Fishing gear in reservoirs and their use. Fishing technique with a fixed seine Nets for fishing

A fixed seine, as they write in books, refers to “passive fishing gear”, i.e., after it is installed, it “catches the fish itself”. The principle of operation is based on the use of the property of salmon to return after sea feeding to their native river. At the beginning of summer, salmon scattered in places where the sea gorge begins to gather in schools, and foolishly rush to their rivers. It is still not really known what kind of GPS the fish use, but the rivers where they were born are found thousands of kilometers away by salmon.

When approaching their native shores and in search of their river, herds of salmon cling to the shoreline - this is where they are met with fixed nets. Along the shores of Kamchatka, if memory serves, about 400 sites for installation have been “cut” sea ​​seines. But, as in any fishing, there are sections to sections, there is a lot of discord... Naturally, the most “delicious” places are near the mouths of rivers - there the fish will never pass by. However, it is prohibited to place a seine closer than 2 km to the mouth, and the distance between seines must be at least 2 km.

The seine itself is structurally composed of a “wing” (a wall made of a net extending perpendicularly from the shore into the sea for about 1 km) and “traps” at the sea end of the wing (a “nipple” type system - a labyrinth with narrow entrances and walls and bottom from a continuous network with a mesh of about 30 mm).

The principle of operation is sickeningly simple - salmon walking along the shore encounters an obstacle (wing), begins to go around it... runs into traps and that's it... All that remains is to “sort out” the net, drive the fish to one end and “pour” it into the “slot” ( a barge without a bottom, covered with a net so that the fish can live there longer) or a “cage” (a solid fence made of the same net, adjacent to the trap). In the slots on the tug, the fish are handed over for processing - to their plant on the shore, or “at sea” to fish processing vessels. The steamboat, again, can be either its own (the owner’s) or left-handed, where the fish are delivered under an agreement. Depending on the “yield”, the price of the issue ranges from 60/40 (60% of the revenue from fish to the “getters” and 40% to the “receivers”), to the other way around - 40/60 (this is when the fish are like dirt and there is nowhere to put it ). It is considered fair if it is 50/50%.

Below are a few nasty photos from such a fishing trip the previous year:
View of the seine from the slot from the side of the cage. The iron boat on the right is a “sabunka” - it is used to monitor the situation (whether the fish have entered) and minor repairs to the nets. In the background is a “bulkhouse” on which a team of fishermen is sorting out a seine (driving fish to the blind end).

The seine bulkhead is nearing completion.

The bulkhead is completed and preparations are made for “filling” the slot.

Filling the slot.

The slot is filled.

The boss is in charge of the process.

Transportation of the slot to the receiving and processing vessel (floating base "Commonwealth")

View of the boat and the slot from the deck of the floating base.

View of the deck from the bow superstructure.

The simplicity of the “theory” of such fishing does not at all guarantee the same thing in “practice”... Only the installation of a fixed seine requires 2-3 weeks (subject to good weather and calm seas). In addition to delivering and “bringing into working condition” the shmurdyuk itself (nets, cables, ends, buoys, etc.), it is necessary to dig up and prepare in the fishing area about 2000 (two thousand!!!) sandbags for loading the guy ropes with which the entire structure of the seine is secured... Take these same bags from the shore to the sea and “drown” them, in “bundles” of no more than 50 pieces. at a time, because if there is more, the ship may capsize. And such cases, unfortunately, happened...

The seine itself needs to not only be installed, but also configured, almost like a piano - adjust the dimensions, height and dimensions of the “passages” and all that. Like any “delicate matter,” setting up a seine does not require great skill, if not talent... Therefore, good foremen responsible for setting up the seine and fishing are very highly valued and well paid.

However, catching a lot of fish, although this is a necessary condition, is not yet sufficient for successful fishing - all the fish need to be well disposed of (processed at your own factory or handed over to a receiver on favorable terms).

Just to “recoup” the costs of setting up the seine and at least pay the fishermen something, you need to catch at least 200 tons of salmon. But in general, the “performance” of such a seine, with good conditions(fish approaches, calm weather, etc.), allows you to take 1000 or even more tons for poutine.

And so... A team approached Kolpakov, with whom I was supposed to work under a scientific quota. At first glance, fishermen are like fishermen - all of them are seasoned in words (cooler, only eggs). The foreman, however, was a little embarrassed - he was a bit young... and somehow lacking in charisma... But the men arrived in a very nimble MRS-80 (small fishing seiner). They lived on it (7 people in the cockpit and 6 in the hold adapted for life), and they also served the seine with it.
Facilities from the stern, dining area on the hold lid.

They were based in the river estuary. Mikhail Nikolaevich (pictured below) often looked at the “light” and seal liver whites.

Our seine site is the most “chocolate” - the first from the mouth of the river. Kolpakov to the north. The men installed the centerpiece and the frame for the net ahead of time - all that remained was to hang the “rags” (nets), which they did without any problems in a few days. The weather whispered - the sea was like a mirror.

As soon as the net was set out, the fish immediately began to fish. There was no blockage yet, but in a couple of days about 30 tons were herded into the cage. But there was tension with the delivery of the catch... The vessel, with which a joint work agreement had been previously concluded, had not yet arrived in the fishing area...

A live fish in a net can “live” normally for 2-3 days, and if it is not “cleaned up”, it dies and lies on the bottom, tightly covering the net with its corpses. If this happens, it is easier to cut the traps and sew them back together than to manually try to throw it outside.

