The end of the wooden part of a ship's rigging. See what “NOK” is in other dictionaries The end of a wooden part of a vessel’s rigging name

The hull of a ship can be defined as a strong hollow frame consisting of a frame - a frame - and a waterproof shell. When determining their sizes, they proceed from the need to create sufficient strength and internal volume. At the same time, the body should not be too heavy.

The body set can be wooden or metal. (Initially it was the tree that served building material, that’s why wooden shipbuilding is called classical). Currently, new materials and new technology are being used, but the fundamental design of the body has remained unchanged, and most of the parts of the set continue to perform the same functions and have the same names.

Below we will look at the main parts that make up the ship hull kit.

Keel. The main part of the ship's structure is the keel - a longitudinal beam located in the lower part of the hull and running along it from bow to stern. The keel of wooden ships has a rectangular cross-section, along its sides there are long recesses - tongues (Fig. 71). The first row of outer cladding boards goes into the tongues, which is called the tongue and groove belt.

To protect against damage, a strong board called a false keel is attached to the bottom of the keel. Since the keel has a large length, it is made composite of individual beams, co-

Rice. 71. Wooden keel. Rice, 72. Various types connections.

1 - inner edge; 2 - middle; 3 - outer edge; 4 - false keel; 6 - tongue-and-groove with each other into the lock (Fig. 72). The upper part of the keel, located entirely inside the vessel, is called the rezen keel. 4a on ancient ships, for example on military sailing ships, etc., a wooden beam installed along the entire length of the keel was called a rezen-keel,

On wooden ships the keel protrudes from the hull, while on metal ships it is part of the outer plating (this is the so-called horizontal keel). Such a keel does not reduce lateral rolling. To reduce it, zygomatic clips are installed on the cheekbones of the bottom.

Exist different kinds keels: classic with a tongue (Fig. 73, a), without a tongue (b) and with a simplified tongue (c).

On ships and boats, which should have a very simplified fastening of the skin to the keel, the latter, as a rule, is made classic with a tongue and groove. If you make the keel with a simplified tongue, the connection with the plating will be less strong. Keels without tongues are mainly used on ships with a flat bottom.

The keels of ancient ships do not differ from those shown above. Thus, on Egyptian ships the keel was inside the hull, on Narim ships from Lake Nemi there were four keels without a tongue, and on some small Roman ships found in various places, - keels with simplified and conventional tongue. What keels were like in earlier periods is unknown, but it can be assumed that the classical keel in the form in which it has come down to us first appeared among the Phoenicians.

The stem (stem) is a prism-shaped beam installed in front of the keel with a large or

Rice. 73. Varieties of keels.

less tilt from the vertical. At the bottom, the stem can be either curved or completely straight.

The stem is connected to the keel either directly, or using a series of wooden parts - pieces. The inner part of the stem is attached to the stem from the inside - the halyard, connected to the keelson by means of a halyard; here there are trees that fill the narrow space formed during the transition from the keel and keelson to the stem - the so-called bow deadwood. A cutwater is attached to the stem in front, the upper part of which is called knyavdiged, and the lower part is called grep. The grep is connected to the keel with the help of a buck, the upper part of the knyav-Diged is connected to a crooked tree, the so-called standers-indiget, and the front part of the knyavdiged is connected to the lisel-indnget, on which the nasal decoration - the figure - was installed (Fig. 74).

A tongue and groove runs along both the keel and the stem to secure the planking. If the ship had a sharp bow, then a relatively large edge of the plating could rest on the stem (Fig. 75),

if the bow is full, then in order to improve the fastening of the skin, two special beams were installed on the sides of the stem, called nedgeds (curly frames at the stem) (Fig. 76). On metal ships the stem is simpler. It was made from a single forging or casting or from strip metal.

There are stems that are straight, inclined forward (on fast ships) and even tilted back (on special small boats), for example on Ligurian yawls and boats sailing in the Adriatic.

Rice. 74. The bow of a sailing ship.

1 - false keel; 2 - keel; 3 - flortimbers; 4 - bow deadwood; B - keelson; 6 - falsi|.m-knitz (stemson); 7 - falsestem; 8 - stem (stem); 9 - bucks; 10 - Grep; And - knyavdiged, shek; 12 - stampis; 13 - nose chaki; 14 - latrine bowls; 15 - lnsel-indiget (support of the nasal fngura); 16 - standers-indiget; 17 - gaps; 18 - beams; 19 - pillers.

The stems of ancient ships consist of the same parts (Fig. 77 and 78).

Akhtershteven (starnpost). At the rear of the keel, a beam called a sternpost is installed vertically to it. External part the sternpost is slightly expanded to protect the rudder, which is hung on the sternpost. Like the stem, the sternpost of a wooden ship consists of several parts: the halyard post, the star post and the filling trees - the stern deadwood.

The sternpost has a tongue for fastening the skin (Fig. 79 and 80).

On early metal merchant ships the sternpost was usually cast or forged along with the propeller shaft brackets, but on warships the brackets were made separately. For one

Rice. 75. Pointed bow of a sailing ship.

1 - stem: 2 pieces of false walls; 3 in sheathing.

Rice. 76. Full bow of a sailing ship.

I - stem; 2" stem tongue) 3 - false stem; 4 ^ nose chaki; 5 - nedged-sy; 6 - external volume; 7 - gap;

8 - front rotary frames;

9 - beam; 10 ..in external cladding.

or three-screw ships, the sternpost consisted of two vertical parts connected into a lock. The front part of the sternpost, through which the propeller shaft passes, is called the star post, and the rear part, on which the rudder is hung, is called the rudder post (Fig. 88). The space between them is called a screw well, or screw window. Most sternposts are mounted vertically; on sailboats they are often tucked inboard. On ancient ships, the sternpost was located as shown in Fig. 79.

Frames. The transverse elements of the hull structure, together with the keel forming its set, are called frames (rio. 81-88),

The frames are installed in a vertical plane perpendicular to the DP. By analogy with the ribs of animals, the lateral branches

Rice. 79. Details of the stern of a sailing ship.

і false keel, - 2 keel; 3 - keel lock; 4 - stern post (star post); 5 “falstarnposg; 6 sgarn-knitsa (starison); 7 - stern deadwood; 8 - Johnson; 9 - keelson lock; 10 - flortimbers; 11 - heel of the prince.

frames are sometimes also called ribs. Each frame consists of a pair of ribs attached to the keel; they are curved to the shape of the bottom and continue up the sides. Due to the II-shaped shape of the hull in the middle of the ship and the Y-shaped frame at the ends, the frames cannot be made from whole wood, so they are made composite.

Typically, the width of the frames is made of two layers (from boards or beams). In this case, the layers are folded so that half the height of one layer overlaps the middle of the other. After this, both layers are firmly fastened with dowels. Less commonly, both layers are installed at a distance from each other using small wooden inserts and connecting tenons. But even in this case, in the lower part of the frame, the layers are always adjusted close to each other (Fig. 89). The number of frames depends on the length of the vessel and the required hull strength. In general, the distance between the frames - the spacing - should not exceed half a meter.

Rice. 80. Sternpost and “peak” trim.

1^ sternpost; 2 ^ sternpost tongue, 3 aft rotary frames-4 - outer plating; 5 - internal 7 "large. "^^^""^ "peak" trim;

Rice. 81. Set of a wooden sailing ship (view from the bow) ?G"^iGt^Gsi;"Gi^1"I„ ~ "----««^^

Rice. 83. Set of a ship from the first half of the 18th century.

1 - keel; 2 - frames; 3" stringers; 4 - sternpost; 5 - for"

stem; 6 - internal; 1 «helmport; 8 - nedgeds; 9 - falsestem; 10 - tailgate.

Rice. 84. Set of a three-deck ship of the second half of HUP! V. (side view).

Rice. 85. Model of a Venetian warship of the first rank in the 18th century. (side view).

The frame at the widest point of the ship is called the midship frame, the remaining frames are called “front” or “rear,” depending on whether they are located from the midship frame to the bow or to the stern. Bottom part frame connecting to the keel.

Rice. 86. Set of a sailing warship of the second half of the 19th century, (side view).

called flortimber. It can be made from a single piece of wood or from two pieces joined at the keel. The flortimbers are adjoined on each side by footoxes, numbered from the flortimbers.

Rice. 87. Set of the bow of a metal ship.

1 - stem; 2 - keel; 3 - forepeak; 4 - frames; 5 - beams; 6 - zygomatic stringer; 7 - keelson; 8 stringers.

