, with the active inclusion of the natural landscape.

Territory zoning sports park defined:

A clear schedule; separation of athletes and spectators relaxing in the park;

Loading and evacuation of demonstration, educational and training facilities and structures for active recreation;

Allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical and mental strength of athletes and park visitors.

Parks are used by masses of people different groups age:

Adults and children are engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions of city, union, and international significance;

Sports fans watch them as spectators;

Elderly and retired people participate in health groups.

Sports parks may include

V recreation areas,

lecture halls, stages, attractions, exhibitions, venues board games, children's playgrounds, reading rooms, as well as catering facilities - cafes, buffets, kiosks.

When designing sports parks, it is recommended to subdivide the following zones:

sports, entertainment, quiet rest, service.

Sports area may have a certain functional focus, for example, horse riding, or be divided into subzones (sectors): water sports; children's sports room, with a club for young sailors.

The development of sports parks in a number of countries was greatly influenced by Olympic Games. To hold them, sports complexes with stadiums, swimming pools, sports facilities, and parks were built.

Olympic Sports Park - green area for international, sports competitions(competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet high class international requirements.

Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing Olympic complexes, complex urban planning problems are solved: the construction of modern sports facilities in architecture and design, the Olympic village, hotels, buildings for cultural services for athletes and tourists, the relationship of the complex with transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.

By your organization Olympic complexes there are:

United with an independent designated territory, for example, the sports complexes of Mexico City or Munich,

- “consisting of several territories - “Rome” or “Moscow” - in different areas of the city or even in different regions.

When constructing Olympic complexes, old structures and existing parks are often used, which are reconstructed when extremely important.

Olympic complexes with stadiums for 80,100 or more thousand spectators and other structures are public recreation areas that require clarity and clarity of plan with a dominant center (the center of the composition in Munich is the central arena and theater; in Montreal - Olympic Stadium) and functional zoning of the territory: for example, in Munich there are two zones: sports and Olympic village.

When zoning the territory of the Olympic complex, the following can be distinguished: zones

sports- for basic sports;

training,

sports devices,

Olympic Village,

entertainment,

service.

Taking into account the dependence of the design task and composition, individual zones can be combined - like sports and training; absent - entertainment area; or can be added to them, for example, water sports area, cycling etc.

When zoning the territory of sports parks for sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, a significant removal of some sports is provided, such as motorboating, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc.

The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories, and sports facilities in Leningrad, Kiev, and Minsk were used to host football matches. Sailing regatta took place in Tallinn. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the '80 Olympics' took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki, an area of ​​180 hectares, located in a bend of the Moscow River;

The main structures of Luzhniki included: a large and small arena, Sports Palace͵ swimming pool, universal gym friendship.

The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops - metro, trolleybus, bus.

From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Vorobyovy Gory, and the city. Other buildings of the complex are located on Mira Avenue - the area of ​​​​the site with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people. - 20 hectares; in Krylatskoye - 750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track; in the Bitsevsky forest area - equestrian center; in Mytishchi - bullet and clay pigeon shooting.

The most interesting architectural and planning solutions for Olympic complexes are those that widely use the park environment with its sanitizing and aesthetic qualities.

An example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park) is the Olympic complex in Munich with an area of ​​300 hectares.

Its territory includes the former airfield, now Olimpic village; a site of a former city dump, transformed into picturesque recreational landscapes with green hills with pine trees, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with the stadium. The main alley, up to 120 m wide in places, is covered with cable-stayed roofing. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with transport highways are resolved at different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railway, etc.

Characteristic of Olympic complexes are the large-scale design of structures - giant stadiums; clearing pre-stadium areas, clear construction of pedestrian and transport roads, 10...120m wide, occupying 60...70% of the entire territory.

Former Olympic complexes, for the most part, continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.

A special place among sports parks is occupied by hydroparks. This is a new park facility in the city, which was developed in the second half of the 20th century.

Hydropark - an area with a high proportion of water area in the overall balance of park areas - (over 25% of the territory consists of reservoirs), intended for mass recreation for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, quiet rest.

The large size of hydroparks allows you to create comfortable recreational conditions in a natural environment for everyone age groups. Thanks to the beaches sports facilities a high recreational capacity is created - approximately 500 people per 1 hectare.

In hydroparks, where sports and recreational functions predominate, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created - bridges, boathouses, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor vessels, boat stations; entertainment attractions - hydrocarousel, water jump, toboggans, water cascades; water theater venues and restaurants.

Taking into account the dependence on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, composition, the territory of the hydropark is divided into zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's playgrounds, services.

Large areas of hydroparks should be conveniently served by city (suburban electric trains, metro, ships, boats, trams, trolleybuses, buses), as well as intra-park transport.

The volume-spatial organization of hydroparks is characterized by the presence of open spaces - ponds, beaches, clearings and meadows.

