Creator of the legendary Russian three-line rifle. Secrets of the “three-line”. Who invented the most famous Russian rifle? Review of hunting modifications of carbines

Model 1891 7.62 mm (3-line) rifle (Mosin rifle, three-ruler listen)) - a repeating rifle adopted by the Russian Imperial Army in 1891.

Name three-ruler comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is three Russian lines(old measure of length equal to one tenth of an inch, or 2.54 mm - respectively, three lines equal 7.62 mm).

History of creation and production

In 1882, the Main Artillery Directorate Russian Empire set the task of developing a multi-shot, “repeat” rifle. In 1883, the “Commission for Testing Magazine Guns” was formed (guns were then the name for any hand-held long-barreled weapon, and the word “rifle” meant a type of gun) chaired by Major General N. I. Chagina.

As a result of long-term work in this area, the Russian army in 1889 was presented with a choice of two systems of repeating rifles - domestic, developed by Captain S.I. Mosin, and Belgian, developed by Leon Nagan. Tests revealed some superiority of the Belgian rifle over the Russian; in any case, the officers and soldiers who took part in the shooting tests of weapons unanimously spoke in favor of Nagant rifle. However, senior management took into account that, for all its excellent qualities, the Belgian rifle misfired twice as much as the Mosin rifle, and also that the Russian rifle was simpler and cheaper to produce. Ultimately, the commission members compromised: in 1891, the Mosin rifle was adopted by the Russian army, on which a 5-round magazine of the Nagant design was installed.

The new model being produced contains parts proposed by Colonel Rogovtsev, the commission of Lieutenant General Chagin, Captain Mosin and gunsmith Nagan, so it is advisable to give the developed model a name: Russian 3-lin. rifle model 1891.

On April 16, 1891, Emperor Alexander III approved the model, crossing out the word “Russian”, so the rifle was adopted for service under the name “ three-line rifle model 1891».

Mosin retained the rights to the individual parts of the rifle he developed and awarded him the Grand Mikhailov Prize (for outstanding developments in artillery and rifle units).

However, the rifle did not remain without a personal name for long - very quickly the soldiers gave it the nickname “three-line”, under which it went down in history. The Mosin name was returned to the weapon only in Soviet times, during its modernization in 1930. Abroad, the Russian rifle has always been called "Mosin-Nagant".

Production of the rifle began in 1892 at Tula, Izhevsk And Sestroretsk arms factories. Due to the limited production capacity of these factories, an order for 500 thousand rifles was placed at the French arms factory in the city of Chatellerault (French). Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Châtelleraut).

Already in the first years after the rifle was put into service, changes began to be made to the original design during the production and operation of the weapon. Thus, in 1893, a wooden barrel guard was introduced to protect the shooter’s hands from burns, and in 1896, a new cleaning rod was introduced, longer and with a head of increased diameter that did not extend into the barrel, which simplified cleaning the weapon. The notch on the sides of the magazine box lid, which would wipe the uniform when carrying a weapon, was eliminated. These improvements were also made to the design of previously released rifles.

By the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, approximately 3,800,000 rifles had been supplied to the army.

After the adoption of a cartridge with a pointed (“offensive”) bullet in 1908, it was adopted into service in 1910. new option rifles with a Konovalov system sight corresponding to the ballistics of the new cartridge.

By the time Russia entered the First World War, the Russian army had 4,519,700 rifles in service; three variants of the rifle were in production - dragoon, infantry and Cossack. During the war, the Russian military industry manufactured 3,286,232 three-line rifles, repaired and repaired 289,431.

Due to a catastrophic shortage of weapons and problems of domestic industry, the Russian government began to purchase rifles of several foreign systems abroad, and also ordered rifles from companies in the United States Remington And Westinghouse 1.5 million rifles mod. 1891/10 Some of them were never delivered to Russia - after the Revolution they were confiscated by the US government.

During the Russian Civil War, two types of rifles were produced - dragoon and, in much smaller quantities, infantry. After the end of the war, from 1922, only dragoon rifle And carbine arr. 1907.

In the first years of Soviet power, there was a wide discussion about the advisability of modernizing or replacing the existing model of the rifle with a more advanced one. As a result of the discussion, a committee was formed in 1924 to modernize the rifle mod. 1891.

As a result of modification of the dragoon version of the rifle, as shorter and more convenient, a single model appeared - rifle model 1891/1930. (GAU index - 56-B-222). Although it contained a number of improvements relative to the original model, in comparison with analogues in service with the armies of states that were potential opponents of the USSR, it still did not look the best in the best possible way. However, by that time the repeating rifle was no longer the only type of infantry small arms, so in those years the emphasis was placed primarily on the creation of more modern and advanced types - submachine guns, machine guns, self-loading and automatic rifles.

Mass production also began in 1932 sniper rifle mod. 1891/30(GAU index - 56-V-222A), distinguished by improved quality of processing of the barrel bore, the presence of an optical sight PE, PB or (later) PU and the shutter handle bent down. A total of 108,345 units were produced. sniper rifles, they were intensively used during the Soviet-Finnish and Great Patriotic War and proved themselves to be reliable and effective weapon. Currently, Mosin sniper rifles are of collector's value (especially the “registered” rifles that were awarded to the best Soviet snipers).

In 1938, a modernized one similar to the main model was also adopted carbine arr. 1938, which was a modification of the 1907 model carbine. It became 5 mm longer than its predecessor and was designed for targeted shooting at a range of up to 1,000 m. The carbine was intended for various branches of the military, in particular artillery, engineer troops, cavalry, communications units and logistics employees, such as transport drivers , who needed a light and easy-to-handle weapon, mostly for self-defense.

The latest rifle options were carbine arr. 1944, distinguished by the presence of a permanent needle bayonet and simplified manufacturing technology. Simultaneously with its introduction, the rifle itself, model 1891/1930. was discontinued from production. The shortening of infantry weapons was an urgent requirement put forward by the experience of the Great Patriotic War. The carbine made it possible to increase the maneuverability of infantry and other types of troops, since it became more convenient to fight with it in various earthen fortifications, buildings, dense thickets, etc., and its combat qualities were both in fire and in bayonet combat compared to a rifle practically did not decrease.

After the fairly successful Tokarev self-loading rifle (SVT) was adopted into service in 1938, it was assumed that in the early 1940s it would almost completely displace the Mosin rifle in the Red Army and become the main weapon of the Soviet infantry, following the US Army, which adopted in 1936 armament self-loading Garand rifle. According to pre-war plans, it was planned to produce 1.8 million in 1941. SVT, in 1942 - 2 million. In fact, by the beginning of the war, over 1 million SVT were manufactured, and many first-line units and formations, mainly in the Western military districts, received a regular number of self-loading rifles.

However, plans for the complete rearmament of the Red Army with automatic weapons were not carried out due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War - since 1941, the production of the SVT, which was more complex in comparison with the repeating rifle and submachine gun, was reduced significantly, and one of the main types of weapons of the Soviet army remained modernized rifle mod. 1891, although supplemented by very significant quantities (more than half of the total number of small arms at the end of the war) of self-loading rifles and submachine guns.

In 1931, 154,000 were produced, in 1938 - 1,124,664, in 1940 - 1,375,822.

In 1943, on the occupied territory of Belarus, a railway engineer T. E. Shavgulidze developed the design 45 mm rifle grenade launcher In total, in 1943-1944, in the workshops of the Minsk partisan formation, Soviet partisans manufactured 120 rifle grenade launchers of the Shavgulidze system, which were installed on rifles of the Mosin system.

Production of the main rifle mod. 1891/30 was discontinued early 1945 Carbine arr. 1944 was produced until the start of production of the Kalashnikov assault rifle. Rifles and carbines were gradually removed from the army's arsenal, replaced by the SKS carbine and Kalashnikov assault rifle(although a number of model 1944 carbines continued to be used in the paramilitary security system).

Design and principle of operation

Cut-off reflector is controlled by the movement of the bolt and serves to separate cartridges fed from the magazine box into the receiver, preventing possible delays in feeding caused by the edges of the cartridges engaging each other, and also plays the role of a reflector of spent cartridges. Before the modernization of 1930, it was a single part, after which it consisted of a blade with a reflective protrusion and a spring part.