I Depending on the dimensions of the vessel, frames with different numbers of footboxes can be used. The upper part of the frame is called toptimber. In the stern and in the bow, where the frames are pointed, the floortimbers also have a pointed shape - these are the so-called

peak flortimbers (Fig. 90). in the bow and stern parts of the ship, the frames are not always positioned perpendicular to the DP; often they are rotated so that they stand perpendicular to the hull skin. Such frames are called rotary frames. There are usually

Fig. 90. The bottom part of the peak is made of “thick” and “full” floor timbers,

1 - false keel; 2" keel; 3 "" knlsoa; 4 chakn; 6 ■" "yaolovnnny" flortnumbers; 6 "full" flortnumbero.

installed in places where special strength is required, as well as on ships that have a hull with fairly full contours.

The connecting lines between the flortimbers and the first futoxes are located parallel to the DP and are called rubber lines.

Fig, 91, Boat frames:

a - from a whole piece of wood; b - composite, or typesetting; c - glued with beam.

On small ships, frames can also be composite, that is, they can consist of two or more parts. On small boats the frames are often made from a single piece of wood, either naturally or artificially curved. Frames can also consist of several plates glued together. Such glued frames are often made simultaneously with the beam (Fig. 91). For pain-

Rice. 83. Set of a ship of the first half of the XVIII century,

?„;G.”^L""" ^ ~ """ZI"^OUT": 3 - stringers; 4 sternpost; 5 - for. Go ^!i;ak^r";. ^ -" spruce "p°Pi-: 8"edgedsy; 9 - false

Rice. 84. Set of a three-deck ship from the second half of the 16th century. (side view).

The frame at the widest point of the ship is called the midship frame, the remaining frames are called “front” or “rear,” depending on whether they are located from the midship frame to the bow or to the stern. The lower part of the frame, connecting to the keel,

Rice. 86. Set of sailing military judges of the second half of the 19th century. (side view).

called flortimber. It can be made from a single piece of wood or from two pieces joined at the keel. The flortimbers are adjoined on each side by footoxes, numbered from the flortimbers.

Depending on the dimensions of the vessel, frames with different numbers of footboxes can be used. The upper part of the frame is called toptimber. In the stern and in the bow, where the frames are pointed, the floortimbers also have a pointed shape - these are the so-called

On most ships, frames reinforced with additional sheets and profiles are called frame frames.

On ancient ships, the frames were stacked and, like on modern sailing ships, consisted of floortimbers and futox (Fig. 92). "

In addition to the usual frames, to increase the strength of the hull, reinforced frames were installed at some distance from each other. They were usually located under the ports and were only driven

Rice. 94. Methods of connecting parts of ancient frames:

a - a technique used since the 18th century) b - a technique used since the 16th century. until the first half of the 18th century.

Flortimbers; 2 - “half” flortimber; 3-6 - first, second, third and fourth futoxes; 7 - toptimbers; 8 keel; 9 - keelson; 10 - connecting pieces; 11 - connecting spikes; 12 - beams; 13 - pillers.

to the lower deck. The reinforced frame, like the usual one, consisted of flortimbers and futox, but of larger sizes (Fig. 93). In Fig. 94 shows techniques for making ancient frames.

On metal riveted ships, the arrangement of frames is simpler; Here, only flor is distinguished - a vertical steel sheet with a lining square, running across the bottom of the ship, and the side branches of the frames. The latter are usually made from two corner profiles. To reduce weight and ease of construction, cutouts are made in the floras.

Kilson. A rectangular beam of the same dimensions as the keel - a keelson - was installed on the floortimbers along the entire length of the keel. In the stern and bow parts, keelson brackets were attached to it for connection with the stems. Often another beam was placed on top of the keelson - the upper keelson, and on the sides - side keelsons. The side keelsons stood on the floortimbers.

The length of the keelson consisted of several beams connected to each other into a lock. The keel, flortimbers and keelson were fastened to each other using powerful bolts. It was on the keelson that the masts were attached. Next to the side keelsons, thick long boards were laid on the frames, forming the keel belt of the internal lining, the so-called timberboard belt. Next to it were placed thinner boards of the zygomatic girdle, and then even thinner boards of the inner side cladding.

To provide air access to the internal parts of the body, several belts were produced in the inner lining. In addition, there were holes in the lumber and zygomatic belts

Rice. 95. Keelson design.

1 - keel - 2 - floortimber; 3 - keelson; 4 “upper” keelson; 5 - “side” keel-co7y^ 6 - glued "^ Slnlumberbordovy) zone of the internal plating; 7 - tongue-and-groove belt of the outer plating; 8 - timberboard channel; 9 - outer plating.

for water drainage. From the sewage or timberboard channels located at the side keelsons, water flowed into the middle part of the vessel - into the pump well (Fig. 95).

On ancient ships, the keelson was laid on frames on top of the keel and rubber keel.

In steel hulls, the keelson lies on the floors. There is no upper keelson, but there are side keelsons; the internal bilge skin belt is replaced by a bilge stringer laid on the frames.

Stern design. On ancient ships the stern was quadrangular. This stern design, although not very durable, lasted almost until the end of the 19th century. Round food was introduced only in 1850 and soon found widespread acceptance.

The quadrangular design of the stern was called “arcasse” (Italian: agsasse). Its height was determined from the base of the sternpost to the taffrail, the greatest width was determined by the length of the windrow and the length from the outermost aft rotary frame - fascia - to the tackboard. “Arcasse” consisted of a number of transverse horizontal bars - transoms. The longest transom - the wintranet - was attached to the sternpost; the upper edge of the transom served as the lower jamb of the stern gun ports. Above the propeller was a transom spigot, the lower edge of which was the upper jamb of the stern ports. The fascia pieces with their lower ends - pointed flortimbers - “peak pieces” - were embedded in the falstarnpost, the side branches of the fascia pieces were attached to vin- and spiegel-triples.

The space between the wind transom and the “peak pieces” was filled with transverse beams, which were initially called “arcasse beams” (Italian barre d "arcaccia), and later transoms. The first transom under the wind transom was called the deck transom, since it is at the same time was the deck beam of the lower deck, the next beam was the transom of the gunsmith's chamber. Depending on the height of the hull, additional transoms could be installed. The upper footboxes of the fascia pieces were limited from the sides top part housings. Additionally, the fascia pieces were strengthened with “counter” fascia pieces. On the wind transom, |_-shaped racks were installed - counter- and star-timbers, which were sheathed. The part of the timber that hung behind the sternpost was called the stern valance. Two transverse beams were connected to the lower ends of the counter-timbers: the upper (“top” transom) and the lower (“spigel” transom). Between these beams, when covering the stern, a small hole was left - a helm port, through which the rudder stock passed. To the right and left of the helmport were the stern ports and the windows of the chambers of the gunsmith and the assistant treasurer. The counter-timbers were placed at the same distance from each other, with the windows of the “large” chamber (most likely the wardroom) and the rats-chamber (council chamber) placed between them. The counter-timbers were connected to each other by horizontal beams, which formed the lower and upper jambs of the windows (Fig. 96-98).

The “large” chamber was located at the end of the second deck, counting from below. Under its windows ran a strip of plating the entire width of the ship - the Spiegelburg. A large shield was installed in the middle, usually with a blue field, on which the name of the ship was written in gold letters. This custom dates back to the middle of the 17th century. (Fig. 99). The Spiegelburg plane was richly decorated with bas-reliefs and ornaments. It is known that ships of the 17th - mid-18th centuries. had very luxurious decoration (Fig. 100 and 101).

Behind the rats chamber there was a gallery, the deck of which was a continuation of the quarterdeck deck. The gallery followed the curve of the stern and extended onto its sides. Ships with three decks usually had two galleries (Fig. 102). They extended beyond the stern and were supported by decorated consoles, on which the balustrades of the galleries were also strengthened. The balustrade consisted of small posts - balusters, which were made for ancient wooden ships, first from wood, and from the second half of the 18th century from iron. In the middle of the balustrade there was a shield with the identification marks of the country to which the ship belonged.

The lateral extensions of the stern - overhangs, or shells - were also supported by wooden consoles installed on the hull lining. The sinks housed the officers' offices. Above the gallery there were iron rods with small hooks on which the awning was pulled. The flat, rounded top surface of the stern end of the vessel - the hook-board - was decorated with bas-reliefs, war trophies, images

Rns. 96. Agsasse stern design.

