Olympiad "constellation". All-Russian Olympiad "constellation" Olympiad constellation in the academic year

For all the children of the city and the republic - conferences and olympiads of the Small Academy of Sciences - a very big holiday of science and creativity. So on January 22, the next VII Republican Olympiad "Constellation", a constellation of young talents, took place on the basis of the Buryat State University. For six years, the winners of the Republican Olympiad have been defending the honor of our republic at the All-Russian Olympiad "Sozvezdiye", which takes place in the science city of Korolev, Moscow Region, and are achieving tremendous success: more than 40 prizes! 10 of them were awarded the President's Prize Russian Federation to support talented youth. The participants of the Olympiad presented their research papers on the most pressing issues of environmental protection, a number of studies related to the study of practical solutions to environmental problems.

The conference showed that young researchers are interested in everything. Many schoolchildren devoted their projects to the protection of their native land, examining the ecological situation of their small homeland in the nominations "Let's Save the Earth", "Our Home Earth" and "The City I Live In". Projects on space, physics were presented, issues of human impact on the environment, the use of modern scientific achievements in medicine were discussed. The study of the deep-water station "Mir-2" on Lake Baikal did not go unnoticed, as well as a number of very interesting reports on a variety of topical topics that concern the whole world.

The authors of the best research projects were awarded diplomas and prizes from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia. And also the winners were awarded personal prizes from the Baikal Institute of Nature Management BNTs SB RAS, the Forestry Agency of the Republic of Belarus, the publishing house "Inform-Polis", the cinema "Progress", the firm "Business-souvenirs" and others. Many thanks to them for the support of talented children! The Buryat State University also did not stand aside: letters of recommendation for admission from the deans of 5 faculties were a pleasant surprise for the winners.

From 19 to 24 April 2010 in Korolev will be held the next All-Russian Olympiad"Constellation". At the Olympics, the winners of the Republican round will go to represent our Republic, and this is Shagdarova Baigalma, a student of the 11th grade, Sosnovo-Ozerskaya secondary school No. 2 of the Yeravninsky district, Nimaeva, Valentina, a student of the 11th grade of the Azul secondary school of the Selenginsky district, Ivanova Tatyana, a student of the 11th grade, Sosnovo-Ozerskaya secondary school No. 2 of the Yeravninsky district, Postavit Alexandra, a student of grade 8, CDEO "Podlemorie"

Barguzinsky district, Markhaeva Alena student of the 10th grade MAOU FMSh №56 Ulan-Ude, Razuvaev Sergei 9th grade pupil MAOU FMSh №56 Ulan-Ude, Evgaldaev Sergey pupil 11th grade school №25 Ulan-Ude, Elaev Dugarzhap student Grade 11 of the Buryat school-gymnasium №29, Ulan-Ude, Rabzhueva Ekaterina, student of the 10th grade of the Lyceum-boarding school №61, Ulan-Ude, Ovod Alexandra, student of the 10th grade of the Dzhida secondary school of the Dzhida district, Kartun Maxim, student of the 11th grade of the secondary school №17 Ulan-Ude, Nikulin Vladimir, student of the 10th grade of secondary school №19 in Ulan-Ude and the youngest contestant Batueva Ayana, student of the 6th grade of Gymnasium №33 in Ulan-Ude.

The Small Academy of Sciences wishes its winners success and worthily represent our republic at the All-Russian Olympiad "Constellation". We believe in the victory of our young "stars"!

The annual All-Russian Olympiad of scientific-research, educational-research and creative projects of children and youth on the problems of environmental protection "Man - Earth - Space" (Olympiad "Constellation") has been held since 1999 at the initiative of the International Chair-Network of UNESCO / ICEC "Technology Transfer for sustainable development "at the International Center for Training Systems (ITSC) and the Russian State Scientific Research Testing Center for Cosmonaut Training named after Yury A. Gagarin.

The venue for the final of the Olympics is the Yuri Gagarin Research Testing Center for Cosmonaut Training and one of the Russian scientific centers.

The Olympiad is dedicated to outstanding events of scientific and technological progress and great compatriots - scientists, cosmonauts, artists. The studies presented in the works cover almost all aspects and spheres of human life and activities. The main attention in the works is focused on the study of natural objects and the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the state of the environment.