The reflector cut-off is considered one of the key parts of the rifle design introduced by Mosin, ensuring the reliability and trouble-free operation of the weapon in any conditions. At the same time, its very presence was caused by the use of outdated cartridges with a rim, which were not very convenient for feeding from a magazine.

However, even the Lee system stores adopted for English rifles Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield, which also used a cartridge with a rim, did not have a cut-off reflector, instead of which the magazine had spring jaws on top and a diamond-shaped profile, due to which the cartridges were located in it so that the rim of the upper cartridge stood in front of the rim of the next one, and their engagement was excluded (herringbone). It was this scheme that later became generally accepted for magazines chambered for welted (having a rim) cartridges.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

• Good ballistics and high power of the cartridge (at the level of .30-06), despite the fact that many analogues at that time still used black powder;
• Greater survivability of the barrel and bolt;
• Undemanding manufacturing technology and large tolerances;
• Reliability, trouble-free operation of rifle mechanisms in any conditions;
• Simple and reliable design of the shutter, consisting of only 7 parts; it disassembles and assembles quickly and without any tools;
• The magazine box is well closed at the bottom;
• Durable stock and butt;
• Cheap frame clip;
• Easily removable shutter for cleaning;
• Sufficient rate of fire of the rifle;
• A separate combat bolt cylinder, replacing which if broken is much cheaper than replacing the entire bolt;
• Cheap replacement of wooden parts.

Flaws

• Straight neck of the butt, less convenient when shooting than the semi-pistol version on the latest models of rifles at that time, although more durable and convenient in bayonet combat;
• The Mosin safety is very simple, but inconvenient to use and short-lived due to the coloring of the safety protrusion with frequent use (how much a safety is needed on a repeating rifle is a moot point);
• Some lag behind advanced foreign analogues in the design of small parts and accessories, for example - outdated and quickly loosening stock rings, a sight vulnerable to impacts, less convenient than the side, lower “infantry” swivels (since 1910, replaced by also not the most convenient slots for belt passages, originally available on the dragoon rifle), inconvenient ramrod stop, etc.;
• Low quality of wooden parts due to the use of cheap wood, especially on later releases

Usage

The rifle was actively used from 1891 until the end of World War II.

Video

Rifle shooting, weapon handling, etc.:

The Mosin rifle, created in Russia, also known as the “three-line rifle” and “Mosinka”, was used from 1891 until the end of World War II and was the main weapon of Russia, and then the USSR. small arms. What is the secret of the rifle, created back in the 19th century, and which has become a world-famous example of Russian weapons?

The introduction of smokeless powder made the transition to smaller calibers possible, and the evolution of weapons technology led to the development of magazine-fed rifles. In 1882, the Main Artillery Directorate announced the task of creating a Russian multi-shot rifle, and a year later, Major General Chagin headed the “Commission for Testing Repeating Shotguns.”

History of creation

In 1989, Sergei Ivanovich Mosin proposed a 7.62 mm magazine system, created on the basis of his single-shot rifle. The bolt group and receiver were taken from the latter without any special changes, and a magazine was added, similar in design to the Mannlicher rifle magazine.

The Belgian system of Leon Nagant competed with the domestic development during testing, which turned out to be better, but more expensive and labor-intensive to produce, and also produced 2 times more misfires.

At the end of the tests, the commission decided to begin supplying the Russian army with Mosin rifles equipped with 5 Nagant magazines.

Three-line chucks

At the same time as the rifle, a 7.62 mm cartridge, called a three-line cartridge, was adopted. That is why it has become common among soldiers to call the new rifle a three-line rifle.

The cartridge was made in the image of a French cartridge by designer Veltishchev. Its features were blunt-tipped bullets, the use of smokeless powder, and a bottle-shaped case with a protruding rim.

This sleeve was obsolete, but in poor condition Russian industry forced this step due to the less stringent tolerances required during production.

Adoption, production

The Mosin rifle of the 1891 model was adopted in 3 versions. It went into mass production in 1893 at the Sestroretsk arms factory. Despite the fact that later production began at several more factories, their capacity was not sufficient to meet the needs of the Russian army, which is why production was ordered in the United States.

The first option is an infantry rifle with a long bayonet and barrel.

The second option is a cavalry or dragoon rifle with a shorter barrel and a new method of attaching a belt.

The third option is a Cossack rifle without a bayonet and with the shortest barrel.

The first two options used a non-modern tetrahedral needle bayonet. Its cross-section made it possible to use the bayonet as a screwdriver, making it easier to disassemble the rifle.

The impossibility of detaching the bayonet from the rifle forced it to always be worn in a combat position; in addition, zeroing was done with the bayonet attached, since its removal led to a change in the balance of the weapon. During operation, the bayonet connection weakened, which led to loosening and deterioration in shooting accuracy.

The defect was corrected in 1930, and in 1938 they got rid of the bayonet, which was always in a combat position. At the same time, other features of the system were improved, for example, in 1894, wooden barrel linings appeared on the barrel, protecting the hands of soldiers from burns on the hot barrel.

Device and technical characteristics

The Mosin rifle model 1891/1930 is a repeating rifle and uses a bolt action. Thanks to the technological design, disassembly and assembly did not cause much labor and did not require soldiers to highly qualified. Assembled from the following parts.

7.62 mm rifled barrel

Early images had a trapezoidal rifling shape, later it was simplified to rectangular.

At the rear of the barrel there is a smooth-walled chamber into which the projectile is fed before firing; above it there is a factory mark, by which it is possible to identify the manufacturer and year of manufacture. On the hemp of the barrel there is a thread with which the receiver with the bolt inside is attached. A magazine box is attached to it, inside which is a feed mechanism, a cut-off reflector and a trigger mechanism.

Magazine and reflector cut-off

The magazine holds 4 cartridges arranged in 1 row and a feed mechanism for them.

The deflector is operated by the bolt and separates the cartridges as they are fed. It also serves as a reflector for fired cartridges. In 1930, it was modernized, replacing the simple part with a blade with a reflective protrusion and a spring part.

It is the reflector cutoff that is one of the most important details Mosin rifles, since it ensures the unpretentiousness of the system and its uninterrupted operation in any conditions. It's funny, but the creator used it only for the sake of outdated cartridges with a sleeve with a protruding rim.

Shutter and trigger mechanism

A feature of the Mosin rifle is considered to be a long and tight trigger, which does not have a warning - its stroke is uniform and the descent stage is not marked by a large effort.

The bolt is designed to send the cartridge into the chamber, then the barrel bore is locked. After the shot, they remove the cartridge case or cartridge that misfired.

The sniper modification has an extended bolt handle, which makes it easy to install an optical sight and increases the convenience of reloading.

Stock and receiver

The stock connecting the parts of the rifle includes the fore-end, neck and butt, made of birch or walnut.

The neck is straight, designed for bayonet fighting, and convenience of shooting has been sacrificed.

In 1984, a pad appeared that protected a soldier’s hands from burns on the barrel when shooting, and the barrel itself from accidental damage.

Sight and front sight

The Model 1891 rifle has a stepped sight, graduated in hundreds of steps, and has two rear sights. The first of them is designed for shooting at 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 meters, the second is designed for shooting at a distance from 1300 to 3200 meters. To use the second one, you need to place the aiming bar vertically.

The 1891/30 model rifle was equipped with one rear sight, allowing for shooting from 50 to 2000 meters.

The front sight is located near the muzzle; on the 1891/30 rifle it has a ring muzzle.

Sniper rifle Mosin received an optical sight.

Mosin sniper rifle

In addition to infantry, cavalry and Cossack rifles, a sniper rifle was developed and put into service in 1931.

A distinctive feature is the ability to load only 1 cartridge at a time, which is due to the presence of an optical sight.

The latter had a magnification of 3.5 and provided targeted shooting at a distance of up to 1300 meters.

The Mosin sniper rifle became widespread during the Second World War, when with its help Red Army soldiers restrained the open movements of the Germans.