I - keel; 2 - rezei-keel; 3 - sternpost; 4 - false star post; 5 - star-knitsa; 6 keel heel; 7 - viitran; 8 - Spiegel-Trayan; 9 - Inzhiiy Trayan; 10 - fascia; II - Dec-Traian (beams of the lower deck); 12 - gunsmith's camera chamber; 13 - “arcasse” beams (later called transoms); 14 - upper futoxas of fascia pieces; 15 - “counter” fasciapis; 16 - beam to support the fascia during the construction of the stern; 17 - coitr-timbers.

the lives of animals and the figures of saints. One or several stern ()junars, which usually had rich ornamentation, rose above the hookboard (Fig. 103-105).

On later sailing ships the stern design was almost the same. The windran was always attached to the sternpost. The space between the fascias and the sternpost was filled with transverse beams, which began to be called not beams, but transoms. The lowest transom served as a filler - a chuck. On the wind transom, transom knives, which were shorter than the counter-timbers, were placed alternately with counter-timbers.

in the starn timber located above the sternpost, a helm port was cut through which the rudder stock passed (Fig. 106).

Modern wooden ships have a round stern that is very simple in design, which consists of rotating timber frames (up to the sternpost) and counter-timbers, forming a smooth bend. The structure of the stern of metal ships is similar to the round stern of a wooden ship (see Fig. 88).

On ships, a flat stern is called a transom stern. The dimensions of the transom vary depending on the type of hull of the vessel and are determined by the plane at the stern, symmetrical to the DP. This plane can be vertical, inclined forward or backward. In this case, the transom usually has a shape corresponding to the cross-section of the stern along the last frame, i.e. it is angular for angular hulls and rounded for more or less smooth ones.

Nose design. The design of the bow is much simpler than the stern, however, it has also undergone a number of changes over the centuries.

Rice. 99. Stern of ships: a - ship of the 18th century. (side view); b - ship of the 18th century. (back view); c-ship of the second half of the XVII century. (side view).

1 - keel; 2 - sternpost; 3 - Vintran; 4 - “spring”-transom; 5 - lower “stern bar”; 6 - countertimbers; 7 - rats chamber windows; 8 - windows of the “large” chamber; 9 - rats camera gallery; 10 - shells; 11 - shell supports (oriameterized consoles); 12 - awning fastening; 13 - tailgate; 14 - stern canopy; 15 - “large” valance; 16 - helmport; 17 - stern ports; 18 - window of the gunsmith's chamber; 19 - window of the clerk's chamber and the assistant treasurer's; 20 - Shngelburg; 21 - shield with the name of the vessel; 22 - “small” valance; 23 - steering wheel; 24 - ruderpns; 25 - rudder; 26 - steering loops; 27 - rudder blade covers with pins.

Rice. 100. Stern of a military vessel; a - French “La Coronne”, 1636 b - English “Soverin of the Seas”, 1637

Rice. 103. Stern of an English ship of the late 18th century, without gallery.

Rice. 102. Stern of an English three-deck ship with two galleries, 1780-1790.

Rice. 104. Stern of an English three-deck ship with two galleries, 1820.

In ancient times, a ram was located in the bow. It was installed at the lower end of the stem below the waterline. Later the need for it disappeared. Note that the ship's bow, or latrine, was the name given to the protruding part of the stem already on ancient ships.

On these ships, the upper deck extended all the way to the bow; in the 16th century. a nasal bulkhead appeared, separating the anterior

Rice. 106. The stern of a wooden sailing ship of the 19th century. with a round stern.

1 - false keel; 2 - keel; 3 - steering wheel; 4 - sternpost; 5 - steering loops; 6 - linings with pins; 7 - false star post; 8 - star-knitsa; 9 - stern deadwood: 10 - keelson-stari-knntsa; 11 - flortimbers; 12 - round feed; 13 - valance; 14-16 - aft plating; 17 - bulwark trim; 18 - gunwale; 19 - fender; 20 - shearstrek; 21 - outer skin; 22 - bottom plating; 23 - bnzan mast; 24 - wait-putenses; 25 - dead eyes with three holes; 26 - yokes of Vait-Puteis.

the part of the nose in front of which there was a latrine. This division, which was generally not very expedient, was abandoned only in the middle of the 19th century.

On medieval galleys, a continuation of the grep was the bow overhang - the latrine. On galleys and military sailing ships, latrines, which served mainly for decorative purposes and to support the bowsprit, continued to be built into the 19th century. They were finally abandoned only after the First World War.

The latrine consisted of various parts, the main one being a grep attached to the front part of the stem. In front of the grep, above it, a knyavdiged was attached, which was inlaid and consisted of two or more parts. Above the grep, two beams passed almost parallel to each other - fox-indigets, holding the figure of the latrine. The space on the sides between the lisel-indigets, the grep and the knyavdiged was filled with two decorated wooden boards - latrine cornices. From above, the latrine was attached to the stem using a special booklet, the so-called standers-indiget, and from the sides - with long, usually carved curved wooden planks - regels. They were supported and connected to each other by vertical supports - latrine frames. Between the regels there was a deck - a platform -

Rice. 107. The bow end of the ship of the first half of the 18th century.

1 - grep; 2 - knyavdiged; 3 - lisel-iidiget; 4 - latrine cornices; 6 - anchor cushion; 6 - stayersiidiget; 7 - regeln; 8 ~ frames of regels; 9" fastenings of the latrine figure; 10 - figure of a latrine; And -i fairleads; 12 - a semicircular beam that served as a cushion for the anchor hawse; 13 - bowsprit; 14 - bowsprit lashings; 15 - crumble; 16 - knitsa krambola-saportus; 17 - bowsprit water-wooling cushion; 18 - latrine brackets; 19 - latrine platform; 20 - tack-bokanets.

Above the latrine brackets on each side there were two anchor fairleads through which the anchor ropes passed. Fairleaes, usually round in shape, were lined with lead sheets to prevent the wooden sides from absorbing water flowing from the anchor rope. Semicircular wooden beams - cushions - were installed under the fairleads to reduce friction of the anchor rope in the fairleads (Fig. 107).

Over the centuries, the latrine, like the bow of the ship, has undergone changes, which can be traced in the drawings (Fig. 108-

Rice. 108. English ship of the first half of the 18th century.

a - latrine.

1 - latrine kiits (there were anchor fairleads between them); 2 - ievel-woods; 3- extension of the latrine's kiitsa, ending behind the latrine figure with a spiral; 4 - regels; 5 - column-shaped frames of regels; b - an ornament combining the krambol booklet with the regel; 7 - crumble; 8 - bowsprit; 9 - stem supporting the bowsprit; 10 - nedgeds;

b - bow part (top view).

1 - bowsprit; 2 - regelv; 3 - frames of regels; 4 - bokanets; 5 - latrine platform lined with gratings; 6 - latrines (stubs); 7 - crumble; 8 - nedgeds; 9 - fastenings of the latrine figure; 10 -< горизонтальная кннца крамбола; II ^ место впередсмотрящего; С -носовая часть (вид впереди).

As we can see (see Fig. 113), latrines on English ships were built somewhat differently. The two frontmost frames (one on the side side) - nedgeds - were intended to increase the stem, fastened with a special bracket, the so-called standers-indiget, and on the sides - with long, usually carved curved wooden planks - regels. They were supported and connected to each other by vertical supports - latrine frames. Between the regels there was a deck - a platform -

Cassock. 107, Bow end of the ship of the first half of the 18th century.

I - grep; 2 - kiyavdiged; 3 - lisel-iidnget; 4 - latrine cornices; 6 - anchor cushion; 6 - standers-nndiget; 7 - regels; 8 - rack frames; 9 - fastenings of the latrine figure; 10 - figure of a latrine; AND -. hawse; 12 - a semicircular beam that served as a cushion for the anchor hawse; 13 - bowsprit; 14 - bowsprit lashings; 15 - crumble; 16 - knitsa krambola-saportus; 17 - bowsprit water-outling cushion; 18 - latrine brackets; 19 - latrine platform; 20 - tack-bokanets.

the shape of the latrine, where there were latrines. The latrine was connected to the hull of the ship using latrine brackets or arcs.

Above the latrine brackets on each side there were two anchor fairleads through which the anchor ropes passed. Fairleaes, usually round in shape, were lined with lead sheets to prevent the wooden sides from absorbing water flowing from the anchor rope. Semicircular wooden beams - cushions - were installed under the fairleads to reduce friction of the anchor rope in the fairleads (Fig. 107),

^ "■^""^""^ "^^"^ and the ios part of the vessel are changes, which can be traced from the drawings (Fig.

Cassock. 108. English ship of the first half of the KhUNT century.

a - latrine.