For the third year in a row, our inventors are participating in this event. As before, the team is represented by a large delegation. The team included: Nikita Shilov, Maxim Fink, Daria Krasnova, Anatoly Krasnov, Anastasia Kondrasheva, Egor Tarasenko, Roman Korolev.

As part of the Sozvezdiye Olympiad, the children were given excursions to the MCC and the Museum of the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation. They shared their impressions:

"To get to the MCC, you need to go through a strict access system. Photography is prohibited here. The main task of the MCC is to control Russian spacecraft in near-earth and extraterrestrial orbits and monitor other objects in space in order to ensure flight safety.

The MCC is capable of simultaneously controlling 10-15 spacecraft from specially created sectors, which are equipped each time for specific tasks. During the excursion, we noticed that the cosmonauts speak their own special language, a mixture of Russian and English - ruglish. It employs about 800 workers.

We were also told that during communication with the spacecraft, when the ISS enters the zone, in fact, the cosmonauts do not talk with the MCC, but the MCC reads information from the spacecraft and sends it back. "

"The museum, which we managed to visit, is located in the town of Korolev near Moscow. It consists of a demonstration hall, a hall of Labor Glory and the SP Korolev Memorial Room. We were told that before the ISS had a shower and a bath, but they had to be abandoned, as there was an overconsumption of water.

We were also shown a satellite with the first living creature - the dog Laika, which was launched early morning November 3, 1957 The launch, as it was in those days, was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Laika forever entered the history of astronautics as the first living creature to overcome gravity. The results of observations of Laika made it possible to conclude that space flight is also possible for humans. Flying dogs played a huge role in the preparation of manned space flight. For space flight, mongrel and stray dogs were used, which passed natural selection in the conditions of the street and a wandering lifestyle. They had good health, ingenuity, unpretentiousness in food and a loyal attitude towards people. A special scientific program was developed to prepare dogs for flights: short - on rockets and long - on satellites. The dogs were trained in a centrifuge, tested on a shaker, and prepared for ejection. At least 30 dogs took part in the flights. Preparation, training, flights on ballistic missiles had a detrimental effect on their health. There were frequent cases of death of animals during experiments. Scientists and researchers who worked with dogs tried to create comfortable living conditions for them, fed them well, and took them for walks. Many employees had their favorites. Dogs returning from the flight were taken home by many staff members. Dogs that did not return from the flight were called "eternal" astronauts.