Characteristics

Barrel caliber 7.62 mm, length 1230 mm, weight 4.27 kg, muzzle velocity 865 m/sec, magazine for 5 rounds, rate of fire up to 10 rounds per minute, manual loading. The aimed firing range was 2000 meters for conventional modifications and 1300 for sniper modifications.

Advantages and disadvantages

The Mosin rifle had pronounced advantages in the form of low cost and ease of production, durability, low maintenance and undemanding training for soldiers.

However, there were also disadvantages, mainly due to the outdated design, developed back in the 19th century. For example, an inconvenient bolt made reloading difficult and caused inconvenience when carrying.

For many years, the USSR promoted the Mosin rifle as the best in its class, superior to foreign analogues. In some ways, the history of its creation is similar to the Soviet T-34 tank, in which ergonomics and convenience gave first place to manufacturability and mass production, its low cost.

However, it is foolish to deny its value for the Red Army, because the weapon really should be as simple, unpretentious, but as effective as possible.

The Mosin rifle, also known as the famous "three-line rifle", was the main weapon of the 1917 revolution, as well as the Great Patriotic War. It is the Mosin rifle of the 1891 model that is rightfully considered one of the most famous examples of Russian weapons. The Tsar's "three-line" took part in the Russian-Japanese war, and then in the First World War.

The Russian “three-line”, created at the end of the 19th century, remained an effective and reliable weapon for a soldier for many decades. It became one of the first domestic models adopted by the army. Today, Mosin rifles can often be seen in museums and private collections. There are not only Russian modifications of the rifle, but also those made abroad. The design has changed a little, specifications- but the principle of the weapon remained the same.

The Mosin rifle was developed during the rise of technology and science, when the advent of smokeless powder made it possible to switch to smaller calibers. And thanks to the development of weapons technology, it became possible to create a replacement for the single-shot system - a magazine-fed system. Naturally, Russia also participated in the process of weapons development.

As a result, the Russian army was presented with two magazine-type rifle systems to choose from - the Belgian Leon Nagant, as well as the domestic one by Captain S.I. Mosin. Tests demonstrated that the Belgian rifle was generally better than the Russian one. But senior management took into account that:

• the Belgian rifle had twice as many misfires;
• the Russian rifle was cheaper and easier to produce.

The generals ultimately compromised: the Mosin rifle was adopted by the Russian army in 1891, but it was equipped with a 5-round Nagant magazine. Along with the rifle, a new three-line cartridge (7.62 mm) was also adopted. The rifle was designated “three-line,” and the soldiers nicknamed the weapon “three-line.” Name three-ruler comes from the caliber of a rifle barrel, which is three lines (an obsolete measure of length equal to one tenth of an inch or 2.54 mm)

This weapon was renamed Mosin only in Soviet times after modernization in 1930. The Russian three-line rifle has always been called “Mosin-Nagan” abroad.

Inventor of the “three-line”

The history of the creation of the “three-line” was not easy. Several designers took part in the creation of the best repeating rifle in the world, but the most significant contribution was made by Sergei Ivanovich Mosin. History was unfair to him, and during his lifetime his rifle did not bear the name of the developer, which greatly upset the designer.

Sergei Mosin was born in the village of Ramon, Voronezh region. He graduated from the military and artillery school, artillery academy. In 1875, Mosin became the head of the tool workshop of the arms factory in Tula. By 1880, he was already developing single-shot rifles and was an expert in gunsmithing. In 1894, Mosin became the head of the Sestroretsk arms factory.

Cartridges for Mosin carbine

The cartridge was created by the Russian designer Veltishchev by analogy with the French cartridge from the Lebel rifle, caliber 8x56 mm R. It used:

1. blunt-pointed jacket bullets;
2. smokeless powder charge;
3. a sleeve with a protruding bottle-shaped rim.

The mechanism of a sleeve with a rim, which is already outdated, was adopted due to the low level of development of Russian industry - the applied tolerances in this case are less strict.

Adoption of the Mosin rifle into service

Weapons of the 1891 model (caliber 7.62)wasacceptedfor service in three versions (in fact, they were distinguished only by the barrel length):

1. Infantry rifle - the longest bayonet and barrel.

2. Dragoon (cavalry) rifle - the barrel length is shorter, and the method of attaching the belt has been changed.

3. Cossack rifle – there was no bayonet and a shorter barrel.

The bayonet for the rifle was adopted from a model that was already slightly outdated by that time - tetrahedral needle-shaped, with a tubular coupling attached to the barrel. The bayonet had a square cross-section with small fullers on the sides; when disassembling the weapon, the tip, sharpened to a plane, could be used as a screwdriver.

The main drawback of the system, which was corrected only in 1938, was that the bayonet had to always be worn in a combat position, attached to the rifle; disassembly was not intended. "Three-line" guns (except for the Cossack one) were aimed with a fixed bayonet. If the bayonet was disassembled and removed, the balance of the weapon was upset - the bullets flew past the target. In addition, over time, the fastenings of the bayonets led to loosening, and shooting accuracy deteriorated.

Early weapons were distinguished by the absence of barrel linings, as well as by a barrel that was open at the top along its entire length. Since 1894, wooden top pads have been used to protect the shooter’s hands from burns. At the time the weapons were put into service, Russian enterprises could not yet begin producing new rifles, so the initial order was placed in France, in the city of Chatellerault.

Only in 1893-94 the rifle went into mass production at the Sestroretsk arms factory near St. Petersburg, and a little later - in Izhevsk and Tula. During the First World War, rifles had to be ordered from the United States to make up for front-line losses.

Technical characteristics of the Mosin rifle

Mosin rifle model 1891/1930. is a bolt action repeating rifle with a twist lock.

Specifications:

• Caliber - 7.62 mm
• Total weight without cartridges with bayonet - 4.5 kg
• The total length without bayonet is 114 cm
• Total length with bayonet is 166 cm
• The shape of the rifling is rectangular
• Number of grooves - 4
• Magazine capacity - 5 rounds
• The weight of the clip including cartridges is 122-132 g.

Shooting can be carried out with standard cartridges with heavy and light bullets, as well as with incendiary, tracer and armor-piercing bullets.

Device

The operation scheme of the Mosin rifle is based on the following design solutions:

1. The barrel is locked on two lugs with a longitudinally sliding butterfly valve for the receiver. The stops are located in the front part of the bolt; when locked, they are located in a horizontal plane.
2. The firing pin is cocked, as well as cocked, when the bolt is opened.
3. The shutter mechanism is simple in design. The reloading handle is located in the middle of the bolt.
4. Instead of a fuse, a trigger head (striker) is used, located behind the bolt.
5. The bolt is easily removed from the receiver without tools.
6. The magazine is box-shaped, with a single-row arrangement of cartridges, integral. Due to the fact that the lower cover of the magazine is hinged, cleaning the magazine and quick unloading is simplified. The magazine is loaded with one cartridge at a time when the bolt is open through the upper window of the receiver or from plate clips for 5 rounds.
7. Due to the peculiarities of the magazine, the design has a special part - a cut-off, which blocks the second and lower cartridges in the magazine when the upper one is fed into the barrel.
8. The mechanism involves turning off the cutoff if the bolt is completely closed, this makes it possible for the next cartridge to rise to the feed line.

Disassembling the rifle due to its manufacturability was not difficult.

The sniper rifle was adopted by the Red Army in 1931. It was only allowed to shoot from the best fighters who have undergone special training.

The Mosin sniper rifle is perfect for precision shots at long-range single targets. Firing accuracy with an optical sight was ensured at a range of 100-1300 meters. However, due to the optical sight, it was impossible to design the rifle for loading with a clip—you had to insert one cartridge at a time.

The visibility was acceptable, the scope provided 3.5x magnification. Accuracy was ensured with the help of an aiming stump, as well as an aiming thread perpendicular to it.

The bolt handle was modernized; it was lengthened and bent down so that when reloading the bolt handle would not rest against the sight. For this reason, the rifle was loaded only with single cartridges, since the clip could no longer be inserted into the grooves. The rifle also has mounts for optical sights. Trigger sensitivity was reduced from 2.4 to 2 kg. The sniper rifle did not provide for the use of a bayonet. Its trunk narrowed at the exit cut by 2-3% (the so-called “choke”). The bullet in such a barrel was better centered and the bullet was “spitted out” rather than ejected.