1 - kiits of the latrine (anchor fairleads were located between them); 2 - nevel woods; 3-extension of the latrine bracket, ending behind the latrine figure with a spiral; 4 - regels; 5 ~ stake-shaped frames of regels; 6 - ornament combining the krambol booklet with the regel; 7 - crumble; 8 - bowsprit; 9 - stem supporting the bowsprit; 10 - nedgeds; b - bow part (top view). 1 - bowsprit; 2 - regels; 3 - frames of regels; 4 - bokanets; 5 - latrine platform, lined with gratings; O - latrines (pieces); 7 - krambol; 8 - nedgeds; 9 - fastenings of the latrine figure; 10 - horizontal knuckle of the krambol; 11 - lookout's place;

C-nose (front view).

As WE SEE (see, Fig. 113), latrines on English ships were built somewhat differently. The two frontmost frames (one on each side) - nedgeds - were intended for increased 4*

Rice. 110. Changing the shape of the latrine, XVII-XVIII centuries |

English ship "Resolution".

1 - 1670; 2^1706; 3 - 1708;

the English ship "Canada", armed with 74 cannons;

4^1710; 6 = 1748; 6 ^ 1769 R.

the surface of the casing fastening. The space in front of the nedgeds and meledu was filled with chucks.

The anchor fairleads passed through the latrine chucks. The stem was placed between the falsestem, grep and knyavdiged. Above the last

Rice. 111. Latrine of the French ship "Invnnsible", 1747, (a) and the English ship, 1758 (b).

The support of the latrine figure protruded forward - the fox-in-diget, which, with the HELP of chaks and regels holding the nasal decoration, was connected to the hull of the vessel. To fasten individual parts together, a reinforcing and connecting element-bar was installed inside. In Fig. 114 shows the later shape of the ship's bow.

The bow end of steel ships does not have nedgeds, chucks or similar parts and is constructed quite simply. IN last years The sharp stem is replaced by a rounded one (bulb), which has a positive effect on the speed of the vessel. The forward part of the bow is separated from the rest of the hull by a forepeak or collision bulkhead.

Sheathing. Sheathing refers to the shell that covers the structure of the vessel. On large ships there are external and internal linings; on small ships and boats, internal lining is rarely found, and only in isolated areas. About-

Rice. 112. Latrine of the English ship “Achilles”, 1757

Rice. 113. Latrine of English ships at the end of the 18th century. (a) and a ship of the first rank in 1820 (b).

Rice. 114. Bow end of a wooden sailing ship.

1 - false keel; 2 - keel; 3 - keelson; 4 false stem-knitsa; 5 - falsestem; 6 - stem; 7 - grep; 8 - chaki; 9 - standers-nndiget; !0 - bowsprit; II - anchor hawse; 1? - crumble; 13-saportus; 14 - schooner (anchor cushion); 15 - fender; 16 - bulwark; 17 - gunwale; 1 8 - shnrstrek; 19 - outer skin; 20 = vaut-putens; 21 = judges 22 =. fastening of stay cables; 23 = foremast.

External sewing must be waterproof; on wooden ships it consists of rows of planks attached to the frames with dowels (nails). Several rows of boards of the same thickness, fitted end to end, are called a sheathing belt. The frames are connected to each other using sheathing boards, thereby increasing the strength of the hull. Therefore, the boards must be of sufficient thickness, which is not the same in different places of the body and depends on their position and the loads occurring in these places. The two lower chords, which are adjacent to the keel on both sides and extend into its tongue, are called tongue-and-groove. They are thicker than the subsequent belts of the bottom plating. The greatest thickness of the boards is in the area of ​​variable waterlines, since they must withstand the stresses that arise in the skin due to alternate drying and wetting. The thickness of the plating belt is also quite significant in the area of ​​the upper deck, the so-called shearstrake; the thickest of them is the last belt - the fender beam.

The names of the inner lining belts and their position are shown in Fig. 115.

Longitudinal seams between the side edges of cladding boards adjacent to each other are called grooves, and transverse seams are called joints. Temperature and changing forces can cause seams to expand or contract, affecting the watertightness of the hull. Usually the seams are caulked - filled with hemp or other soft material impregnated with resin, shooting range or other similar substance, and then filled with resin or special composition from a mixture of harpius, lard and sulfur. Thanks to this, the seams “play”, but the waterproofness of the case is not compromised.

On wooden ships, the boards of tongue and groove belts, belts in the waterline area and frames were made only from oak, the remaining belts were made from oak, elm, pine, teak, etc. The dimensions of the boards depended on the method of construction and the size of the vessel; the length was 6-8 m, width 10-25 cm. The extreme ends of the belts went into the tongues of the fore- and sternposts and were fastened with dowels made of galvanized iron or copper. Iron dowels were driven into the sheathing, as well as into frames, without first drilling holes in the wood, while copper dowels were driven into pre-drilled holes, and were flattened on the inside on backing washers.

To fasten thin skins, conical tenons made of oak or acacia were usually used. The following types of cladding are distinguished.

Simple smooth cladding with a paired seam (Roman method) was performed mainly on large buildings with relatively thick cladding boards.

Double stacked siding consisted of two layers of boards of varying thicknesses, stacked on top of each other so that!

Rice. 115. Section along the midships of a wooden double-decker sailing ship.

1 - keel; 2 - groove belt; 3, 4 - bottom plating; 5 - velhout; 6- fender; 7 - bulwark; 8 - flortimbers; 9 - first fu-tox; 10 - third futox; I - toptimbers; 12 - bulwark posts; 13 - square aniiir; 14 - keelson; 15 - water flow; 16 - internal zygomatic lining; 17 - air flow; 18 - bnms book; 19 - bvms; 20 - klyams (fender); 21 - “podklyams”; 22 - deck covering; 23 - pillers; 24 - waterweiss; 25 - outreach; 26 - upper, or main, deck; 27 - lower, or intermediate, deck; 28-hold.

The SEAM of the bottom row was covered with the top board. This type was used on medium-sized ships.

There is a type of edge-to-edge covering - overlapping. In two adjacent rows of boards, the bottom edge of the board of the top row overlaps the top edge of the board of the bottom row. Then the edges of the boards are connected to each other with copper dowels. The hull with such plating turns out to be very strong, so the number and thickness of the frames can be reduced. This method is now usually used for sheathing boats.

The diagonal cladding is double, its layers are laid at an angle on top of each other. It is intended for covering the hulls of ships, which, with low weight, must have the greatest transverse and longitudinal strength, for example, on boats, torpedo boats, etc. (Fig. 116).

Mostly flat-keeled hulls are sheathed with plywood.

On steel ships, the outer plating consists of steel sheets. A series of such sheets is called a sheet sheathing belt. Steel sheets are placed on top of each other with edges and connected using rivets or, more often, butt welding (Fig. 117 and 118).

The plating of ancient ships had its own characteristics. First came the first two, thicker rows of sheathing boards embedded in the keel, which were called tongue-and-groove belts. This was followed by thinner plating of the lower part of the vessel from the sheet piling belt to the waterline - bottom plating. Above the waterline, the sheathing belts alternated with reinforced belts - velkhouts.

Velkhouts not only provided the necessary longitudinal strength to the vessel, but also served as decoration for the hull. They were thicker than regular clapboards, so they protruded about one inch (2.54 cm) above them. The first, or lower, barhout began at the windtrance and ended at the stem. The second barkhout in the middle of the ship touched the lower jambs of the cannon ports of the lower battery deck - the orlop deck, and then moved away from them, since the sheerness of the deck did not coincide with the curvature of the barkhout (see Fig. 30). Between the first and second velvets there was a belt of ordinary, normal lining. On English ships, both barkhouts represented a single whole. The third and fourth barkhouts, in turn separated by a belt of outer skin of normal thickness, were located between the cannon ports of the orlop deck and the ports of the second battery deck - the midship deck. The fifth and sixth barkhouts passed between the ports of the midship deck and the third battery deck - the opera deck. The last barkhout, called the bulwark, ran at the height of the upper footwells: it began slightly below the afterdeck line and ended at the bow slightly above the forecastle line.

The plating of the underwater part of the ship, located below the first barkhout, was also quite thick, as it was supposed to withstand enemy cannonballs.

Gis. 117. Section of the idel-frame. iron or steel I^X" decked vessel,

і e- tongue and groove belt; 2 >- bottom lining; 3 side trim; 4 - shearstrek; B flor; 6 - keelson; 7 e- bottom stringers; 8 - zygomatic striae; 9 internal ivstil; 1c - deck stringers; 11 - beams; 12-. “glass pillers; 13 inter-deck pillers; 14 - pillers of the upper limb; 15th century relay racks; !“ - buttress (bulwark post): 17 - ianshire.

Rice. 118, Section along the midship frame of an iron or steel ship with frame frames and a double bottom.