There was no longer room to “delay” the delivery of fish, and the company representative decided to drag the slot to Sobolevo, or rather to the mouth of the river. Vorovskaya (the company has its own fish processing plant in Sobolevo). And the routes by sea are only from the mouth of the river. Kolpakov to Vorovskaya is about 60 km... As a rule, such slots are not carried further than 3-5 km... There is a wave in the sea... it will shake the fish, wash it... Again, the speed is with a slot on a leash, the speed is no more than 3-4 knots.

Since there was nowhere to go, we went to Sobolevo. We set off in the morning and around 7 pm we approached the mouth of Vorovskaya... but we couldn’t go in - the tide was low. We hung out opposite the mouth for another three hours, and when the water “came up”, we started to enter. By this time it was already dark, but in principle there was more or less visibility.

Overcoming the elastic countercurrent of the fairway, our MRS with a slot on a leash was slowly drawn into the river. And when it seemed that everything - the mouths had passed, trembling from the stress of everyone Horse power the little boat was shaken by a strong side blow (they almost fell off their feet)…!!!?

While they were trying to figure out the cause of the underwater “hook on the right” in bewilderment, men began jumping out of the hold and throwing their mattresses and belongings onto the deck. It turned out that the impact created a hole (the size of a boot), from which sea water gushed out with terrible force!!!
Before our eyes, the hold was filled with water, in which firewood, socks, clothes were mixed up floating... Not even a few minutes had passed before the men in the hold were already fussing about in waist-deep water... and it was coming...!!!

Attempts to stuff the hole with mattresses and rags did not yield any results, since it was impossible to get there because of the bunks and internal lining...

Fortunately, the 10 cm hole did not reach the adjacent engine room and the ship remained underway. They managed to call for help on the radio in time. An MRS-150 jumped up from the nearby pier and unfastened our slot with fish. Lightly and at maximum speed, we rushed to the shore. And when you could already touch the water from the deck with your hand - Thank God, we ran into a shallow.
Gone...

PS. I apologize for the quality of the photo camera"

Fishing gear used in reservoirs, their parameters and procedure for use are established by the fishing rules.

The conditions of reservoirs mainly determine the types of fishing gear and the order of their use, which differ from the fishing gear on the rivers on which the reservoirs are formed. Fishing gear used various types, each of which has optimal selectivity and catchability in relation to certain types of fish or their size groups. This takes into account the use of more advanced fishing methods.

Coastal casting seines. Shore casting seines are used in open water. They consist of two wings, drives and a motor (one or more). The seine is pulled by the edges - ropes.

Coastal lake seines are symmetrical, river seines are asymmetrical. They have a frill in the middle part, wings and edges are the same size. The part of the wing closest to the reel, called the drive, has the same height along the entire length as the reel, which is 30-40% greater than the most common depth in fishing areas. The height of the rest of the wing is less and depends on the bottom topography and fishing conditions.

The length of the homoptera coastal seine is up to 1500 m, the height is up to 25 m. The fishing area per sweep is up to 30 hectares.

In seines used on hard sandy, silty and pebble soils, the lower seine is made shorter than the top, but not more than the height of the seine, which ensures a close fit of the seine to the bottom. On soft muddy or peaty soils, the mesh fabric is made higher than usual, the lower selection is not loaded, and the length is equal to or greater than the length of the upper selection. In this case, the lower catch, lagging behind the upper one, drags along the bottom without cutting the soil, which facilitates traction, preventing the fish from leaving the net.

The net usually has a wedge-shaped shape, 1.5-2 times the height of the seine.

The mesh size depends on the size of the fish expected to be caught, fishing conditions and methods, and fishing rules. The most common del is placed in the kutka motni and in the motna. The mesh in the reel and drives are the same size. The wings are made of mesh of 3-5 sizes, which gradually increase from the drives to the nags. Each subsequent part of the wing is made from a part with a cell 4-6 mm larger than the cells of the previous part.

A polystyrene foam is evenly tied to the top brace. The total mass of the float on the wings is 1/6 of the mass of the upper bridle and dry section, excluding the mass of the flotsam.

Weights (flat stones) or metal rings are tied to the bottom of seines operating on hard soils. In reservoirs with silty soil, stones braided with birch bark or vines are often used. The total weight of the load on the seine is equal to 1/5 of the mass of the entire seine and the upper seine in dry form.

Seines are also built with a valance - a delta strip 0.5-1 m wide, 0.5-0.7 long of the total length of the seine, one of the edges of which is placed on the lower fence, and the second edge is loaded with a light load or placed on a loaded net.

Seines with a valance are used when fishing areas with an uneven bottom for catching carp, catfish, pike, bream, which can go under the lower selection of a conventional seine design.

To catch silver carp, which is capable of jumping over the upper catch of the seine, a curtain with a mesh pitch of 40-50 mm, a width of 1 m, a length of 0.5-0.7 times the length of the seine or a visor is sewn to it to prevent the fish from jumping out.

When fishing with a cast net on the open reach of a reservoir in summer time(Zharkovsky Putina) seines are used with elongated edges equal to the length of the seine, and the seine is swept in a shape close to a triangle.

Folding seine nets. Such seines up to 1000 m long are used in open water and under ice; sinking is carried out on an open stretch. The height of the net in the drives and wings is the same. The seine has a capacious reel, a lower, an upper and a third catch, for which the seine is pulled by a winch. To press the lower rope to the bottom, a sliding weight weighing 30-40 kg is attached to it. Effective Application these seines are possible in areas with increased concentration fish detected by the echo sounder. To prevent the escape of fish during the sinking period at depths of up to 4 m, the wings of the seine are pulled crosswise, and at the beginning of the sinking the seine is anchored and the sinking is carried out from it.