Rifle specifications:

• caliber 7.62 mm;
• weight 4.27 kg;
• initial bullet speed 865 m/s;
• length 1230 mm;
• magazine capacity 5 rounds;
• sighting range 1300-2000 m;
• rate of fire 10 rounds per minute;
• manual loading type.

Sight characteristics:

• magnification 3.5x;
• exit pupil diameter 6 mm;
• field of view 4° 30′;
• the exit pupil distance from the surface of the eyepiece lens is 72 mm;
• resolving power 17″;
• sight length 169 mm;
• sight weight 0.270 kg.

Advantages and disadvantages of the rifle

For decades, the Mosin rifle was glorified by Soviet propaganda as best weapon, superior to other samples of this class. But it must be admitted that she was not ideal in all respects.

Advantages of the rifle:

1. cheap and easy to manufacture and maintain;
2. accessible to poorly trained and illiterate soldiers;
3. durable and reliable;
4. had good ballistic qualities for its time.

Disadvantages of the rifle:

1. a bayonet of an outdated design, permanently attached to the rifle;
2. the horizontal bolt handle was not very convenient when reloading and carrying weapons;
3. the bolt handle is located far from the neck of the butt - this contributed to the confusion of the sight and slowed down reloading.

In general, the Mosin rifle is a typical example of the Russian weapon idea, when ergonomics and ease of use were sacrificed for ease of use and production, reliability and low cost.

Video about the Mosin rifle

Shooting from a Mosin sniper rifle

If you have any questions, leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them

Here is a manual from 1938 dedicated to 7.62 mm. Mosin rifle. Although most of the document describes the 1891/1930 rifle, its last chapter describes interesting information and according to the pre-revolutionary model (sample 1891/1910). If you want to go directly to this section, press -.

INSTRUCTION

By

SHOOTING

(NSD-38)

7.62 mm rifle model 1891/1930.

VOENIZDAT NPO USSR

DESIGN DESCRIPTION

RIFLE MODEL 1891/1930 (Fig. 97)

7.62 mm repeating rifle mod. 1891/1930 is in service with the Red Army. It was obtained by upgrading the rifle mod. 1891, produced in 1910 and 1930.

The main modernization was carried out in 1930, which is why the rifle received the name mod. 1891/1930

Along with the rifle mod. 1991/30 The Red Army is armed with a sniper rifle mod. 1891/1930 and carbine arr. 1938, having a slight difference from the main model, and in warehouses and in rear areas you can find a rifle mod. 1891 (not modernized). In addition, the carbine mod. 1944, different from the carbine mod. 1938 with a bayonet mount. In the carbine arr. 1944, as well as in a rifle mod. 1891/1930 (since 1943) permanent bayonet. In the stowed position, the bayonet is attached to the fore-end of the stock and secured with a latch.

general characteristics

Rifle mod. 1891/1930 refers to repeating bolt action rifles with a twist when locked. The barrel bore is locked by symmetrically located combat lugs of the bolt cylinder. Striker-type impact mechanism. The safety mechanism against premature shots and against the possibility of a shot when chambering the next cartridge is implemented in the bolt. Trigger without warning. The cartridges are fed from a vertical magazine box with a single-row arrangement of cartridges. Filling the magazine box is done by pushing cartridges out of the clip. Sector sight.

For bayonet fighting, a needle-type bayonet is attached to the rifle barrel.

Basic rifle data

Total weight with bayonet without cartridges. . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 kg.

Overall length with bayonet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 cm.

Overall length without bayonet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 cm.

Number of grooves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Form of paresis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectangle Naya

Magazine capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 rounds

Weight of the cartridge clip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-132 G.

For shooting, standard cartridges with light and heavy bullets, armor-piercing, tracer and incendiary bullets can be used.

Design of mechanisms and components

Barrel with receiver (Fig. 98) The barrel and receiver are the main parts of the rifle, mounting all its mechanisms and parts.

Trunk along the outer surface of a variable cross-section, decreasing towards the muzzle, it has protrusions in the muzzle and breech parts, which are respectively the bases for the front sight with a front sight and the sighting block. On the hemp, the breech of the barrel, a thread is cut, onto which the receiver is screwed with an interference fit. The rifled part of the bore has four grooves, curving from left to top to right.

Receiver(Fig. 99) is the most complex and labor-intensive part in terms of production, since it has greatest number elements mating with rifle parts and mechanisms. The receiver has only one forward bridge; To obtain the required rigidity, it is made massive.

Inside the receiver, along its entire length, there is a channel for placing the bolt, which has longitudinal grooves in the vertical plane for the combat lugs of the combat cylinder, and in the front part there is a thread for connecting to the barrel and an annular groove for placing the lugs when the barrel channel is locked.

In the middle of the receiver there are upper and lower windows. The right wall of the upper window is cut to accommodate the ridge of the bolt stem, and grooves are formed on the rear for inserting a clip when filling the magazine box. On the left side of the receiver there is a slot with a threaded hole for cutting off the reflector. In the rear part there is a longitudinal groove on top for guiding the ridges of the bolt stem and trigger, and at the bottom there is a window for the passage of the sear of the trigger lever and the trigger head.

To connect the receiver with the stock, trigger mechanism and magazine box, there are threaded holes for the tail rotor and the stop screw; in the rear part there is a boss for securing the trigger axis.

Rifle bolt (Fig. 100) refers to the type of sliding gate with rotation when locked.

Fig. 100. Shutter and its parts.

1 – shutter stem, 2 – fighting larva, 3 – ejector, 4 trigger , 5– drummer, 6 – mainspring, 7 – connecting strip.

The bolt with the mechanisms assembled on it performs the following functions: sending a cartridge into the chamber, locking the bore, firing a shot, removing the spent cartridge case, interacting with the cut-off reflector.

The bolt consists of a bolt stem, a combat cylinder, an ejector, a trigger, a firing pin, a mainspring and a connecting strip.

The bolt stem is the main part that operates the other parts of the bolt. It consists of a cylindrical part, a comb and a handle. Inside the cylindrical part there is a channel with a ledge in the rear part, in which the firing pin with a mainspring is placed. Two grooves are formed on the lower plane of the front part of the ridge: a longitudinal one for the protrusion of the combat cylinder and a transverse one for the ridge of the connecting bar post

At the bottom of the cylindrical part of the bolt stem there is a beveled longitudinal groove for the reflective protrusion of the cutoff-reflector, and in the rear part there is a screw cutout and at the end of the socket, which serve to accommodate the screw protrusion of the trigger when the bolt is open and the safety protrusion of the trigger when the latter is put on the safety cock.

The combat larva directly locks the barrel bore, having two symmetrically located combat protrusions. A channel of variable cross-section is formed inside the combat cylinder with a hole in the front part for the exit of the firing pin, and on the outer surface there is a longitudinal groove for the passage of the reflective cut-off protrusion of the reflector and a groove for the ejector. A small protrusion and a transverse groove in the rear part serve to connect the combat cylinder with the bolt stem and the connecting strip.

The connecting bar serves to connect the combat cylinder with the bolt stem; in addition, it determines the position of the trigger and protects the firing pin from being screwed in and out of the hammer. It consists of the bar itself, a stand and a tube with an oval hole pressed into the stand. A combat cylinder is put on the front end of the tube, the transverse groove of which includes a protrusion located in the front part of the bar, and the rear one is placed in the channel of the bolt stem; in this case, the ridge of the rack is placed in the transverse groove, and the protrusion of the combat larva is placed in the longitudinal groove of the latter. Thus, the connection between the bolt stem and the combat cylinder is ensured, both during longitudinal movements and during turns. A blind groove is formed on the lower plane of the connecting strip, in which the trigger head, which is the bolt stop, passes.

The firing pin has a firing pin, a rim for resting the mainspring, and a thread at the rear end for connection to the hammer.

The trigger serves to connect the striking mechanism in the bolt stem and to place the firing pin on the combat and safety cocks.

The trigger is screwed onto the firing pin and has a protrusion at the bottom, which is a combat cock; rear end the trigger forms a button; To guide the trigger in the groove of the receiver, there is a ridge with a safety protrusion and a screw protrusion that interacts with a screw cutout on the bolt stem.