1 - keel; 2 - tongue and groove belt; 3 - bottom plating; 4 - boron lining; 5 - shearstrek; 6 - vertical keel; 7 - bottom stringers; 8 - flora; 9 - cutouts in floras; 10 - water flow; 11 - lightweight flooring of the second bottom; 12 - frame span-yuut; 13 - deck pillars; 14 - bnmsovaya crown; 15 - beams) 16 Blue pastille; 17 blue stringer; 18 ireii.

The belts of the internal lining covering the bottoms of the vessel were called payol, in the area of ​​the cheekbones - zygomatic; the thick belt on which the beams rested with their ends was called the klyamsom, and the belt located between the lower jambs of the cannon ports and the waterweiss was called the spirketing (Fig. 119).

The design of the middle part of the body. The sides of the ship in the middle part of the hull are almost parallel, therefore the shape of the frames in this area is similar to the shape of the midship frame. In narrow ships it is less extended, towards the ends the frames become sharper (Fig. 120-123).

Beams. The opposite branches of the frames are connected to each other using transverse beams - beams. They perceive the lateral pressure of water on the hull and carry the deck flooring.

The upper surface of the beams is curved. Typically, beams were installed at a distance of 1-2 m from each other. If the distance was greater, then small transverse beams were placed on the longitudinal beams between the beams to provide the deck with a larger support surface.

On ancient ships, beams were installed as cross braces, and between them there were longitudinal and transverse beams to reinforce the deck. The widened beams were stacked and could, for example, consist of two pieces connected into a lock, or with a connecting beam in the middle.

The beams located in the widest part of the ship were called midship frames.

The forward railing beam in the bow simultaneously served as the upper jamb of gun ports for the running guns, intended to pursue the enemy. It was this that formed the beginning of the ledge during the transition to the latrine and the front railing posts were attached to it. Below in the middle of the beam there was a semicircular hole for the passage of the bowsprit.

Klyams and waterways. The ends of the beams were cut into the powerful longitudinal beams of the ship - clamps connected to the frames with through bolts. Under the bloat there was one (less often two) “podklyams”. On top, at the ends of the beams, another powerful beam was installed - waterweiss. Two or three rows of thickened deck planks were laid on the side of it. Thus, on one side, the beams were cut into a paw with a clamp, and on the other, with waterweiss and thickened flooring boards (Fig. 124). Inner side The waterway was beveled and there were holes in it for water drainage - scuppers. The design of fastening beams on ancient ships was the same as described above.

Knitsy. Pillers. For a more durable connection of the beams with the sides, rectangular connections were installed at the ends of the beams - beam brackets. On ancient ships they were made from forks of tree trunks or branches and secured with wooden or metal plates. Pillers - vertical posts made from one piece of timber, were installed under the beams.

Rice. IIP. Section along the midship frame of a ship of the 17th-18th centuries.

1 - keel; 2 - kilsoi; 3 - tongue and groove belt; 4 - bottom plating; 5 - bottom plating boards; 6 - first velkhout; 7 - second velhout; 8 - third velkhout; 9 - fourth barkhout; 10 - upper lining of the bulwark; 11 - belt of variable waterlines: 12 - internal bilge plating; 13 - internal lining; 14 - spiritketing; 15 - flortimbers; 16 - first futox; 17 - third futox; 18 - toptimbers; 19 - bulwark posts; 20 - reader; 21 - bulwark trim; 22 - plaishir; 23 - beams; 24 - iron brackets: 25 - deck flooring; 26 - connecting piece; 27 - clems; 28 - “podklyams”; 29 - waterweiss; 30 - connected belts of the deck flooring.

Rice. 120. Mndel-frame of the English ship “Victory” (perspective).

1 - false keel; 2 - keel; 3 keel tongue; 4 - keelson; 5 - internal kilsoi; 6 - tongue and groove belt; 7 - bottom plating; 8 ■- side plating; 9 - shearstrek; 10 - fender; 11 - bulwark;

12 - railing for bed nets;

13 - storm scupper (semi-portico); 14 - deadeyes: 15 - upper channel; 16 - lower channel; 17 - fastening of stay cables; 18 - waterweiss; 19 - spiritketing; 20 - bilge pillers; 21 - deck pillars; 22 - beams; 23 - deck flooring; 24 - bnms book; 25 - clems; 26 - “podklyams”; 27 - flortimbers; 28 - scupper; 29 - “air” belt; 30 "plaishir.

Rice. ETC. Section along the midship frame of a ship of the 17th-18th centuries.

1 - keel; 2 - keelson; 3 - tongue and groove belt; 4 - lining; 5 - bottom plating boards; 6 - first velkhout; 7 ~- second velhout; 8 - third velkhout; 9 - fourth barkhout; 10 - upper bulwark skin; 11 - belt of variable waterlines; 12 - internal zygomatic lining; 13 - internal lining; 14 - spiritketing; 15 - flortimbers; 16 - first futox; 17 - third futox; 18 - toptimbers; 19 - bulwark posts; 20 - reader; 21 - bulwark trim; 22 - gunwale; 23 - beams; 24 - iron knits; 25 - deck wall; 26 - connecting piece; 27 - clems; 28 - “podklyams”: 29 - waterweiss; 30 - connected belts of the deck flooring.

Rice. 120. Midship frame of the English ship “Victory” (perspective).

Rice. 121. The middle part of a wooden sailing ship (outside view).

1 - false keel; 2 - keel; 3 - keel tongue; 4 - Johnson; 5 - internal kilsoi; 6 - tongue and groove belt: 7 - bottom plating; 8 - side trim; 9 - shearstrek; 10 - fender; 11 - bulwark;

12 - railing for bed nets;

13 - storm scupper (semi-portico); 14 - deadeyes; 15 - upper channel; 16 - lower channel; 17 - fastening of wait-points; 18 - waterweiss; 19 - spiritketing; 20 - bilge pillers; 21 - deck pillars; 22 - beams; 23 - deck steel; 24 - bnms book; 25 - clems; 26 - “podklyams”; 27 - flortimbers; 28 - scupper; 29 - “air” belt; 30 - playshire.

Rice. 124. Beams.

I - Sime; 2 - clems; 3 in “podklyams”! 4 ^ waterway! 5.!“thickened deck flooring; 6 - spirketnig.

Deck flooring. Deck flooring is applied to the beams in the longitudinal direction - boards, which, in a certain v, cpe, increase the longitudinal strength of the hull. Seams between decks

Rice. 125. Hold (lower deck) of a ship of the 16th century. and its design. 1 - beams; 2 - hatch into the gunsmith's chamber; 3 - hatch into the crew chamber; 4 - hatch into the boatsman's room (or rather, the battalionman, who was in charge of the placement and storage of the team's food, i.e., into the battalion chamber); 5 - pump shaft at the mizzen mast; 6 - pump shafts of large pumps at the mainmast; 7 - mainmast; 8 - large hatch; 9 - cargo hatch - storage room for cables and other gear; 10 hatch to the skipper's room; 11 - foremast partners; 12 - waterweiss; 13 - reinforced deck boards; 14 - separate deck belts; 15 - eyes for attaching cannon hoists; 16 - deck wall; 17 - mizzen mast steps; 18 - anchor bit.

The wooden boards, usually pine or teak, were carefully caulked to prevent water from getting into them. The boards were attached to the beams using dowels or bolts, which were recessed on top and covered with wooden plugs.

Rice. 126. The trailer of an English ship of the second half of the 18th century. 1 - beams; 2 - aaterveNs; 3 - reinforced deck boards; 4 - deck flooring; 5 - hatch into the gunsmith's chamber; 6 - hatch into the crew chamber; 7 - hatch to the battalion chamber; 8 - large hatch; 9 - hatch to the room for storing cables; 10 - hatch to the skipper's room; 11 - mast steps; 12 - pärtners of the main mast; 13™ partners foremasts; 14 - carlings; 15 - horizontal BNMS brackets; 1b eyelets for attaching cannon hoists; 17 - pump shafts; 18 - pump drain pipe; 19 - anchor bit.

On steel ships, decks are made of steel sheets, which are most often covered with boards, linoleum or rubber.

On ancient ships, the thickness of the deck and forecastle lining depended on the type of ship and the weight of the guns installed (Fig. 125, 126).

Typically, the thickness of the boards of the lower deck is 5 inches (about 12.5 cm), and each subsequent deck is one inch less (4 inches for the second, 3 for the third, etc.).