Abroad, two, three, four stretch nets are used at the same time, which are swept in a circle, pulled and brought in at the same time to the center of the swept area, each net independently at two edges into a separate boat.

Purse seines. They are used in areas of reservoirs with great depths and in the presence of high concentrations of pelagic fish. The length of the seines is 200-300 m, the height is up to 30 m. Seine fishing is done by pulling the lower bridle while the upper bridle is stationary, thereby forming a huge bag of fish. There are purse seines, the wing of which two-thirds of the length is taken onto the vessel, and the rest of the wings are purse seines, as indicated above.

Net with curtain(designs by L. I. Denisov). The length of the seine with a curtain is 500-1200 m, height is 3 m, with edges of 600 m. The curtain is a strip with a mesh pitch of 40 mm, 400 m long, 1 m wide. With the help of the curtain, up to 90% of silver carp are retained, which, as noted higher, usually jumps over the top rebound.

Ice fishing net. The length of the seine is 400-800 m. The technique and organization of ice fishing with a seine are varied and depend on the behavior and concentration of fish, the size of the seine, and the netting pattern.

The size of the seine and the method of its use determine the number of fishermen, the size and composition of the winter convoy, the nature and quantity of equipment.

Greater catchability is achieved by using two opposing seines, which sink simultaneously in the center of the sink, while an opposing seine is also used - a seine 20-50 m long, blocking the exit of the fish during sinking. During continuous seine fishing, as the wings are collected, they are immediately stretched according to the following new pattern. When column fishing, 2-6 seines are used simultaneously in such a way as to catch the largest area of ​​the reservoir over several landings.

Collar- a single-winged stretch seine with a motney, used in shallow water. The length of the collar wing is 150-200 m. The collar is round, stretched with 5-8 hoops, twice the height of the collar, with a funnel-shaped neck. Fishing is carried out from one boat with the participation of 3 fishermen.

Scraper- a seine without a net.

Dragnet(brodnik, bredeshok, brodets, drag, drag) - a short drag, 5-20 m long, which is pulled into the ford by nags without edges.

Raiga- a type of coastal cast seine, characterized by a significantly larger lower selection in relation to the upper one. They pull her by the top harness. Used in areas with hummocks, stones, low-cut stumps and other objects without sharp and long protrusions.

Trawls are used for industrial fishing, exploration of fish accumulations, as well as scientific research in reservoirs. Specialized trawl fishing gives good results when fishing for sabrefish in the Tsimlyansk reservoir, smelt in the Rybinsk reservoir, catfish in the Volgograd and Kuibyshev reservoirs, sprat in the Dnieper reservoirs, roach, crucian carp in the reservoirs of Western Siberia.

Twin trawls. Two identical vessels tow a trawl with or without an auxiliary boat. There are no trawl boards, which increases trawling speed and fish catch. The vessels do not go in the wake of the trawl, but from the side, so they do not scare away the fish, but drive them with warps into the trawl fishing zone. Apply motor boats or ships with engines 12-150 hp. With. The use of an auxiliary boat allows for almost continuous fishing. Tugboats are constantly in motion and only slow down while the codend with the catch is being lifted onto the boat. It takes 3-7 minutes to lift the codend and pour out the fish. The codend is trimmed after 15, 20, 30 minutes of trawling.

The design, size and equipment of a twin trawl depend on the engine power of the tugs, the type of fish being caught and the fishing conditions - along the bottom or in the water column. The dimensions of the trawl and the characteristics of the trawl are combined with the trawling speed. The larger the trawl or the smaller the mesh, the lower the trawling speed will be with the same towing capacity of the vessels.

For fishing sprat, sprat, and bleak, the trawling speed at water temperatures below 10 °C is 2.5-3.5 km/h. In warm weather, fishing for bream, pike perch, sabrefish, and roach is carried out at trawling speeds of 4-5 km/h, and for carp, grass carp, silver carp, and catfish at 7-8 km/h.

Fishing with a twin trawl is carried out by 4-5 people. When using an auxiliary boat and tugs with a 20-40 hp engine. With. Each vessel has one mechanic-skipper, as well as 2-3 fishermen. Without an auxiliary boat, 3-4 fishermen work on the leading vessel.

Trawling from one vessel. Which is carried out using spacer boards that ensure horizontal opening of the trawl. Sweeping and hauling of the trawl is carried out from the side or stern, using or without an auxiliary boat. The efficiency of stern trawling is higher than that of side trawling, since there is no need to waste time on circulation required for marking or retrieving the trawl and warps. It provides better horizontal opening of the trawl mouth. For stern trawling, you can use any vessel that does not have trawl equipment (winches, hoop, cargo booms); work is done manually.

The dimensions and design of the trawl for trawling from one vessel are the same as for twin trawls. The trawl has bare ends 8-10 m long to connect the trawl with spacer boards.

When trawling in the water column, buoys are attached to the top of the spacer boards on streamers made of 11 circles of foam, which hold the spacer boards and the trawl at a given horizon during the trawling period. The trawl is installed to the required depth by lengthening or shortening the streamer connecting the board to the buoy.

When fishing in deep water from a vessel that does not have trawl equipment, light metal spacer boards weighing no more than 50 kg each are used.