The history of chess is at least one and a half thousand years old. Invented in India in the 5th-6th centuries, chess has spread almost all over the world, becoming an integral part of human culture. There is an ancient legend that ascribes the creation of chess to a certain Brahmin. For his invention, he asked the rajah for a seemingly insignificant reward: as many wheat grains as there will be on the chessboard if one grain is put on the first cell, two grains on the second, four grains on the third, etc. It turned out that there is no such amount of grain on the entire planet (it is equal to 264 - 1 ≈ 1.845 × 1019 grains, which is enough to fill a storage with a volume of 180 km³). So it was, or not quite, it is difficult to say, but, one way or another, the homeland of chess is India. Not later than the beginning of the 6th century in the north-west of India, the first game known to us, akin to chess, appeared - chaturanga. It already had a completely recognizable "chess" look, but fundamentally differed from modern chess in two features: there were four players, not two (they played a pair for a pair), and the moves were made in accordance with the results of throwing dice. Each player had four pieces (chariot (rook), knight, bishop, king) and four pawns. The knight and king walked the same way as in chess, the chariot and bishop were much weaker than the current chess rook and bishop. There was no queen at all. To win the game, it was necessary to destroy the entire army of opponents. The transformation of chess into an international sport Since the 16th century, chess clubs began to appear, gathering amateurs and semi-professionals, who often played on a money rate. Over the next two centuries, the spread of chess led to the emergence of national tournaments in most European countries. Chess publications are published, at first isolated and irregular, but over time they are gaining more and more popularity. The first chess magazine "Palamed" began to be published in 1836 by the French chess player Louis Charles Labourdonnay. In 1837 a chess magazine appeared in Great Britain, in 1846 in Germany. In the 19th century, international matches (from 1821) and tournaments (from 1851) began to be held. The first such tournament, held in London in 1851, was won by Adolph Andersen. It was he who became the unofficial "chess king", that is, the one who was considered the strongest chess player in the world. Later, this title was challenged by Paul Morphy (USA), who won the match in 1858 with a score of + 7-2 = 2, but after Morphy left the chess scene in 1859, Andersen again became the first, and only in 1866 Wilhelm Steinitz won the match against Andersen with a score of + 8- 6 and became the new “uncrowned king”. The first world chess champion who officially bore this title was the same Wilhelm Steinitz, defeating Johann Zukertort in the first match in history, in the agreement of which the expression "world championship match" appeared. Thus, a system of title succession was established without prior arrangement: the one who won the match against the previous one became the new world champion, while the reigning champion retained the right to agree to the match or reject the opponent, and also himself determined the conditions and place of the match. The only mechanism capable of forcing the champion to play with the challenger was public opinion: if a strong, admittedly, chess player for a long time could not secure the right to a match with the champion, this was seen as a sign of the champion's cowardice and he, saving his face, was forced to accept the challenge. Typically, the match agreement provided for the champion's right to a rematch in the event of a loss; winning such a match would return the title to the previous owner. In the second half of the 19th century, time control began to be used in chess tournaments. At first, an ordinary hourglass was used for this (the time per move was limited), which was rather inconvenient, but soon the English amateur chess player Thomas Bright Wilson (TBWilson) invented a special chess clock that made it possible to conveniently implement a time limit for the entire game or for a certain number of moves ... Time control quickly entered chess practice and soon became widespread. Towards the end of the 19th century official tournaments and there were practically no matches without time control. Simultaneously with the emergence of time control, the concept of "time trouble" appeared. Thanks to the introduction of time control, special forms of chess tournaments have emerged with a greatly shortened time limit: "rapid chess" with a limit of about 30 minutes per game for each player and "blitz" - 5-10 minutes. However, they became widespread much later. Chess in the XX century At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century, the development of chess in Europe and America was very active, chess organizations were enlarged, more and more international tournaments... In 1924, the International Chess Federation (FIDE) was created, initially organizing the World Chess Olympiads. Until 1948, the system of succession to the title of world champion, established in the 19th century, was preserved: the challenger challenged the champion to a match, the winner of which became the new champion. Until 1921, Emanuel Lasker remained the champion (the second, after Steinitz, the official world champion who won this title in 1894), from 1921 to 1927 - Jose Raul Capablanca, from 1927 to 1946 - Alexander Alekhin (in 1935 Alekhin lost the world championship match to Max Euwe, but In 1937, in a rematch, he regained the title and held it until his death in 1946). After the death of Alekhine, who remained undefeated in 1946, FIDE took over the organization of the world championship. The first official world chess championship was held in 1948, the winner was the Soviet grandmaster Mikhail Botvinnik. FIDE introduced a system of tournaments to win the title of champion: the winners of the qualifying rounds entered the zonal tournaments, the winners of the zonal competitions entered the interzonal tournament, and the better results in the latter, they took part in the candidate tournament, where in a series of “elimination” games the winner was determined, who was to play the match against the reigning champion. The formula for the title match has changed several times. Now the winners of the zonal tournaments are participating in a single tournament with the best (by rating) players in the world; the winner becomes the world champion. The Soviet chess school played a huge role in the history of chess, especially in the second half of the 20th century. The wide popularity of chess, active, targeted training in it and the identification of capable players from childhood (a chess section, a children's chess school was in any city of the USSR, there were chess clubs at educational institutions, enterprises