Based on long-term construction experience, rules were developed for determining the thickness of the outer and inner cladding depending on the thickness of the deck flooring. In accordance with them, for a large linear vessel, the thickness of the outer plating and flooring of the first deck was 5 inches, the second deck and plating - 4, the thickness of the boards on the forecastle - 3 and on the quarterdeck - 2 inches. The thickness of the shearstrake belt boards was 1 inch greater than the thickness of the normal sheathing, namely: 6 inches for the first belt, 5 for the second, etc.

Rice. 127. Deck covering of small ships; a - boards curved parallel to the bend of the body; b - straight boards placed parallel to the center line of the body; c v - connection of curved boards with the middle longitudinal beam; With! -- connection of 1 straight boards with waterweiss.

Deck flooring on small vessels (boats) is shown in Fig. 197.

Bulwark and some nets. On wooden ships, the bulwark plating consisted of relatively narrow boards mounted on racks (Fig. 128). The upper rounded beam that ends the last row of bulwark plating and connects the upper ends of its posts is called a gunwale. Note that on large ships the bulwark can be supported by racks strengthened on the side of the frames (Fig. 129),

On steel ships, the bulwark, which is a continuation of the hull plating sheets (and is smaller in thickness), is supported by special profiled brackets. Instead of steel sheets, supports can be used - racks through which steel cables are stretched (Fig. 130).

On ancient ships, the bulwark was called “guywale” (English, gunwale: gun - gun and wale - strip, wales, i.e. the side belt where the upper guns were located). The bulwark consisted of beams installed on the bulwark posts, to which the skin was attached from the outside and inside (depending on the size of the judge).

The support of the bulwark was the “bulwark” velkhout, its outer surface It was customary to paint and finish with profiled longitudinal strips. This is the so-called false side decoration. The ship's bulwarks on the fore and after decks usually consisted of a balustrade of balusters.

Fig. 128 The bulwark of a sailing ship of the 17th-19th centuries.

On ancient ships, the bunk net was a fence installed above the bulwark and consisted of U-shaped iron forms, into which sailors for protection from enemy

Rice. 129, The bulwark of a sailing ship from the 19th century.

I, .. 9 gpiapkrting" 3 - bulwark racks, placed on the side of the frames. ^o7to\?? - kebechny "re^ingGb" - frames? 6 "recesses in the bulwark for installing" berths; 7 - hanging berths .

The PULLS were setting up their beds. There were also wooden bed nets. Later, the internal volumes of the bulwarks began to be used to store bunks (see Fig. 128 and 12U).

Hatches. Premises. The decks have openings for air and light passage, as well as access to the underlying decks.

The passage is mainly provided by hatches, which are framed by a quadrangular frame - a coaming, made up of two longitudinal and two transverse beams. The transverse beams of the coaming rest on two beams, the so-called end hatches

Rice. 130. Railings and railing racks: a - round railing racks with holes for longitudinal rods AND vertical flanges for their installation; b - the same, but with horizontal ones! flanges; c - railing posts with holes for fencing chains and joints with a flange for their installation; c1 - railing post with a horizontal flange and a wooden gunwale; e - the same, but the railing post is flat; I - buttress - rail strut - rectangular section; g - the same with a circular cross-section; b - railing post with buttresses for installing an awning; i - a bulwark made of metal sheets with a wooden gunwale and a buttress on which there is a dowel strip.

1 - gunwale; 2 - coffee-gel strip.

beams, and Longitudinal beams - on longitudinal beams - carlings embedded in beams (Fig. 131).

If the length of the hatch is greater than the distance between adjacent beams, then they have to be cut and the ends secured to the carlings. Such shortened beams are called half beams. To attach them to the carlings, horizontal brackets are additionally installed. Hatches are closed with hatch covers -

removable coverings made of boards corresponding to the hatch opening.

If the hatches are wide, then a removable str1-sh-ger is placed in the middle of them, and the hatch covers are laid in two longitudinal rows. In

Rice. 131. Luke.

i - end hatch tanks; 2 - longitudinal hatch coaming; 3 - transverse hatch coaming; 4 - carlings; 5 - half beams; 6- horizontal brackets; 7 - hatch cover; 8 - removable stringer; 9 - bilge pillers; 10 - mast beams; And - “mast” carlings; 12 - mast half-beams; 13 - details of the mast cushion,

During bad weather, hatch covers are covered with a waterproof tarpaulin. In good weather, instead of covers they put on hatches

Rice. 132. Lattice hatch cover - rooster.

special grilles - lattice hatches, or roosters that do not interfere with the penetration of air and light into the premises (Fig. 132).

On the hold - on the first lower deck of a sailing warship - there were usually six hatches that led to the gunsmith's chamber at the end of the stern, the hook chamber, the food chamber, or the battalion chamber, the “large” hatch at the mainmast, into the room for storing cables and a hatch into the “lion’s pit” - the skipper’s (see Fig. 126).

On the second deck - the Orlop deck - there were three more hatches. The hold hatches were covered with hatch covers, the hatches of the orlop deck, the third deck (midship deck), the upper deck (opera deck), the forecastle and the quarter deck were covered with roosters, which were covered with waterproof canvas in bad weather.

The latrine deck and waists were also covered with roosters. On ships of the 18th century. This was the name given to the side passages that connected the forecastle deck to the quarterdeck.

On ancient ships, the longitudinal coamings of the hatches were mounted on carlings - powerful beams of rectangular cross-section, which were cut into beams and ran from bow to stern, forming the side edges of the hatches. The carlings not only supported the coamings, but also contributed to the strength of the deck; Eyes were attached to them for winding cannon hoists. Other carlings passed between the hatches and the waterways (see Fig. 131).

Skylights, vestibules. Over some hatches there was a frame with portholes or glass covers that could be lifted, for example, to allow air to pass through. Such devices are called skylights.

The ships also had similar hatches with a small extension and a door - a vestibule (Fig. 133).

Pyartners and steps of masts. The decks also had other round or elliptical openings - pärtners, through which the masts passed. The pärtners were located between two transverse frames - mast beams - and two longitudinal mast carlings. To strengthen the resulting frame, half beams were additionally placed between the mast beams. Fillers were placed around the frame pärtner - parts of the mast cushion. In the hole itself, the mast was secured using wooden mast wedges. Then, in order to prevent water from penetrating into the vessel, canvas soaked in linseed oil or resin was placed on the wedges - trousers (Fig. 134).

In addition to the pärtners, there were also openings on the decks for the passage of pump shafts.

Angle profiles were used to fasten metal masts. A metal fastening, which is usually used on small ships and boats that do not have a deck flooring - a basting - consists of two half-rings, one of which is mounted on a can or in another suitable place, and the other, connected to the first hinge joint, is folding. The fastening of masts on ancient ships is similar to the one shown above.

The mast spurs were attached to a special nest-steps, consisting of two longitudinal bars installed on the side keelsons, and two transverse ones. Additionally, the longitudinal bars were secured on the sides with vertical transverse bars. The spurs of the mast were inserted into the steps and wedged there (Fig. 135, a). On small sailing ships, the steps were made from a single beam of bog oak and installed on the keelson; in the middle there was a quadrangular hole for the spur of the mast.

On small boats, steps are cut directly into the keel (Fig. 135, b and c).

On steel ships, the steps were made from angle profiles and rigidly connected to the keelson.

The design of the steps of ancient ships is the same: longitudinal beams connected by traverses were fastened between two floortimbers. On English ships, the steppe was mostly a large wooden beam firmly fixed to the keelson; in the middle of the beam there was a quadrangular hole for the spur of the mast.

The bowsprit step was placed on the main deck in front of the foremast. It consisted of two vertical pillars, reinforced from above in a special beam under the upper deck.

Rice. 134. Fastening the mast in the pärtners.

1 - mast beams; 2 - “mast” carlings; 3 - half-nms;

4 - details of the mast cushion;

5 - mast wedges; 6 - deck flooring.

The spur of the bowsprit entered the gap between the beams. For greater strength, second beams were sometimes installed in front, lined with strong oak boards with a hole in the middle for the passage of the bowsprit (Fig. 136).

Rice. 135. Steps: a - steps of the mast of a wooden sailing ship; b - “downtime” of the step mast of a small sailing vessel; c - steps and basting for the boat mast. 1 - keel; 2 - flortimber; 3 - keelson; і side rails: 5 - longitudinal bars; 6 - transverse bars; 7 - booklets; 8 "■ wedges; 9 "nachta; 10 mast spurs: steps; 12 "! step and basting.

Add-ons. The rooms located above the upper deck and extending from side to side are called napstoikas.

Rice. 136. Bowsprit steps: a - ancient; b - a ship from the early 19th century) c - a wooden sailing ship.