On ships equipped with trawl equipment, spacer boards can be rectangular, oval, spherical, wing-shaped or slotted, angular and conical.

Trawls are equipped with cuffs at the top and with chains at the bottom; limiters for the vertical opening of the mouth, a safety catch or frame, and emergency buoys are used, tied on a long cord to the end of the trawl codend. A buoy with a lifting force of 150 N is attached to each end of the upper frame of the trawl, where the hook line is passed, and a load weighing 150 N is attached to the ends of the lower frame. With the help of these buoys and weights, as well as the equipment of the upper and lower frames, the vertical opening of the trawl mouth is ensured.

Onboard cone traps. Such traps are used on the Kakhovka Reservoir to catch sprat.

On the boat “Yaroslavets” or PTS-150, two onboard cone traps with a size of 4X4 ​​m at the mouth and a length of 12 m are installed. Fishing is carried out by 4 people. 5 lifting booms are installed on the vessel: one for raising and lowering the towing frame, to the ends of which metal square frames with traps are attached to the streamers; two booms in front of the wheelhouse for raising and lowering the frame and traps and two booms behind the wheelhouse for lifting the codend.

Before trawling, only the towing U-shaped frame is lowered to a depth of four meters, then the square frames with traps and codends. The codends are often raised while the ship is moving.

Push trawling. Push trawling is carried out from one vessel with an 80-150 hp engine. p., suspension device, fish pump RB-100 and winch.

The suspension device consists of two metal trusses 12 m long. Some truss cones are connected and attached to the bow of the vessel, others are stretched and attached to catamaran-type pontoons. When trawling by pushing, the fish are not scared away by the wake and engine noise, since the trawl goes ahead of the vessel. The fish is continuously pumped out of the trawl codend by a pump through a corrugated hose and delivered to the deck of the vessel. This contributes to a significant increase in catch and allows for continuous fishing.

The catch of sprat during push trawling is 2-4 times higher than the catch during stern trawling.

Electrified twin trawl. Behind last years In some reservoirs on open reaches with waves no more than 3 points, electrofishing installations ELU-4 began to be used. The installation consists of a non-self-propelled catamaran KPB-1 and two tugs with a 20 hp engine. With. The catamaran is equipped with an AB-4-T (230V) gas-electric unit with a power of 4 kW, a control panel, a beam crane and a turret with a mechanized drive for lifting the codend. The trawl is 25-meter long, equally matched, with a vertical opening of the mouth of 5 m, with a mirror-cut canvas. The upper selection of the trawl is equipped with cups and an anode - a flat electrode. A cathode - an electrode similar to an anode - is connected to the bottom selection. Weights weighing 15 kg are attached to the lower ends of the nags. The length of the warp is 80-120 m, the trawling speed is no more than 3 km/h. The electrodes are supplied with unipolar, pulsed current from the TIP-250 underwater generator, connected by cable to a gas-electric generator installed on the catamaran.

Networks are smooth with forced draft are made in the form of large frame bags made of mesh fabric in each window. The length of the net is 30 m, the height is 4 m or more when fitted with a frame of 80X80 cm. Floats and weights are tied only in the places where the ends of the vertical bars of the frame are attached to the pick-ups. The net is towed using twin-engine boats with 12-15 hp engines. With. at a speed of 2.7-3.0 km/h.

The duration of fishing does not exceed 30 minutes. Tow nets better in summer and in the fall during the day along the bottom. In areas with a clogged bottom, fishing is carried out at night in the water column or near the surface, where fish concentrate at this time. In the southern and middle latitudes, fishing with nets with forced draft is carried out in the water column from July to mid-October from 23 to 4 o'clock, in the fall - from 20 to 6 o'clock. To catch silver carp during the day, three-wall nets are used in the water column at a draft speed of 6-7 km /h and only for the top pick.

Fixed networks- the most common fishing gear in reservoirs. The amount of fish caught by fixed nets depends on the size of the accumulation of fish in the fishing area and on the correspondence of the mesh pitch in their fabric to the size composition of the fish in the reservoir, as well as on the design of the net, the diameter of the thread, the mesh pitch, landing, equipment, edges, method and location of installation, care and storage. The catchability of the net increases with a decrease in the ratio of the thread diameter to the mesh pitch in the web.

Frame and diamond-frame networks used for catching large-sized fish - catfish, carp, pike, asp, pike perch, bream, ide, etc. Frame nets are made of fabric with a mesh pitch of 70 mm or more. They have longitudinal and transverse veins connected at crossing points. In a rhomborama network, two strands are passed crosswise one to the other. Since the vertical and oblique veins are shorter than the height of the net fabric, bags of mesh fabric are formed in both net designs, which increase catchability, especially in relation to large fish.

Sentry networks(with veins) are made from fabric with a mesh size of 30-70 mm. They have only vertical veins, which are 20-50% shorter than the height of the fabric, tied in 3-4 places to the veins (or not tied). Greater shrinkage of the fabric occurs when the fabric is tied to the veins.

Single-wall networks(block) have one canvas without veins. They are made from fabric with a mesh pitch of 40 mm or less. They are especially effective when fishing for roach, ram and sabrefish.

Combined networks(according to the size of the mesh) consist of one cloth, sewn in height from 2-3 cloths or 4-6 blocks in length with different mesh pitches, and this set of blocks can be repeated 3-4 times depending on their length and the network. Having 6 orders of combined nets with two sets of scaffolds in meshes of 4 m in length, you can quickly and accurately determine the distribution of fish in a reservoir in this moment by type and size groups. Combined nets are used for fish exploration, research and industrial purposes.