Spring ejector 3 with the help of the heel it is fixed in the groove of the combat larva. In the front part it has a hook with a bevel to make it easier for the hook to jump over the edge of the sleeve.

Locking mechanism (Fig. 101). To lock the barrel, you need to move the bolt forward and turn the bolt handle to the right. When the bolt moves forward, the combat lugs of the combat cylinder are located in a vertical plane and move along the longitudinal grooves of the receiver. Before the rear planes of the lugs reach the annular groove in the receiver (approximately 6 mm), the bolt stops because the front bevel of the ridge of the bolt stem will rest against the front oblique cut of the upper window of the receiver. When turning the bolt stem handle to the right, the rear beveled cut of the bolt stem ridge will slide along the rear bevel of the receiver window, and the lugs – along the cuts at the supporting planes of the annular groove, which will cause the simultaneous movement of the bolt stem with the combat cylinder forward.

When the bolt stem with the combat cylinder reaches the extreme forward position, they will rotate until the crest of the bolt stem stops in the right plane of the upper window of the receiver; in this case, the combat protrusions of the combat larva will finally go beyond the supporting planes, and the barrel bore will be completely locked.

When unlocking the barrel bore, the front cut of the bolt stem ridge will slide along the front oblique cut of the upper receiver window, which will cause, when the stem handle is turned to the left, a simultaneous movement of the bolt stem with the combat cylinder back (approximately 6 mm), in this case, the combat protrusions of the latter will come out from behind the supporting planes and will become in the longitudinal grooves of the receiver.

Impact mechanism striker type (Fig. 101). The mainspring has 28 turns. The drummer device is described above.

Safety mechanism implemented in the bolt and provides protection against the possibility of a shot when chambering the next cartridge and against the possibility of premature shots.

When unlocking the barrel bore, the edge of the screw cutout of the bolt stem, acting on the surface of the screw protrusion of the trigger, moves it back, since the trigger ridge, guided by the groove of the receiver, will not allow the trigger to turn along with the stem. In this case, the mainspring, whose front end rests against the rim of the firing pin, and the rear end against the ledge of the channel in the bolt stem, will receive preliminary compression, and the firing pin will disappear into the channel of the combat cylinder. Retraction of the hammer with the striker continues until the screw protrusion of the hammer comes out of interaction with the screw cutout of the stem, and when the barrel bore is unlocked, the end of the screw protrusion jumps into the socket on the bolt stem, which fixes the position of the hammer with the striker in relation to the bolt stem at reloading a rifle.

When the bolt moves forward during reloading, the hammer cocking moves behind the sear of the trigger lever. The combat cocking keeps the hammer and firing pin from moving forward, while the end of the screw protrusion of the hammer comes out of the socket on the bolt stem, and the mainspring receives final compression. When the barrel is locked, the screw protrusion of the trigger is installed against the deepest part of the screw cutout on the bolt stem.

To set the hammer to the safety cock, it is necessary to cock the firing pin, placing the hammer on the combat cock, lock the barrel, and then pull the hammer back, turn to the left and release.

When the trigger is pulled back, the combat cock of the latter comes out of the fork of the connecting bar, and when turned to the left, it fits into the recess of the receiver. The safety protrusion of the hammer comb will then fit into the recess on the rear section of the bolt stem, and the edge of the comb will rest against the left wall of the receiver. In this position, the possibility of releasing the trigger with the striker, as well as the possibility of opening the bolt, is completely eliminated.

Trigger without warnings (Fig. 102). It consists of a trigger, a trigger spring, a trigger spring screw, and a trigger shaft. The trigger is mounted on an axis between the ears of the receiver and consists of a head with a bolt stop and a tail. A rectangular hole is formed in the trigger head with chamfers applied on the upper edges, into which a trigger spring enters, attached with a screw to the wall of the receiver by the heel. At the rear end of the trigger spring there is a sear and a stop that limits the upward movement of the sear.

Interaction of parts of the impact and trigger mechanisms

When you press the trigger, it rotates on its axis and the pressure of the angle of the upper edge of its rectangular hole will push the trigger spring sear down (Fig. 103).

Released from the sear, the trigger with the firing pin rushes forward under the action of the mainspring and, with the barrel bore locked, the end of the screw protrusion of the trigger moves to the deepest part of the screw cutout of the bolt stem, so that the firing pin extends beyond the cut of the cup of the combat cylinder and breaks the primer.

After the shot, the mainspring is in a decompressed state. The released trigger, under the action of the trigger spring, turns tail forward, and the sear rises up until it stops at the lower plane of the hammer cocking, so that the persistent protrusion of the trigger spring does not touch the receiver.

When the trigger is pulled back (Fig. 104), the sear of the trigger spring will come out from under the lower plane of the combat cocking and rise up until the thrust protrusion stops in the wall of the receiver, while the trigger will rotate so that its head will fit into the longitudinal blind groove of the connecting strip and will limit the rearmost position of the shutter.

Cut-off reflector (Fig. 105) serves to: 1) limit the movement of the clip inside the receiver when filling the magazine box with cartridges; 2) holding the cartridge in the receiver together with the protrusion on the right wall of the receiver; 3) the direction of the cartridge as it moves from the receiver to the chamber; 4) cutting off cartridges located in the magazine box when the bolt is open; 5) reflections of a spent cartridge case.

The reflector cut-off consists of a blade and a spring part.

The blade has a protrusion on all four sides: the front and rear limit the movement of the reflector inside the receiver, the upper one serves to reflect the spent cartridge case into the lower one for connection with the spring part.

The spring part has a heel with a hole for the screw, which attaches the cut-off reflector to the receiver, and in front there is a cut-off protrusion and a window for the corresponding protrusion of the blade.

Extraction of the spent cartridge case is carried out by an ejector, the hook of which, when the barrel is locked, jumps over the rim of the cartridge case. When the channel is unlocked, the ejector pushes the cartridge case out of the chamber by the amount the combat cylinder moves back (about 6 mm), which facilitates further extraction. When the bolt moves backward, the reflective protrusion of the cutoff-reflector blade, passing in the longitudinal groove of the combat cylinder, will rest against the head of the cartridge case, and the latter will be thrown out of the receiver to the right and slightly upward.

Magazine case vertical type with single-row arrangement of cartridges. The magazine box is filled with cartridges squeezed from the clip.

The magazine box (Fig. 106) consists of a square, a trigger guard, two side walls, a lid and a lid latch with a screw. The walls, angle and bracket are connected by spot electric welding.

The magazine box is attached to the receiver from below, covering the lower window with the latter stop screw passing through the hole in the square, and the tail screw through the hole in the trigger guard. Interior box corresponds to the outline of the cartridge. Side walls stamped, have a ledge rounded at the top. From below, the magazine box is closed with a lid, which is held in the back by a latch, and the front, which has an oval cutout, is attached to a hinge bolt secured in a square.

Feeder (Fig. 107) is secured with a pin on the lid of the magazine box. It consists of a feeder, a feeder spring, a feeder lever, a feeder lever spring, two pins and a screw.

Interaction of rifle parts and mechanisms during loading

To load a rifle, you need to fill the magazine box with cartridges, place the cartridge in the chamber, and lock the barrel.

When squeezing cartridges from the clip (Fig. 104), the lower cartridge presses the edge of the sleeve on the reflector cut-off blade, moving it to the left, and rests on the feeder, and the reflector cut-off blade moves to the right under the action of the spring part. When entering under the cut-off blade of the reflector of the second cartridge, the lower one moves the cut-off tooth of the spring part to the left and enters the magazine box. Guided by the rounded ledges of the side walls of the box, the cartridges move back somewhat, so that the edge of the overlying cartridge is located in front of the edge of the underlying one. The fifth cartridge remains in the receiver, held on the left side by the reflector cut-off blade, and on the right side by a protrusion on the wall of the receiver (Fig. 108).