Technological progress of the 20th century opened up a number of possibilities for creating parks on the water. For example, in Canada, on Lake Huron, an underwater park called Fathom Five has been designed with routes for scuba divers and aquanauts. In Japan, indoor mini-hydroparks are being built, such as the Summerland (summer country) complex with beaches, palm trees, and seawater pools; sea ​​beach with an oceanarium in the form of a liner, area 5 hectares; Marine Park and Oceanarium in Hong Kong, opened in 1977; water tourism complexes “Marinas” take place in the USA, and are intended for short-term and long-term recreation.

Marine parks are divided into two types: underwater park and coastal park. Sometimes they are combined into a single ensemble with ground and underwater parts.

Unlike hydroparks, in ordinary sports parks ponds occupy up to 20% of the entire territory or there are none at all. At the same time, sports parks are smaller in size; most often they occupy an area of ​​up to 100 hectares. For example, a sports park in Bucharest - 90 hectares; Reutlingen - 50; Tremblay - 75; Tashkent - 30; Tbilisi - about 50 hectares.

Sports area in parks it occupies approximately 50...70% of the entire territory, and, therefore, sites, roads, and structures make up a significantly larger share in the balance of the territory than in other park objects. In large sports parks, over 100...200 hectares are allocated for quiet rest area, which unites all zones of the park (it is recommended to allocate up to 50% of the territory). A children's sector is being created in a quiet recreation area.

The core of a sports park is usually a stadium (in Luzhniki), sometimes a complex of buildings or a ground floor composition;

Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks are varied and are based on the contrast of open and closed landscapes (Fig. 52).

According to the requirements, sports devices are oriented with their wide side from north to south; small deflection angles -5... 15° are permissible; in the Arctic - up to 25°. The site for the towns is designed in the direction to the north, northeast.

Landscaping is subject to requirements regarding wind protection, noise protection, and the playing space should not be shaded, while creating a calm background for playing ball.

According to existing standards, under green area The sports complex is allocated 30...50% of the area.

Width of protective planting strips along the perimeter (border) sports complex, for sports devices should be at least 5 m with one or two rows of trees and shrubs.

Nice background for tennis court represent vines - maiden grapes, Amur grapes. In some cases they use thuja western, creating a calm background and protection from winds; Plants are placed no closer than 5 m from the boundaries of the site.

For perimeter landscaping sports grounds the texture and color of the foliage and the nature of flowering are taken into account. Plants with light foliage, as well as flowering shrubs action, spirea They are not recommended for framing sports fields, as they create a poor background due to the structure of the bush, the openwork of the crowns, and the light tonality.

Excluded from the assortment are plants that litter playgrounds and outdoor swimming pools - with needles, seeds, flower petals; susceptible to windbreak - silver maple; frost-damaged - exotics; early fallers - introduced plant species.

The work of the park harmoniously combines various forms of cultural and educational work, science and technology classes, sports activities and entertainment in a natural setting.

Most Austrian resorts are charming villages in valleys with forested slopes for skiing and boarding. Skiing altitudes at Austrian resorts range from 700 to 3000 meters.

Picturesque views of Austria.

Switzerland offers a range of well-equipped ski slopes. The ski areas reach a height of 3820 meters. The main ski areas are located at altitudes above 1000 meters. The slopes are known for the highest and most difficult runs in the Alps, but there are also extensive ski areas of intermediate difficulty. There are many lifts with high productivity, which allows you to avoid queues.

Along the entire northern Italian border, skiers will find high-mountain slopes with a variety of trails - from the narrowest to the incredibly wide, where there are no problems with snow. Ski areas are located at altitudes from 800 to 3000 m, most often within the range of 1000-2500 m.

The tiny principality of Andorra is located between France and Spain. Despite its apparent isolation, for 40 years Andorra has firmly retained its reputation as one of the most fashionable ski resorts Europe. The slopes are densely covered with a network of ski stations equipped with snow cannons. 277 km ski slopes, distributed across resorts: united by one ski pass. There are ski schools. All conditions have been created for those who go on vacation with children. While parents enjoy the delights of the slopes of Grau Roz, the children are cared for by experienced kindergarten teachers with a ski specialization. there are helipads - for heli-ski lovers,

Andorra is especially charming because of its unique traditions and customs, which harmoniously combine the cultures of France and Spain.

Heli-ski lovers. Slopes of Andora.

enthusiasm alpine skiing plus the ability to quickly get to “your” slope by car led to the development of tiny but very cozy mini-ski centers in Central Russia.

The most famous skiing spots include: Nizhny Novgorod and Ulyanovsk, Togliatti and Zhigulevsk on the Volga, Valdai Upland.

Samara is home to the most interesting and developing ski resort- Red Glinka. There are three whole slopes here. North, Central, where the best snow park in the Volga region is equipped: several jumps and a halfpipe 115 m long. And another calm track 700-800 m long. The slopes are equipped with drag lifts, one 700 m long, another 4 cable lifts of 200 m each. 400 m. The turnstile operates from a laminated card with a barcode. There is a bar, a parking lot, sporting goods store. You can even spend the night in a tiny hotel.

Lecture 17. Sports parks - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 17. Sports parks" 2017, 2018.