Set traps, venteri, pins etc. are made from mesh fabric, metal mesh, rods. They are passive fishing gear and are used on coastal shallows. The largest catches are ensured in the spring when fish approach the shores, at the beginning of winter, during the period of mass seasonal migrations of fish and increased mobility of fish during kills, subject to compliance with fishing rules.

All traps have a barrel or chamber, one or two pairs of flaps, but there are also traps without flaps with a central guide wing. The barrels are stretched using 3-5 hoops or square wooden or metal frames, and inside they have from 1 to 5 funnel-shaped necks. Traps made from mirror-cut fabric are especially effective, and also if the hole in the back throat ends with a bunch of nylon veins tied to its rim every 3 cm of the perimeter.

Analysis of the range of fixed nets used in a number of reservoirs showed that for the greatest catchability with sufficient strength of fixed nets, it is necessary to choose the thickness of the thread for each mesh size.

Good results are obtained by planting with a variable coefficient of 0.20-0.71 with repeatability every 6-8 m of the length of the nets.

For pike and pike perch, a landing coefficient of 0.67 gives good results, for golden crucian carp - 0.30.

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Fixed seines are one of the most common coastal fishing gear, but in some cases they are installed far from the shore on sea banks. A fixed seine consists of one or more wings and one or more traps (Fig. 18). The most common are single- and double-boiler mounted seines.

Rice. 18. Double-boiler marine fixed seine

The wing of a fixed seine is a mesh fabric stretching from the shore to the trap or from trap to trap. The wings of the studs are usually installed across the course of the fish. The mesh fabric of all parts of the seine is planted on pick-ups with a landing coefficient close to 0.707.

Typically, fixed seines are installed in longwalls, several pieces at a time. In some cases, another order of seine installation is used, for example, checkerboard. In lakes where fish move in different directions, a cross-shaped installation of fixed seines is used. The shape of the wing, blocking the reservoir from the bottom to the surface, must take into account the bottom topography. The trap consists of one or more yards and cages or cauldrons. A system of piles (pile) connected to each other by nylon cables or steel wire is used as a rigid frame. The wire that wraps around the gounder heads is called a frame, or alavera. For stability, gounders are stretched to the sides using guy ropes.

The catchability of seines is greatly influenced by the method of holding fish in pots or traps. The watering cans of the necks of the boilers can be equipped with a special lifting curtain, raised by the fishermen after the fish have entered. Having poured the fish out of the cauldron, the fishermen lower the net again.

The second most common method of holding fish in traps is the use of traps. Such seines are called adoption seines. To reduce the possibility of fish leaving the boilers, the entrance to the boilers and the openings are sometimes shaped like mesh trays that rise upward and taper. These trays are called watering cans. The end of the tray enters the cauldron, forming, as it were, openers, but not the entire height of the cauldron, but only in its upper part. Thanks to this, it is more difficult for the fish to escape from the net and its catchability increases.

In addition to the already described tools such as traps (in total, more than 50 types of such fishing gear are used in industry and fishing), we should dwell on the so-called mullet factories (Fig. 19). With some structural local differences, mullet plants are fixed guns catches having a wing and one lowered net wall of the boiler, connected to a system of ropes and blocks, allowing it to be quickly raised at the required moment.

Rice. 19. Fixed mullet plant

Mullet hatcheries, installed across the migration course, require constant observation and the presence of fishermen, who, when entering the fish pot, lift the lowered net wall. The use of such fishing gear is short-term, but can be very effective.

Hook fishing

Commercial hook fishing gear includes fishing rods, trolls and various tackles. They are used primarily for fishing predatory fish, which do not form large concentrations or stay in places inaccessible to other fishing gear. The catching element of the fishing gear under consideration is a hook, on which there is a head, a forearm, a butt, or prying, with a forehead and a back of the head, and a sting with a barb (Fig. 20).

Fishing rods

Fishing rods are not only used by amateur fishermen, but also fished on an industrial scale, for example, tuna fishing.

Rice. 20. Bait fishing hook

Trolls

Trolls or trolling are fishing rods that work on the principle of amateur tracks, i.e. multi-hook fishing rods towed behind the vessel (Fig. 21). Several trolls with lines passed through blocks on the shots are towed out to sea. They are swept out or selected using special winches.

Rice. 21. Fishing with trolls and gear

Tackle

Gear is the name given to ropes to which hooks are attached at a short distance from each other on short leash lines (Fig. 21). The leashes are tied at a distance that prevents adjacent hooks from snagging. More often used as bait small fish. Gear is used both in river and lake fishing, as well as in sea fishing. Gear in the form of longlines is especially widely used when fishing for cod, flounder, and tuna. In the Black Sea, katran sharks are fished in longlines.

Ice fishing

In winter, when the surface of reservoirs is covered with ice, fishing does not stop in many fishing areas, including in such inland seas as the Azov Sea and the northern part of the Caspian Sea.

Fishing gear is installed under the ice. Usually these are only slightly modified networks, cast nets, venteri (Fig. 22), fixed seines, hook gear.

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in coastal zone. The fixed seine contains a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage. The central cable, guide wing and frame are mounted on pick-ups and secured with guy ropes and anchors. The traps are installed opposite each other on the frame, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable. The main and additional traps have two pairs of inputs formed from the shore and the sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end. An increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine is ensured by increasing the fishing area. 1 ill.