When the bolt moves forward, the combat cylinder will advance the cartridge into the chamber. The front end of the cartridge, due to the sliding of the sleeve slope along the oval bevels of the receiver, will rise, and the bullet will be directed into the mouth of the chamber (Fig. 109), while the sleeve will come out from under the reflector cut-off blade and the protrusion of the receiver. The cap of the cartridge case rises and stands against the cup of the combat cylinder, after which the cartridge is pushed forward not by the rim of the combat cylinder, but by the ejector head, which, when the barrel is locked, jumps with its hook over the rim of the cartridge case. The cutting protrusion of the cutoff-reflector, when the barrel bore is locked, falls into the beveled groove of the bolt stem and moves to the left, and the next cartridge is lifted by the feeder until it stops against the connecting bar (Fig. 103). Subsequently, when opening and retracting the bolt back, the next cartridge rises up until it stops against the cut-off-reflector blade and the protrusion of the receiver and will become in the path of movement of the shutter, and the cut-off protrusion of the cut-off-reflector will move to the right and cut off the next cartridge.

Sighting device consists of a sight and a front sight.

The sight is sectoral, consists of an aiming block (Fig. 110), an aiming bar, a sighting bar clamp, two clamp latches, two latch springs, an aiming bar axis, a sighting bar spring and a sighting block screw.

Fig. 110. Sight.

1 - sighting block, 2 - sighting bar, 3 - sighting bar clamp, 4 - clamp latches, 5-latch springs, 6 - sighting bar axis, 7 - sighting bar spring.

Fig. 111. Front sight with a mop.

7 - front sight, 2 - namushnik.

The aiming block is fixedly mounted on the barrel using a trapezoidal protrusion on the barrel and the same groove on the lower plane of the aiming block, secured with a screw and soldered with tin. To set the required height of the sight, the sighting block has two ribs.

The aiming bar can rotate on its axis passing through the eyes of the sighting block, constantly pressing against the aiming block by a leaf spring, whose front end rests against the sighting bar, and the rear end fits into the groove between the sector ribs of the sighting block.

At the rear end of the bar there is a mane with a semi-oval slot for aiming. On the outside of the bar there are divisions from 1 to 20 (in hundreds of meters): s right side even, and odd on the left; between the divisions there is a dash for setting the sight with an accuracy of up to 50 m. On the sides of the strip there are cutouts for the teeth of the clamp latches.

The rectangular front sight is attached together with the front sight to the base of the front sight using a trapezoidal protrusion and the same groove on the base (Fig. 111).

Stock with receiver (Fig. 112). The design of the box is so-called English. The eye connects all the parts and mechanisms of the rifle and serves for ease of operation both during shooting and in bayonet combat. The stock consists of a fore-end, a neck and a butt.

The barrel guard covers the top of the barrel. To protect against cracks, the ends of the barrel lining are equipped with brass tips reinforced with two rivets.

The bayonet (Fig. 113) is needle-type, tetrahedral. It consists of a blade, a latch, a neck and a tube that fits onto the muzzle of the barrel.

The cleaning rod has a head with a notch and a hole for a pin, and in the front part there is a thread for screwing on the wiper. Its length is sufficient for cleaning the bore.

Device (Fig. 114) serves to connect and fasten all parts of the rifle. It consists of two stock rings, a stock ring spring, stock eyes, a stop screw, a tail rotor, a stock back with two screws, a tip with a screw, a dowel screw and a ramrod stop.

Stock rings connect the receiver to the stock. Bottom part The rings are split and the ends are connected with a lock. The rings are springy, which allows you to firmly hold the barrel lining at different degrees of humidity in the stock. When attaching stock rings, their ribs jump over the protrusions of the ring springs, which keeps them from jumping off the stock.

Rifle Accessory (Fig. 115) is used for disassembling, assembling, cleaning and lubricating the rifle. The combination accessory kit consists of a muzzle pad, a ramrod coupling, a screwdriver blade, a wiper and a brush. In addition, the accessory includes a double-neck oiler and a gun sling with two trenches.

Disassembling and assembling the rifle

Disassembly of the rifle can be incomplete or complete.

Partial disassembly of the rifle is carried out in the following order:

Remove the bolt: press the trigger with the index finger of your left hand, and open and remove the bolt with your right hand.

Remove the bayonet: place the rifle with the butt on the ground (with the barrel lining to the left) and, grasping the muzzle of the barrel with your left hand, thumb Using the same hand, press the bayonet latch upward until it stops. Then, grasping the bayonet with your right hand and turning it to the left until the base of the front sight coincides with the cutout of the bayonet tube, remove the bayonet upward. For separating the bayonet in rifles mod. 1891, you need to hold the rifle by the fore-end with your left hand and turn the bayonet collar towards yourself with your right hand. Then, pressing the bayonet tube with the thumb of your left hand, remove the bayonet with light blows of your palm on the neck of the bayonet.

Remove the cleaning rod: holding the rifle in your left hand, unscrew it with your right and lift the cleaning rod up.

Remove the cover of the magazine box: press the latch head with your finger and open the cover. Then, squeezing the feed mechanism, remove the cover from the hinge bolt.

Disassemble the shutter:

a) take the bolt in left hand and, holding the combat cylinder with your index finger and the handle with your thumb, pull the trigger with your right hand until the protrusion on the screw cut comes out of its socket and, turning to the left, release forward; in this case, the combat cock should not come out of the fork of the connecting bar;

b) take the bolt in your right hand, with your left hand push forward the connecting bar with the combat cylinder and separate them from the bolt stem;

c) separate the combat cylinder from the connecting bar;

d) rest the firing pin against a wooden lining (in a vertical position) and, pressing the stem handle with your left hand, compress the mainspring, then unscrew the hammer from the firing pin with your right hand and, gradually releasing the bolt stem, remove the firing pin with the mainspring;

d) remove the mainspring from the firing pin.

Reassembling the rifle after partial disassembly is done in the reverse order. To assemble the shutter you need:

a) put the mainspring on the firing pin;

b) insert the firing pin with the mainspring into the channel of the bolt stem;

c) rest the firing pin (in a vertical position) against a wooden lining and, pressing the stem handle with your left hand, compress the mainspring, then screw the hammer onto the firing pin and gradually, releasing the bolt stem, insert the screw cutout of the trigger into the screw cutout of the bolt stem;

d) use the cutout of a screwdriver to turn the firing pin until the slot on it aligns with the mark on the trigger button;

e) put the combat cylinder on the connecting bar tube and turn it to the right until it fails;

f) insert the firing pin into the channel of the connecting bar tube so that the cocking cock of the trigger fits into its fork, and the protrusion of the combat cylinder into the groove of the comb;

g) check the exit of the firing pin: the striker should go into the deep middle cutout of the screwdriver (number 95) and should not go into the shallow cutout (number 75). If the firing pin does not come out correctly, separate the firing cylinder and the connecting bar from the bolt stem and use the cutout of a screwdriver to adjust the exit of the firing pin by screwing or unscrewing the latter;

h) pull the trigger and turn it to the right.

Complete disassembly is carried out in the following way:

Carry out partial disassembly.

Separate the receiver lining: remove the gun belt trench from the upper slot; unscrew the stop and tail screws two turns and move the stock rings forward by pressing on their springs.

Separate the barrel from the stock: stand the rifle vertically and, holding it with your left hand in your grasp, unscrew the stop screw; then, putting the rifle down, grab the receiver and magazine box with your left hand and unscrew the tail rotor, then separate the magazine box and, putting your index finger into the receiver channel, separate the barrel from the stock.

Separate the magazine cover latch.

5. Separate and disassemble the trigger mechanism: turn the barrel with the sight down and, supporting the receiver with your left hand at the cut-off reflector so that the sight does not rest against anything, unscrew the trigger spring screw, push out the trigger axis and separate the trigger with the spring from the barrel . Separate the trigger spring from the hook.

6. Separate the cutoff-reflector (only allowed to the command staff). - insert the bolt stem into the receiver, push it forward and turn to the right, while the blade of the cutoff-reflector comes out of the slot of the receiver, then unscrew the cutoff-reflector screw and, pressing with your thumb right hand on the spring part of the cut-off-reflector along its groove towards the barrel, while slightly lifting the blade by the cut-off tooth, push out the cut-off-reflector. Separate the blade from the spring part and remove the bolt stem from the receiver.