ІеГг n"^adTtGgІsoІІush^a!^"^""""""" ^ " ^""^ traverses; 4 “second beam; 5 - bv-

There are different structures: bow - tank, stern - poop and middle. The latter can be of different lengths, as well as closed, that is, limited by the front and rear bulkheads, or open, without them. Usually, another superstructure rises above the middle superstructure - a command bridge with two wings on the sides, intended for the captain, pilot and navigators. The poop, middle superstructure and forecastle can be connected to each other by longitudinal passages.

On galleons and ancient military sailing ships, small-caliber guns were installed on the forecastle - the forecastle. The tank began behind the latrine and ended near the front hatch.

At the stern of the ship there was an afterdeck and a quarterdeck above it. The raised quarterdeck - sterncastle - was a superstructure that housed the commander's and officers' cabins. Kvar-

Rice. 137. Development of bow and stern superstructures.

1 - 5 - development of elevated front (foredeck) and rear (afterdeck) carrack decks; 6-7 - the first galleons, in the architectonics of which the influence of karakkas is felt; 8 - typical galleon shape.

The terdek served as a battle site. On galleons (Fig. 137) and military sailing ships, small-caliber guns were placed on the quarterdeck; there was another superstructure here - the tabernacle.

The afterdeck was the highest deck of the entire ship, extending forward beyond the mizzenmast. The rigging of the mizzen mast, bonaventure mast and part of the rigging of the main mast was attached to it. Two small ladders installed along the sides of the ship led from the afterdeck to the quarterdeck (on English ships there was usually one ladder in the middle). The space on the quarterdeck between the ladders was enclosed by a balustrade with small balusters, the so-called quarterdeck rail (Fig. 138). "

At the end of the XV-II century. cabins center on the afterdeck. In accordance with this, the height of the stern is reduced, improving the stability of the vessel. At the tip of the stern there were only two small cabins left for the pilot and the captain. On military sailing ships, several more cabins were provided for officers. During the battle, most of the muskets and small “casemate” guns were located on the small quarterdeck (Fig. 139 and 140, a).

Rice. 138. Location of superstructures on the English ship "Royal Charles", 1673

Rice. 139. Location of superstructures on an English 120-gun ship Launched during the reign of King George III, 1760-1810."

Rice. 140. Location of superstructures on a three-deck ship of the beginning of the ХУ1П " " ^ "о^Roy there were passenger cabins, on the sail

In the second half of the 18th century. the forecastle and the raised quarterdeck are connected by side bridges - waists. During the voyage, crew and lifeboats were placed between the forecastle, poop and waists.

There are also small rooms on the decks, occupying only part of the deck between the sides - deckhouses. The cabin on the quarterdeck, in which the steering was located, was called the helmsman's or navigator's room. Along the railings there were small cabins, which were used for storing various materials, for sanitary purposes, to accommodate a galley, etc.

Small old ships such as frigates and corvettes had a small deckhouse at the end of the stern on the quarterdeck. As a rule, it contained the cabins of the commander and the first officer. On sailing ships, deckhouses were designed to accommodate passengers and officers. There could be two or three such fellings (Fig. 140, b).

Internal division of the corps of judges. Interior The hull is divided by longitudinal and transverse partitions - bulkheads. If the bulkheads are watertight, then as a result of this division, several watertight pockets are formed inside the hull, which prevent the entry of water in the event of an accident.

Modern steel ships have several transverse watertight bulkheads. The first of them - the ram - is installed in the bow and serves to strengthen it. There is a second bulkhead nearby, and between them there are chain boxes. Watertight bulkheads enclose the engine and boiler rooms, which are placed amidships, resulting in the cargo spaces being divided into two parts. On modern cargo ships, the engine room is often located at the stern.

Finally, in order to make the bottom of the vessel more durable, it is made double: with outer and inner lining. The internal lining is carried out at the height of the floors; To strengthen the entire structure, longitudinal vertical sheets are laid between the floras - bottom stringers. This cage-like division of space with frames and stringers between two skins is most suitable for military vessels when reinforcing the corresponding elements.

On wooden ships there are no actual watertight bulkheads, but there are partitions. However, the internal division of their corps was also appropriate. Let's consider the division of the hull of a military double-decker ship of the 18th century, in the design of which, in a certain sense, the experience of the past is concentrated.

At the stern, above the keelson, there was a wooden fence that separated the cruise chamber, where barrels of gunpowder were stored, from other rooms. Shelves for caps were made on the walls of the chamber. Above the kruyt chamber there was a storage chamber for storing bread and crackers. These rooms were separated from the rest by a transverse bulkhead. In the middle of the hook chamber, near the mizzen mast, there was a quadrangular shaft where pump pipes ran to pump out leaked water. This shaft, which opened onto the upper deck, was called the pump-action box of the cruise chamber.

It was possible to get into the crew chamber through the hatches of the oper-deck, orlop-deck and brotkamera, which were connected to each other by ladders. /

Under the front deck there was an orlop deck, which started from the nose and end<їался, не доходя до кормы приблизительно на 3 м; высота между палубами составляла около 2 м. Палуба орлоп-дека состояла из своего рода рам, покрытых досками. Их можно было снимать, если, например, нужно было погрузить или выгрузить громоздкие предметы. Под орлоп-деком размещались судовые помещения: первое, отделенное от кормы переборкой крюйт-камеры, называлось винной кладовой (здесь же хранилось и продовольствие); второе - главным трюмом; с носа к нему примыкал еще ряд грузовых помещений, в том числе для хранения ядер. На орлоп-деке имелись люки в крюйт-камеру, винную, или провиантскую, кладовую, главный трюм, канатный ящик и шкиперскую. Вдоль бортов орлоп-дека с помощью легких перегородок были выгорожены небольшие кладовые, где хранилось продовольствие, оружие, запасные части, зерно, овощи, припасы для капитана к офицеров и т. д. Эти помещения доходили до грот-люка, за ним находились судовой лазарет, каюты врача или хирурга; еще дальше к носу - большая камера для хранения парусов - парусная.

Along the entire ship between the hull and the rooms along the sides there was a passage, the so-called orlop-deck gallery. It served to inspect the casing from the inside, eliminate leaks or seal holes that appeared during the battle.

At the stern of the orlop deck there was an ammunition chamber, which was called the St. Barbarians^ In the middle of this deck there was a tiller, and along the sides were the cabins of the gunsmith and the treasurer. "St. Varvara" was separated from the rest of the premises by a bulkhead that fenced off the spurs of the mizzen mast, the drum (baller) of the large spire, the mainmast, the pump shaft, the foremast and the spurs of the bowsprit. There were 36-pounder guns on the orlop deck.

On the operating deck at the stern there was a “large” chamber; its side partitions, which formed the officers’ cabins, were removed during the battle, and the deck was cleared.

In front of the mizzen mast there was a second drum of the large capstan, and in front of the foremast there was a spur of the small capstan, the drum of which stood on the forecastle (forecastle). The galley was located under the foredeck (forecastle deck). Several holes were cut in the front bulkhead of the opera deck - the bikgede: two for the ports of two shoulder straps -

^ St. Barbara was considered the patroness of artillerymen.

nal guns and two for passages to the latrine deck. There were 24-pounder guns on the opera deck.

Aft of the mainmast there was an afterdeck (deck) with a raised quarterdeck (deck) above it. A steering wheel and compass binnacle were installed on the quarterdeck behind the mizzenmast. Before

Rice. 141. Longitudinal section of a ship of the second half of the 17th century.

The mizzen mast had a hatch with a large ladder that connected the quarterdeck with the opera deck. There were 12-pounder guns on the quarterdeck. A flagpole rose on its tailboard. Railings ran in the bow of the quarterdeck, and between them, in the middle, a large ship's bell was installed.

The forcastel in front was fenced with religions in the form of a balustrade. In the middle of the forecastle stood a small spire. Like the quarterdeck, the forecastle was armed with 12-pounder guns (Fig. 141).

Chapter IV. GENERAL PROVISIONS ADOPTED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE VESSEL.

(Goal.). End of the yard. - Nok-gorden-tali. Running rigging.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

(Goal.) mor. the end of any horizontal or inclined spar ( eg, yard knock, gaff knock, etc.).

New dictionary of foreign words. - by EdwART,, 2009 .

[Goal. ] – mor. the end of any horizontal or inclined spar, for example, the end of a yard, the end of a gaff.

Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing House "IDDK", 2007 .

Knock

A, m. (Netherlands nok).
mor. The end of the wooden part of a ship's rigging.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .

See what “NOK” is in other dictionaries:

Nok, ah... Russian word stress

NOC- scientific and educational complex education and science Source: http://www.government.ru/data/article text.html?he id=17&article id=1553 Examples of use Tomsk NOK Novosibirsk NOK NOK Nizhny Novgorod educational consortium since 1997... ...