The invention relates to the field of industrial fishing and can be used for commercial fishing in the coastal zone.

Fishing with fixed seines in some areas is a rather complex problem that has not yet been solved. On the one hand, the problem arises due to the bottom topography where the seines are installed - the relief is not the same - it is difficult to install the seine to the optimal depth, it can cling to the topography and tear when the sea is rough. On the other hand, the design of seines generally provides for entry into the trap only from the shore, which does not allow collecting big catch, because the fish that comes from the sea goes back to the sea.

In addition, due to low storm resistance, in conditions of strong waves or storms, the seines become entangled, washed ashore and become completely unusable.

Thus, at the moment, the level of technical development and technology for installing fixed seines in industrial fishing conditions are still far from perfect.

A fixed seine is known, including a guide wing, a yard with openings, a lifting road and a cage equipped with distributed buoyancy along the upper selection. Along the upper catch, the seine and cage are additionally equipped with a system of variable buoyancy blocks, which are evenly distributed along the upper catch and along the outer frame of the net and connected to a wave compressor through a receiver. The seine is attached to the ground with dead anchors using inclined guys (RF clause No. 2138161, IPC A01K 69/00, published 1999).

But despite the classic level of performance of this fishing gear, the following disadvantages can be noted: the seine has low productivity, because To completely fill a seine with fish, it takes quite a long time, since the seine has one entrance, which requires a wait-and-see attitude of fishermen to fill the fishing gear and, consequently, a certain loss of working time.

A hanging net is known, which includes a trap with a bottom and an inlet hole made in the form of a slit and equipped with a lifting curtain. The trap includes a lifting road and is additionally equipped with a rectangular frame, secured by guys with anchors, while two guide wings equipped with rebounds are attached to the narrow side of the trap, one of which is half as long as the other (Russian Federation No. 2219768, IPC A01K 69/00, published December 27, 2003).

The disadvantage of the known invention is the presence of one entrance to the trap, which reduces the passage of fish per unit time and, consequently, reduces the fishing efficiency.

In addition, noting the small size of the known seine as its advantage, we can say that this is also its disadvantage, since such a seine has a low production capacity due to the fact that after filling the seine, the fishing process is suspended to pour out the fish, i.e. time is wasted unloading the catch.

Moreover, a small number of anchors and weights does not allow such a seine to work in conditions of high seas, because it can be unmoored and carried away by the current.

A classic fixed seine is known, including a central cable, a wing made of mesh fabric mounted on rebounds, and a trap containing several mesh chambers - yards and cages. The net walls of the yard direct the fish into the cage, where the catch is concentrated. At the entrance to the trap there are openings formed by vertical converging mesh walls, designed to direct the fish into the trap. The entrance consists of a mesh tray that rises from the bottom almost to the surface of the water - a lifting road ending with a pouring device (watering can). The trap is suspended from the frame. The central cable, frame and trap are secured with a guy rope system. The seine is attached to the ground with dead anchors using inclined guys. (Melnikov V.N. Design of fishing gear and technology of fish production, M., Agropromizdat, 1991, p. 127-133).

The disadvantage of the known fishing gear is the low production capacity of the seine.

The closest analogue of the claimed invention is a fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame, a main and an additional trap, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage, with a central cable, a guide wing and a frame placed on pick-ups and secured by guy ropes with anchors, while the traps are installed on the frame opposite to each other, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable (Andreev N.N. “Handbook of fishing gear, fishing gear materials and fishing equipment”, Moscow, Pishchepromizdat, 1962 , pp.227-230).

The disadvantage of the invention is the presence of one entrance to the traps. This reduces the productivity of the seine, because the fish enters the net from one side and a certain waiting time is necessary to fill the net.

The objective of the invention is to increase the production capacity of the seine, as well as reduce fishing time by ensuring process continuity.

The technical result is an increase in the fishing capacity of the fixed seine due to an increase in the fishing area.

To achieve the technical result, a fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage; the traps (main and additional) are equipped with two pairs of inputs formed from the coast and sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end.

Providing the seine with additional openings makes it possible to form two pairs of inputs, which allows fish to enter both from the sea and from the shore, and this, in turn, contributes to the speedy filling of the seine and an increase in the volume of fish caught, which leads to the achievement of a technical result.

The drawing shows the device in working position, general form, view from above.

The fixed seine includes a central cable 1, a frame 2 and traps 3 installed on the frame 2 opposite to each other. Each trap contains a lifting road 4 equipped with openings 5, a watering can 6 and a bulkhead cage 7. In the middle, perpendicular to the central cable 1, openings 8 are installed, forming entrances 9 to the traps 3.

The central cable 1 and frame 2 are mounted on 16 pick-ups and are equipped with 10 buoys and 11 floats to keep them afloat. To secure the frame and the central cable, guy lines 12 with anchors 13 are installed along their perimeter to secure the seine to the ground. To orient the fish into the trap, a guide wing 14 is installed on the central cable 1, made of mesh fabric and containing 15 flaps at the end.

The fixed net works as follows.

To set up the seine, first install the central cable 1 with the guide wing 14. Then install the flaps 15 and frame 2. The traps 3 are connected to the frame 2 and the flaps 8 are hung.

During the fishing process, the fish that comes from the sea passes along the guide wing 14, passes through the entrances 9, and encounters 8 openings on its way, which orient the school along the 5 openings into the trap 3. The fish are prevented from leaving the trap 3 by the openings 5, which installed at an angle to the inlet of the trap. The fish travels along the lift road 4, then through the watering can 6 into the bulkhead cage 7, where it is concentrated. According to the accumulation of fish, without stopping the fishing process, either a floating cage or any vehicle, where the catch is poured.