Disassembly and separation of other parts of the rifle can only be done in a weapons workshop.

The rifle is assembled in the reverse order.

Rifle malfunctions that cause delays when firing, their identification and elimination.

During prolonged combat work, due to the inevitable wear of parts, contamination of mechanisms or inattentive care, malfunctions may occur in the rifle's mechanisms, causing delays in shooting.

Any delay should be attempted to be eliminated by reloading the rifle without using excessive force.

Typical faults that cause delays are:

1. Self-opening of the magazine box lid when filled with cartridges.

Sign. When loading cartridges from the clip into the magazine box, its lid opens and the cartridges fall out of the box.

Causes. Malfunction of the magazine box cover latch: its screw has become loose, a tooth has been worn out or chipped.

Remedy. Load without a clip, putting cartridges into the receiver no-one: after shooting, having established the cause of the delay, eliminate it or send the rifle to a weapons workshop for correction.

2. Jamming of the next cartridge when chambering.

Sign, When the cartridge is chambered by the bolt, it is jammed by the edge of the cartridge case between the cutoff-reflector blade and the right wall of the receiver channel.

Causes. When loading, the cartridge was not brought under the cut-off reflector blade; faulty cut-off reflector.

Remedy. Correct the position of the next cartridge by hand and send it into the chamber. If the delay is repeated frequently, load without a clip, placing cartridges into the receiver one at a time; At the end of the shooting, send the rifle to the weapons workshop for correction.

3. The cartridge is tightly locked in the chamber.
Sign. Closing the shutter requires a lot of force.
Causes. Cartridge malfunction; the cartridge is dented or the primer protrudes; chamber contamination.

Remedy. Remove the faulty cartridge; if, when opening the bolt, the cartridge remains in the chamber, push it out through the muzzle with the head of a cleaning rod or a wiper with a wound rag placed on the cleaning rod; wipe and lubricate the chamber:

4. O sec h k a.

Sign. When the trigger is pulled, the primer does not break.

Causes. Malfunction of the capsule; insufficient output of the firing pin or its breakage; the mainspring is weakened, bent or broken; The lubricant in the bolt stem channel has thickened.

Remedy. Reload the rifle and continue shooting; if the delay is repeated frequently, remove the bolt, check the condition and exit of the firing pin and, if necessary, correct its position; If the lubricant becomes dirty or thickened, disassemble the bolt, wipe it dry and lightly lubricate it with winter rifle lubricant; If the firing pin or mainspring breaks down or malfunctions, send the rifle to a weapons workshop.

5. The cartridge case is not ejected after the shot.
Sign. When opening the bolt, the ejector hook does not remove the cartridge case from the chamber.

Causes. The ejector is malfunctioning: the hook is worn out or dirt has accumulated under the ejector (carbon deposits, thickened grease, etc.).

Remedy. Remove the bolt and check the condition of the ejector; if the ejector is working properly, try to eject the cartridge case by vigorously opening the bolt; if it is not possible, push the cartridge case through the muzzle with the head of a cleaning rod or a wiper placed on the cleaning rod and wrapped in a rag, freeing the chamber from the cartridge case, wipe and lubricate it; If the ejector malfunctions, send the rifle to a gunsmith.

6. The cartridge case or cartridge does not reflect when unloaded.

Sign. When the shutter is opened, the protrusion of the cutoff-reflector does not reflect the cartridge case.

Causes. The spring part of the cut-off reflector is bent. Contamination of the cut-off reflector slot.

Remedy. Throw away the cartridge case by hand (remove the cartridge) and clean the slot for the cut-off reflector; If the cut-off reflector malfunctions, send the rifle to a weapons workshop.

7. The bolt pops out of the receiver when it is pulled back.

Sign. The shutter is not delayed by the slide stop.

Causes. Loosening of the trigger spring screw, wear of the bolt stop or the front wall of the connecting bar groove.

Remedy. After removing the shutter, check the condition of the shutter stop; if it is in working order, disassemble the rifle and tighten the trigger spring screw all the way; If the bolt stop is faulty, send the rifle to a gunsmith shop.

SNIPER RIFLE REV. 1891/1930

Sniper rifle mod. 1891/1930 (Fig. 116) is individual firearms sniper.

The main feature of a sniper rifle is an optical sight mounted on it using a special bracket.

A sniper rifle differs from an ordinary model. 1891/1930 next design features: 1) the bolt stem handle is bent down for ease of loading; 2) the bayonet is missing; 3) front sight height by 1 mm more, which is caused by removing the bayonet and zeroing the rifle in the factory, before installing the optical sight, with the sights open; 4) the trigger spring is thinned in the middle part by 0.2 mm, so that the force on the trigger when releasing the striker from cocking is from 2 to 2.4 kg; 5) for rifles with a faceted front part of the receiver (Model 1891), the stock foreend has longitudinal cutouts on both sides for installing the base of the bracket.

The basic characteristics of a sniper rifle (without a bayonet) are the same as those of a private rifle, but the accuracy of the battle is improved by selecting them from among the best privates or specially manufactured with improved straightness, barrel surface quality and reduced tolerances.

The combat stability of sniper rifles is higher, which is achieved by more carefully fitting the stock to the barrel with the receiver and making the stock mainly from walnut wood.

It is impossible to load sniper rifles from a clip, since the optical sight is located above the groove for the clip in the receiver, and therefore loading is done one cartridge at a time.

The sniper rifle allows you to shoot with an optical sight from 100 to 1,400 m and with an open sight (without removing the optical one) from 100 to 600 m.

Bracket device

The bracket serves to strengthen the optical sight on the rifle and consists of the base of the bracket and the bracket itself.

The base of the bracket (Fig. 121) is secured to the front of the receiver using six screws. A bracket consisting of lower and upper parts is slid onto the longitudinal upper protrusion of the base.

The lower part of the bracket (Fig. 122) has two posts with recesses for mounting an optical sight, ears for screws attaching the half-rings, and a longitudinal groove for placing a wedge. The wedge serves to tighten, using clamping screws, the inclined edge of the groove of the lower part of the bracket to the inclined edge of the protrusion of the base of the bracket. The bracket posts have windows for shooting with open sights.

Top part The bracket consists of two half-rings with ears and holes for screws with which the optical sight is secured in the bracket.

Due to the fact that the optical sight with bracket is adjusted to each individual rifle, the rifle number is marked on the base of the bracket and on its lower part on the right side.

RIFLE REV. 1891

7.62 mm. rifle mod. 1891, adopted by the Russian army in 1891, was designed by Captain Mosin together with other members of the commission formed for this purpose.

Rifle mod. 1891 was put into service in the form of two models: infantry and dragoon.

Basic data of the infantry rifle mod. 1891 the following:

• Rifle weight with empty magazine and bayonet 4.55 kg.

• Total length with bayonet 173.42 cm.

• Length without bayonet 130.4 cm.

The rest of the data is the same with the rifle mod. 1891/1930

Dragoon rifle data mod. 1891 do not differ significantly from the main data upgraded rifle arr. 1891/1930

In 1910 and 1930 in a rifle mod. In 1891, changes were introduced to improve the combat and technical properties of the rifle, after which a modernized rifle mod. 1891/1930

The main design differences between the parts of the rifle mod. 1891 from rifle parts mod. 1891/1930

Trunk rifles mod. 1891 does not have a hole for a locking screw on the trapezoidal protrusion for the sighting block.

Receiver in a rifle mod. 1891 in the upper part has three sides, while in the rifle mod. 1891/1930 This part is made oval for production reasons.

Aim rifles mod. 1891 frame type (Fig. 123). It consists of a sighting block /, which with its groove slides onto the trapezoidal protrusion below the barrel and is soldered with tin, a sighting frame 2, a sighting clamp 3, two latches 4, two latch caps, the sighting frame axis 5, the sighting frame spring 6 and its screw 7.

The sighting block has two posts with five cut-out steps. There are numbers on the side of the left pillar opposite each step. 4, 6, 8 , 10 And 12, corresponding to the divisions of the sight (in hundreds of steps).

A sighting frame spring is placed between the posts, and the sighting frame itself is fixed to the lugs on axis 5.