NOC abbreviations: National Olympic Committee Least common multiple of Novosibirsk Tin Plant Nok meanings: Nok is an ancient African civilization. Knock Castle in Scotland. Nok end of horizontal... ... Wikipedia

NOC abbreviation: National Olympic Committee Least common multiple of Nok meaning: Nok is an ancient African civilization. Knock Castle in Scotland. Nok is the end of a horizontal spar. Knock is a city in Ireland ... Wikipedia

Archaeological culture of the Iron Age (5th century BC, 3rd century AD) in Central Africa. Named after the village of Nok in Nigeria. Characteristic are terracotta sculptures of heads marked by sharp, often grotesque expressiveness. * * * NOK NOK,… … encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Arm) is the name given to the ends of all yards, the rear ends of the booms, the upper ends of the gaffs and the outer ends of the foils of spirits, shots and arrows. In addition, N. is the name of the outer end of the bowsprit, jib and jib. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M.L.:... ...Marine Dictionary

See National Olympic Committee. * * * NOC NOC, see National Olympic Committee (see NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (NOC)) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

NOC of the Russian Federation- NOC NOC of Russia NOC of the Russian Federation National Oceanographic Committee of the Russian Federation since 1992 organization, Russian Federation NOC of Russia Source: http://www.mon.gov.ru/sea/nok/ … Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

Archaeological culture of the Iron Age (5th century BC - 3rd century AD) in the Center. Africa. Named after the village. Nok in Nigeria. Characteristic terracotta sculpture... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Suffix A word-forming unit that stands out in a noun as a masculine noun with the meaning of an object that is the result of an action named by the verb from which the corresponding noun is derived (picture).... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Books

• A kitten named Woof and other tales, G. Oster. The book "A Kitten Named Woof and Other Tales" contains the most famous works of Grigory Oster. Little tales about the kitten Gav and other funny characters, short sentences, big...
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The bow and stern ends of the ship's hull are limited, respectively, by the stem and sternpost, which are securely connected to the plating of the starboard and port sides, the vertical keel, side stringers and decks.

The stem - takes on blows in collisions with other ships, on the ground, pier, ice. The stems are cast, forged, welded from cast and forged parts, welded from bent steel sheets.

The stem of a large vessel is divided in height into several parts, which are connected “lockwise” using arc or slag welding. The sheathing sheets adjacent to the stem are welded using a fillet weld.

Rice. 6. a) Welded stem: 1-break;

2 – longitudinal stiffener; b) stern post of a single-screw vessel: 1 – star post; 2 – apple; 3 – sole; 4 – heel; 5 – rudder post; 6 – steering loops; 7 – window; 8 – arch.

The decks and the side stringers reaching the stem are welded to the horizontal ribs of the stem - the breech - triangular or trapezoidal sheets that reinforce the bent sheets of the stem. In the underwater part, the gaps are installed at least every 1 m, above the waterline - at least 1.5 m. The vertical keel is welded to the longitudinal stiffening rib of the stem. The cross-sectional dimensions of a cast stem or the thickness of a welded stem are determined according to the Register Rules.

The sternpost is a powerful cast or welded structure that completes the aft end of the ship's hull. External skin sheets and elements of a set of hull structures are attached to it. On single-rotor ships, the sternpost consists of two main parts: the star post and the rudder post. The star post is one of the supports of the stern tube passing through the hole in the stern post. The rudder blade is hung to the rudder post on hinges using pins. The starpost and rudderpost are connected at the top by an arch, and at the bottom by a sole, forming a sternpost window. If the steering wheel is semi-balanced, then the rudder post is not connected below with the star post. In this case, the sternpost forms an “open” type stern (due to the absence of a sternpost window). The screw operates in an open space.

The mass of cast sternposts of large ships reaches 60-180 tons, so they are made of several welded parts. A strong connection of the sternpost with the main hull structures is achieved by welding them to the sternpost stiffeners.

Rice. 7. Bow end of the vessel: 1- stem; 2 – vertical keel; 3 – second bottom; 4 – platform; 5 – chain box; 6 – transverse bulkhead; 7 – gap; 8 – tank superstructure.

The sternposts of ice-going vessels, which, as a rule, have a cruising stern with sharp formations to protect the rudder and propeller, must have an ice drain located aft of the rudder, i.e. a structure made of steel sheets with reinforcing ribs that protect the rudder and propeller from damage. The stern tube serves to support the propeller shaft and provide watertightness where it exits the hull. At one end the pipe is connected to the stern peak bulkhead, and at the other to the stern post. An oil seal is installed at the junction with the afterpeak bulkhead. A bronze or brass bushing is inserted into the stern tube, in which two supporting surfaces are created - plain bearings, which serve as supports for the propeller shaft. To reduce the vibration that occurs during operation of the propeller shaft, the pipe is rigidly connected to the floras, which are made thicker in this area.

Rice. 8. The aft end of the tanker with a cruising stern and a balancing rudder resting on the sternpost heel: 1- stern peak bulkhead (with a ledge); 2- corrugated poop bulkhead; 3-board; 4-deck poop; 5- main deck; b - rudder blade; 7- sternpost; 8- sternpost heel; 9- deadwood.

Rice. 9. Stern tube: 1- nut; 2 rings; 3 - stern tube: 4 - steam supply pipe to the stern tube; 5 - pipe for supplying sea cooling water; 6 - bolt; 8 - shaft seal oil seal; 7 and 9 - bushings; 10 - bushings; 11 - pipe for removing sand and silt.

The stern tube (Fig. 9) is fastened to the stern stem with nut 1, and to the stern bulkhead with bolts. Bushings 10 are pressed into it, inside which rings 2 are assembled, made from strips of abrasion-resistant wood - backout, laminated wood plastic (lignofol) or special hard rubber. These rings play the role of bearing shells for the propeller shaft. Lubrication and cooling of the shaft is carried out by sea water supplied through pipe 5 by pump. The shaft is sealed with an oil seal 8, which is tightened with bolts 6 using bushings 7 and 9. To prevent water from freezing, steam is supplied to the cavity of the stern tube through pipe 4. Sand and other heavy sediments that can get into the stern tube when the vessel moves in shallow water are discharged through pipe 11.

Rice. 10. Mortars

Mortars provide impermeability at the point where the side propeller shafts of multi-shaft vessels exit the hull. Mortars are pipes with flanges cast along the contour of the body at the point where the shaft exits. The mortar flange is welded to the outer skin of the hull. Sometimes mortars are made welded from forged and cast parts. Impermeability is ensured by a seal of the same type as that of the stern tube, which is installed at the bow end of the mortar. The extended mortars simultaneously serve as supports for the propeller shaft, in this case acting as brackets.

Propeller shaft brackets, fillets. In twin-screw ships, the supports for the stern bearings of the propeller shafts are special cast or welded brackets - single-legged or double-legged. The two-legged bracket consists of a bushing and two legs located at an angle of 70 - 100° to each other (depending on the contours of the hull in the area where the propellers are located). Each leg ends with a flange that serves to attach it to the outer skin, or a plane passed inside the body and welded to its set. To reduce water resistance when the vessel moves, the legs of the brackets are given a streamlined shape.

The end of the wooden part of the ship's rigging

The first letter is "n"

Second letter "o"

Third letter "k"

The last letter of the letter is "k"

Answer for the question "The end of a wooden part of a ship's rigging", 3 letters:
nok

Alternative crossword questions for the word nok

The end of the yard

The tip of the gaff

m. Morsk. end or entire half of the yard

The end of the gaff (nautical)

Archaeological railway culture century to the Center. Africa

State Olympic Committee (abbreviation)

The end of the yard

End of the yard

Definition of the word nok in dictionaries

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
m. The end of any horizontal or inclined spar on a ship.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
archaeological culture widespread around 900 BC. e. ≈ 2nd century n. e. in a large area of ​​modern Benue Plateau State in Nigeria. Named after the site of the first (1931) finds near rural Nok (southwest of Jos). A special place among the finds...

Examples of the use of the word nok in literature.

And what, Isaika, if suddenly the senior officer sends you to incubate nok!

But to fight, they said, does not fight or flog, but only punishes in his own way: he puts his bare feet on the shrouds, noki sends for hatching.

Knock- the end of a horizontal or inclined spar, for example: yard, bowsprit, gaff, etc.

Knock- this is the name of the end of any horizontal or almost horizontal spar, for example.

Knock- the end of a horizontal or inclined spar - for example, a yard, a bowsprit, a shot, a gaff, etc.