If a fish moving along the guide wing 14 from the sea side tries to go back to the sea, then the openings 15 do not allow it to deviate to the side; they orient the fish along the guide wing 14 in the opposite direction, driving it into the traps 3.

A fixed seine containing a central cable, a guide wing made of mesh fabric, a frame and two traps, each of which has a lifting road with openings, an inlet and a cage, and the central cable, the guide wing and the frame are mounted on pick-ups and secured by guy ropes with anchors , while the traps are installed on the frame opposite to each other, and a guide wing is installed on the central cable, characterized in that the main and additional traps have two pairs of inputs formed from the coast and the sea, and the guide wing has flaps at the end.

DESIGN OF FIXED SEINES FOR FISHING

Fixed seines consist of a wing and one or more traps (Fig. 12).

The net wing, which directs the fish into the traps, is usually installed across the fish's path. As a rule, the wing usually covers a body of water from the bottom to the surface of the water and reaches a length of 100-200 to 500-600 m.

The trap itself consists of one or more net chambers - courtyards and cages. The yards are relatively large, and the fish do not feel cramped in them. The walls of the yard direct the fish to the cages, where the catch is concentrated. Sometimes the yard also serves as a fish tank.

Rice. 12. Types of fixed seines:
a - two-cage; b - single-cage with a longitudinal arrangement of the cage; c - single-cage with a transverse arrangement of the cage; g - seine with a yard-cage

In Fig. 12. shows a two-cage trap, a single-cage trap with a longitudinal and transverse arrangement of the cage, and a trap in which the yard is combined with the cage.

Double-cage seines are used when there is a sufficiently large movement of fish, when, after entering the yard, it rolls downstream and goes against the current with approximately the same probability, i.e., it enters both cages.

Single-cage seines with a longitudinal cage arrangement are used mainly for small catches in shallow water. Such seines are the least stable, since the long side of the trap is located across the current. In addition, it is difficult to empty fish from such cages while moving a boat perpendicular to the current.

Seines with a cage yard, which are effective for schools of fish, are usually sorted out immediately after the school has entered. The dimensions of the yard are taken such that the fish, entering the yard, do not see its opposite walls. At the same time, fish from a large yard are less likely to roll into cages.

The shape of the yard should make it difficult for fish to escape from the trap and facilitate its entry into the cages. This condition corresponds to courtyards without sharp corners between the side walls and narrow places.

The sizes of the cages depend on the maximum seine catches per bulkhead. Taking into account the survival rate of fish, the maximum concentration of fish in cages can be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in fished schools. However, in practice cages are built of much larger sizes. For example, when catching school fish, the volume of the cage is calculated from the condition that the highest concentration of fish in them should be 2-3 times less than the concentration of fish in the schools being fished. At higher concentrations, the desire of the fish to leave the net increases sharply.

The width of the cages is usually 8-10 m and corresponds to the length of the boat for bulkheading the cage. The length and height of the cage are taken such as to ensure the specified volume of the cage (the height of the cage is sometimes limited by the depth of the reservoir at the location where the trap is installed). Typically, the size of the cages is not increased if the concentration of fish in the cage is close to the permissible limit, and the seine can be oversized.

Recently, cages of polygonal, almost circular shape have appeared. As observations have shown, the probability of fish escaping from such a cage is less than from a rectangular one, and they are more catchy. To pour out fish, a polygonal-shaped cage is sometimes supplemented with a detachable mesh bag (coddle) of a venter-shaped shape, into which the fish are driven during the bulkhead of the cage. The use of detachable codends greatly facilitates the unloading of fish from the net.

Two-tier cages are promising, in which the fish first enters the upper tier of the cage, and from it through a vent-shaped hole into the lower tier. For pouring fish bottom part The cage is lifted onto the ship using a lifting rope and a winch.

In Japan, a fixed seine with a device for removing dead fish has been developed. To do this, a regular fish tank is equipped with an additional funnel from below with a mesh pipe for draining dead fish.

The designs of traps also differ in the way they design the entrance to the yard and cages. The most common entrance devices are with curtains, with doors and with lifts (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Input devices for fixed seines:
o - with curtains; b - with postcards; c - in the form of a lift road

In seines with curtains, the latter are a trapezoidal mesh fabric. The height of the trapezoid is equal to the height of the trap, the smaller base is the width of the entrance, and the larger base is the width of the entrance plus twice the height of the trap. The lower base of the curtain is sewn to the bottom of the trap, and the side edges are sewn to the side edges of the entrance. The upper edge of the curtain is equipped with a weight for sinking the curtain. Rings through which lifting cords are passed are attached to the side edges of the curtain's top trim. Several lifting cords are attached to the middle part of the upper harness.

During the fishing process, the middle part of the curtain lies on the ground. When a school of fish enters the trap, the curtain is lifted by the cords and it closes the entrance to the trap.

In a curtain seine, the cage is usually combined with the yard. The width of the entrance to the yard, covered with a curtain, depends on the size of the schools being fished and reaches 30-40 m.

In nets with openers, fish enter the yard or cage through a passage formed by vertical converging net walls (openers). The return of fish through such an entrance device is difficult, since from the side of the yard or cage the openers form a narrow entrance.