and organizations, tournaments were constantly held, a large amount of special literature was published) contributed to the high level of play of Soviet chess players. The attention to chess was shown at the highest level. The result was that from the end of the 1940s and the pre-collapse of the USSR, Soviet chess players almost completely dominated world chess. Of the 21 chess Olympiads that took place from 1950 to 1990, the USSR team won 18 and became a silver medalist in one more, 11 out of 14 chess Olympiads for women were won during the same period and 2 “silver” were taken. Out of 18 draws for the title of world champion among men in 40 years, only one winner was a non-Soviet chess player (it was the American Robert Fischer), and twice more the contender for the title was not from the USSR (moreover, the contender also represented the Soviet chess school , it was Viktor Korchnoi, who fled from the USSR to the West). In 1993, Garry Kasparov, the then world champion, and Nigel Short, who won the qualifying round, refused to play the next world championship match under the auspices of FIDE, accusing the federation leadership of unprofessionalism and corruption. Kasparov and Short formed a new organization, PSA, and played a match under its auspices. There was a split in the chess movement. FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman, who at that time had the highest chess rating after Kasparov and Short, competed for the title of FIDE world champion. At the same time, Kasparov continued to consider himself a "real" world champion, since he defended his title in a match with a legitimate challenger - Short, and part of the chess community was in solidarity with him. In 1996, the PCA ceased to exist as a result of the loss of the sponsor, after which the PCA champions were called "world champion in classical chess." Basically, Kasparov revived the old system of title transfer, when the champion himself accepted the challenge of the challenger and played a match with him. The next "classic" champion was Vladimir Kramnik, who won the match against Kasparov in 2000 and defended his title in a match with Peter Leko in 2004. Until 1998, FIDE continued to play the title of champion in the traditional way (Anatoly Karpov remained the FIDE champion during this period), but from 1999 to In 2004, the format of the championship changed dramatically: instead of a match between a challenger and a champion, the title was played in a knockout tournament, in which the reigning champion was supposed to participate on a general basis. As a result, the title constantly passed from hand to hand, and in six years five champions changed. In general, in the 1990s, FIDE made a number of attempts to make chess competitions more dynamic and interesting, and therefore attractive to potential sponsors. First of all, this was expressed in the transition in a number of competitions from the Swiss or round robin system to the knockout system (in each round - a match of three elimination games). Since the knockout system requires an unambiguous outcome of the round, additional rapid chess games and even blitz games have appeared in the tournament regulations: if the main series of games with the usual time control ends in a draw, an additional game with a shortened time control is played. Complicated time control schemes began to be used, protecting against severe time trouble, in particular, "Fischer's clock" - time control with an addition after each move. The last decade of the XX century in chess was marked by another important event - computer chess has achieved enough high level to surpass the human chess player. In 1996, Garry Kasparov lost a game to the computer for the first time, and in 1997 - with an advantage of one point, he also lost the match to the Deep Blue computer. An avalanche increase in computer performance and memory, combined with improved algorithms, led to the emergence of open source programs by the beginning of the 21st century that could play at the grandmaster level in real time. The ability to connect to them the previously accumulated bases of the debut table of small-figure endings further increases the power of the machine's play, completely eliminates the danger of making a mistake in a known position. Now the computer can effectively prompt a human chess player even at the highest level competitions. The consequence of this was changes in the format of high-level competitions: special measures began to be used at tournaments to protect against computer prompts, in addition, the practice of postponing games was completely abandoned. The time allotted for a game has also decreased: if in the middle of the 20th century the norm was 2.5 hours for 40 moves, then by the end of the century it decreased to 2 hours (in other cases, even up to 100 minutes) by 40 moves. Current state and prospects After the unification match Kramnik - Topalov in 2006, the FIDE monopoly on holding the world championship and conferring the title of world chess champion was restored. The first “united” world champion was Vladimir Kramnik (Russia), who won this match. Until 2013, the world champion was Viswanathan Anand, who won the 2007 world championship. In 2008, a rematch took place between Anand and Kramnik, Anand retained his title. In 2010, another match was played, in which Anand and Veselin Topalov took part; Anand defended the title of champion again. In 2012, a match was held, in which Anand and Gelfand took part; Anand defended the title of the tiebreaker champion. In 2013, Anand lost the title of world champion to Magnus Carlsen, who won the match ahead of schedule with a score of 6½: 3½. The championship formula is being adjusted by FIDE. V the last championship the title was played in a tournament involving the champion, four winners of the Candidates Tournament and three personally selected players with the highest rating. However, FIDE has retained the tradition of holding personal matches between the champion and the challenger: according to the existing rules, a grandmaster with a rating of 2700 or higher has the right to challenge the champion to a match (the champion cannot refuse), provided that funding is secured and the deadlines are met: the match must end no later than six months before the beginning of the next world championship. The aforementioned progress in computer chess has become one of the reasons for the growing popularity of non-classical chess variants. Since 2000, Fischer chess tournaments have been held in which the initial arrangement of the pieces is chosen randomly before the game from 960 variants. In such conditions, the huge array of opening options accumulated by the chess theory becomes useless, which, as many believe, has a positive effect on the creative component of the game, and when playing against a machine, it significantly limits the advantage of the computer in the opening stage of the game.