The sighting frame has some curvature, which was done for a more uniform arrangement of the sight divisions in connection with the increase in the sighting range from 2700 to 3200 steps, introduced in 1910 along with the use of a pointed bullet instead of a blunt one. The sighting frame has two longitudinal ridges with notches for clamp latches and a mane at the back with a slot for aiming. On bottom side The frames are marked with numbers from 13 to 32 (even on the left, odd on the right) with intermediate short marks for setting the sight every 50 steps.

Due to the fact that the barrel of a dragoon rifle is slightly shorter than the barrel of an infantry rifle, the sight scale of dragoon rifles is somewhat different.

To externally distinguish the sighting frames of infantry rifles from dragoon rifles, the letter was applied to the latter TO. The sighting clamp moves along longitudinal grooves along the aiming frame and is locked in the desired position with latches. It has a window in the middle with a slot for aiming and observing the battlefield.

The clamp of an infantry rifle does not have a cutout on the protrusion to limit the downward movement of the clamp when the frame is placed vertically, since the sight divisions of the infantry rifle are higher than those of the dragoon rifle.

Front sight triangular shape.

Cut-off reflector (Fig. 124) in a rifle mod. 1891 is a part of a rather complex shape and difficult to manufacture.

Magazine case rifles mod. 1891 differs from the box of the rifle mod. 1891/1930, mainly due to the manufacturing method: the square is solid, while the rifles mod. 1891/1930 it consists of four parts, in addition, the main parts of the magazine box were not welded, but riveted with five rivets. Feeder; Two parts differ slightly - the lever and the feed spring. To limit the rise of the feeder upward, the feeder lever of the rifle mod. 1891 has two protrusions on the sides of the head, with which it rests against the corresponding protrusions of the magazine box cover, and in rifles mod. 1891/1930 the lever on the head has a nose that rests on the lid of the magazine box.

Rifle feeder spring mod. 1891 does not have a projection connecting it to the lever.

Lodge infantry rifle mod. 1891 (fig. 125) differs from the dragoon and rifle mod. 1891/1930 because it is longer and thicker. A ledge is formed on the fore-end in front to support the upper stock ring.

Receiver pad infantry rifle mod. 1891 has tips with projections that fit into the cutouts of the stock rings. In a dragoon rifle, a brass plate with a cutout is riveted to the rear of the barrel lining, with which it wraps around the front of the sighting block.

Stock rings infantry rifle mod. 1891 (Fig. 126) sliding, tightened with screws.

The stock rings have no springs. To install the stock rings, it is necessary to put on the pre-set lower ring and then apply the receiver pad so that its protrusions fit into the cutouts of the stock rings; put on the top ring; Tighten the rings with the screws until they stop wobbling, while the rings should not slide onto the heads of the stock pins.

The stock rings of a dragoon rifle look like blind oval rings. Their significant drawback is that they cannot open and close when the stock swells or shrinks and thus either will not reach the cutouts of the stock springs or will be free.

Rifle bayonet mod. 1891 differs in the way it is attached to the trunk; it is secured not with a latch, but with a clamp (Fig. 127, a). The first samples of the modernized rifle mod. 1891/1930 had bayonets with ear guards attached to a bayonet tube (Fig. 127, b).

Ramrod stop in a rifle mod. The 1891 does not have a guide rod.

Ramrod rifles mod. 1891 had a head that did not go into the bore.

For half a century, the “three-ruler” became the main symbol of the Russian and then the Soviet soldier. It is equally associated with battles in the trenches of the First World War, with revolutionary patrols on the streets of Petrograd, with “psychic attacks” of the White Guards and with regiments leaving for the front in the terrible year of 1941.

Few people today remember why the rifle is called “three-line”. It comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three lines. A line is an obsolete measure of length equal to approximately 2.54 mm. To be more precise, the name “three-line” denotes the well-known and familiar 7.62 mm caliber.

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Get away from the Berdanka

In the 1870-1880s, the Russian army was armed with Berdan tanks. This word meant two different systems of single-shot rifles chambered for a unitary central ignition cartridge with a metal sleeve and black powder.

Since the late 1870s, Russian military experts began talking about the need for the army to switch to repeating rifles, but the available samples did not have sufficient reliability and efficiency.

In 1889 the great chemist Dmitry Mendeleev As a result of experiments, he was able to obtain high-quality smokeless gunpowder. In the same year, a 7.62 mm cartridge loaded with smokeless powder was developed in Russia.

Back in 1882, the Main Artillery Directorate set the task of developing a multi-shot, “repeat” rifle, but only by 1889 did conditions arise that made it possible to truly create modern rifle, which could be produced in Russia along with weapons and ammunition.

Mosin rifle 7.62 mm model 1891-1930. Reproduction of an illustration from the book “Weapons of Victory” by the publishing house “Young Guard”, 1975. Photo: RIA Novosti / Khomenko

Mosin and Nagan: who won?

In 1889, a Belgian presented his rifle samples to a special commission. Leon Nagant And Head of the tool workshop of the Tula Arms Plant, Captain Sergei Mosin.

Both rifles had a number of interesting solutions, but did not meet all the requirements. The designers were asked to continue working. In the fall of 1890, Nagant and Mosin rifles were presented for military testing. They showed that the Russian rifle, although inferior to the Belgian in finesse and design, has the advantage of ease of manufacture and reliability. During testing, Mosin rifles gave three times less delays when feeding a cartridge than Nagant rifles.

But in the end, Mosin’s development was accepted only as a basis. Improvements were made to it, both borrowed from the Nagan design and proposed by the specialists who were part of the commission for choosing the model.

Rifle without a name

Minister of War Pyotr Vannovsky, presenting the final draft of the rifle for approval to the emperor, wrote: “The new model being manufactured contains parts proposed Colonel Rogovtsev, commission Lieutenant General Chagin, captain Mosin and gunsmith Nagan, so it is advisable to give the developed model a name: Russian 3-lin. rifle model 1891."

Emperor Alexander III simplified the name even more, ordering the rifle to be put into service under the name “three-line rifle of the 1891 model.”

Sergei Ivanovich Mosin was not spared either ranks or awards, but his name was finally fixed in the name of the rifle only in the 1920s. The gunsmith did not live to see this: in the winter of 1902, he died of pneumonia at the age of 52.

Sergey Mosin. On the left is a captain, 1981, on the right is a major general, 1901. Source: Public Domain

"Three-line family"

Reliability and ease of production and handling made the Mosin rifle the most popular domestic weapon of the first half of the 20th century.

By the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, approximately 3,800,000 rifles had been supplied to the army.

When it comes to the Mosin rifle, you need to keep in mind that a whole family of small arms was created on its basis.

Only since 1891, the rifle was produced in three modifications: “infantry”, “Cossack” and “dragoon”. In 1907, the family was replenished with a carbine, created on the basis of a rifle.

In 1930, by modernizing the “dragoon” rifle, a new type of weapon was created, known as the Mosin rifle model 1891/1930.

The start of production of optical sights in the USSR made it possible to create a sniper rifle based on the “three-line” rifle.

The Mosin sniper rifle, launched into production in 1931, was distinguished by improved barrel processing, a downward-curved bolt handle and a mount for an optical sight. In total, over 100 thousand of these rifles were produced, which became the weapons of legendary Soviet snipers, for example, Vasily Zaitsev.

Various modifications of rifles and carbines. Photo: Flickr.com / Antique Military Rifles

Only AKs were produced more

The latest modification of the Mosin rifle was the 1944 model carbine, which was distinguished by the presence of a fixed needle bayonet and simplified manufacturing technology. The experience of the Great Patriotic War required shortening infantry weapons, and the new carbine made it possible to fight in various earthen fortifications, buildings, dense thickets, and so on.

The 1944 model carbine was produced before the Kalashnikov assault rifle was adopted, after which it was gradually withdrawn from service.

To this day, numerous examples of civilian and sporting weapons are created on the basis of the Mosin rifle.

According to rough estimates, about 37,000,000 copies were produced in total. various modifications based on the “three-line”. From domestic weapons Only the Kalashnikov assault rifle turned out to be more widespread.