At the nets with postcards highest value has the width of the entrance to the trap and cages. During a massive movement of fish, the width of the entrance to the trap reaches 8-10 m or more, and when sparse - only 2-3 m. The width of the entrance to the cage usually does not exceed 0.5-0.6 m. Sometimes the entrance to the cage is designed in the form of two pairs of postcards. Complicating the entrance device, on the one hand, increases the holding capacity of the cage, on the other, reduces the flow of fish into it. When there is a massive movement of fish, it is more effective to use entrance devices with one pair of flaps, and when there is a sparse movement, it is more effective to use two. The conditions for the passage of fish through entrance devices with openings depend on the angle between them. Typically, the angle between the openings leading to the yard is taken to be 90-100°, and between the openings leading to the cage, 60-70°.

The openings inside the cage should reach approximately the middle of the length of the cage, if the fish in it makes predominantly directed movements and stays near the walls of the cage. When the fish are distributed dispersedly in the cage, short openings are preferable.

In seines with lift roads, the inlet device consists of a mesh tray that rises from the bottom almost to the surface of the water. Such an inlet device has a particularly high holding capacity.

Climbing roads are characterized primarily by their inclination angle and dimensions. The elevation angle of the road usually does not exceed 15-20°; at large angles, the fish are reluctant to climb up the road into the trap. The efficiency of the seine reduces the sagging of the road when the elevation angle is small at the beginning of the road and 40-50° at the end of the road.

The width of the lift road at the entrance to it reaches 40-50 m. Towards the trap, the width and height of the road gradually decrease. The width of the entrance to the trap does not exceed 8-10 m and the height - 3-4 m. The smaller these dimensions, the higher the holding capacity of the trap, but it is more difficult for fish to enter it.

The type of input device in fixed seines depends mainly on the nature of the fish's movement. Thus, nets with curtains are used only when there is a mass movement of fish. Seines with lifting roads are effective when fish are moving slowly. The disadvantage of such seines is the complexity of installation and operation. In addition, disruption of the shape of the lift road usually leads to a sharp decrease in catches. Nets with openers are the most versatile. They are used for mass and sparse passage of pelagic, bottom and benthic fish.

The quality requirements for the mesh fabric of fixed nets are not too high, and it can be made from inexpensive synthetic materials (polypropylene, polyethylene, kuralon, vinylon, etc.). In the USSR, fixed seines are built mainly from nylon netting materials.

The mesh size and thickness of the netting threads are taken such as to avoid entangling the fish and ensure the strength and durability of the fishing gear.

The mesh size of the wing (with the exception of the part of the wing adjacent to the trap) is usually taken to be equal to the mesh size Aob of the meshing gear for catching fish of the same type and size. Under conditions of visual orientation when fishing for schooling fish, the mesh can be much larger (with a factory size of up to 200-300 mm), since the fish in this case does not try to pass through the mesh of the mesh fabric. Near the trap, the activity of the fish increases, so the last 15-20 m of the wing should constitute a mechanical barrier for the fish. Moreover, it is extremely undesirable to mesh the fish here, so the mesh size is taken to be 0.7-0.8 A0b. The mesh size in the openings, yard walls, walls and bottom of cages should be the same, with the exception of the drain walls of cages. In the drain walls of fixed seines, where the catch is concentrated, the mesh size is usually 0.4-0.6 AB.

The diameter of the mesh thread is determined from the ratio d/Af = 0.02-0.03. Larger values ​​of the d/Af ratio are obtained in large seines. In large-cell wings, this ratio is reduced to 0.01-0.015.

The landing edges of the net parts of seines are sometimes provided with an edge several cells wide made of thicker thread.

The mesh fabric of all parts of the seine is planted on selections with a landing coefficient close to 0.707, from the condition of the least consumption of net materials.

Large-cell wings are planted with a landing coefficient of 0.8 and even 0.9. This allows the wing mesh size to be increased even further. On the contrary, for the convenience of pouring out fish, the drain wall of cages is often planted with a landing coefficient of 0.5-0.6. Planting is usually done “on the run” with very little slack in the planting thread.

Restraints are made from nylon ropes or cords, lavsan and combined ropes.

The upper and lower selections have the same thickness, or the bottom selection is 15-30% thicker.

The wing of a seine is often built in separate sections up to 50-60 m long. The side edges of the sections have veins with which the sections are connected to each other. The lines are also placed along the wing in places where the guy lines are installed and along the bottom of the cages.

The visibility of fixed nets largely determines the effectiveness of their work. The wings of the seines, which perform arresting and guiding functions, must be sufficiently noticeable. At the same time, a too noticeable net wall sometimes scares away the fish and worsens the guiding effect of the wing. According to observations of the behavior of fish near a fixed seine, the wing successfully performs guiding functions even with a visibility range of the net of 0.5-1.0 m.

The walls of the yard and the elements of the entrance devices also perform guiding functions, however, the directed movement along them usually does not exceed 10-20 m. It is desirable that the walls of the yard and the elements of the entrance devices have a visibility range of 0.3-0.4 m during the active movement of the fish, when the mesh wall still performs guiding functions.

Requirements for the visibility and coloring of the courtyard walls and elements of the inlet openings also apply to the section of the wing (15-20 m) adjacent to the trap. Low visibility of the wing here improves the conditions for fish to enter the trap and makes it possible to reduce the size of the entrance hole.

The least visibility of the mesh fabric on the side walls of the cages is especially important. This makes it difficult for fish to escape from the cages. The bottom walls of the yard and cages should also have the least visibility. To do this, they are usually painted dark.