Shallow water seine. Sea fixed seine. Market conditions for fish farming equipment
A fixed seine, as they write in books, refers to “passive fishing gear”, i.e., after it is installed, it “catches the fish itself”. The principle of operation is based on the use of the property of salmon to return after sea feeding to their native river. At the beginning of summer, salmon scattered in places where the sea gorge begins to gather in schools, and foolishly rush to their rivers. It is still not really known what kind of GPS the fish use, but the rivers where they were born are found thousands of kilometers away by salmon.
When approaching their native shores and in search of their river, herds of salmon cling to the shoreline - this is where they are met with fixed nets. Along the coast of Kamchatka, if memory serves, about 400 areas have been “cut” for the installation of sea seines. But, as in any fishing, there are sections to sections, there is a lot of discord... Naturally, the most “delicious” places are near the mouths of rivers - there the fish will never pass by. However, it is prohibited to place a seine closer than 2 km to the mouth, and the distance between seines must be at least 2 km.
The seine itself is structurally composed of a “wing” (a wall made of a net extending perpendicularly from the shore into the sea for about 1 km) and “traps” at the sea end of the wing (a “nipple” type system - a labyrinth with narrow entrances and walls and bottom from a continuous network with a mesh of about 30 mm).
The principle of operation is sickeningly simple - salmon walking along the shore encounters an obstacle (wing), begins to go around it... runs into traps and that's it... All that remains is to “sort out” the net, drive the fish to one end and “pour” it into the “slot” ( a barge without a bottom, covered with a net so that the fish can live there longer) or a “cage” (a solid fence made of the same net, adjacent to the trap). In the slots on the tug, the fish are handed over for processing - to their plant on the shore, or “at sea” to fish processing vessels. The steamboat, again, can be either its own (the owner’s) or left-handed, where the fish are delivered under an agreement. Depending on the “yield”, the price of the issue ranges from 60/40 (60% of the revenue from fish to the “getters” and 40% to the “receivers”), to the other way around - 40/60 (this is when the fish are like dirt and there is nowhere to put it ). It is considered fair if it is 50/50%.
Below are a few nasty photos from such a fishing trip the previous year:
View of the seine from the slot from the side of the cage. The iron boat on the right is a “sabunka” - it is used to monitor the situation (whether the fish have entered) and minor repairs to the nets. In the background is a “bulkhouse” on which a team of fishermen is sorting out a seine (driving fish to the blind end).
The seine bulkhead is nearing completion.
The bulkhead is completed and preparations are made for “filling” the slot.
Filling the slot.
The slot is filled.
The boss is in charge of the process.
Transportation of the slot to the receiving and processing vessel (floating base "Commonwealth")
View of the boat and the slot from the deck of the floating base.
View of the deck from the bow superstructure.
The simplicity of the “theory” of such fishing does not at all guarantee the same thing in “practice”... Only the installation of a fixed seine requires 2-3 weeks (subject to good weather and calm seas). In addition to delivering and “bringing into working condition” the shmurdyuk itself (nets, cables, ends, buoys, etc.), it is necessary to dig up and prepare in the fishing area about 2000 (two thousand!!!) sandbags for loading the guy ropes with which the entire structure of the seine is secured... Take these same bags from the shore to the sea and “drown” them, in “bundles” of no more than 50 pieces. at a time, because if there is more, the ship may capsize. And such cases, unfortunately, happened...
The seine itself needs to not only be installed, but also configured, almost like a piano - adjust the dimensions, height and dimensions of the “passages” and all that. Like any “delicate matter,” setting up a seine does not require great skill, if not talent... Therefore, good foremen responsible for setting up the seine and fishing are very highly valued and well paid.
However, catching a lot of fish, although this is a necessary condition, is not yet sufficient for successful fishing - all the fish need to be well disposed of (processed at your own factory or handed over to a receiver on favorable terms).
Just to “recoup” the costs of setting up the seine and at least pay the fishermen something, you need to catch at least 200 tons of salmon. But in general, the “performance” of such a seine, with good conditions(fish approaches, calm weather, etc.), allows you to take 1000 or even more tons for poutine.
And so... A team approached Kolpakov, with whom I was supposed to work under a scientific quota. At first glance, fishermen are like fishermen - all of them are seasoned in words (cooler, only eggs). The foreman, however, was a little embarrassed - he was a bit young... and somehow lacking in charisma... But the men arrived in a very nimble MRS-80 (small fishing seiner). They lived on it (7 people in the cockpit and 6 in the hold adapted for life), and they also served the seine with it.
Facilities from the stern, dining area on the hold lid.
They were based in the river estuary. Mikhail Nikolaevich (pictured below) often looked at the “light” and seal liver whites.
Our seine site is the most “chocolate” - the first from the mouth of the river. Kolpakov to the north. The men installed the centerpiece and the frame for the net ahead of time - all that remained was to hang the “rags” (nets), which they did without any problems in a few days. The weather whispered - the sea was like a mirror.
As soon as the net was set out, the fish immediately began to fish. There was no blockage yet, but in a couple of days about 30 tons were herded into the cage. But there was tension with the delivery of the catch... The vessel, with which a joint work agreement had been previously concluded, had not yet arrived in the fishing area...
A live fish in a net can “live” normally for 2-3 days, and if it is not “cleaned up”, it dies and lies on the bottom, tightly covering the net with its corpses. If this happens, it is easier to cut the traps and sew them back together than to manually try to throw it outside.
There was no longer room to “delay” the delivery of fish, and the company representative decided to drag the slot to Sobolevo, or rather to the mouth of the river. Vorovskaya (the company has its own fish processing plant in Sobolevo). And the routes by sea are only from the mouth of the river. Kolpakov to Vorovskaya is about 60 km... As a rule, such slots are not carried further than 3-5 km... There is a wave in the sea... it will shake the fish, wash it... Again, the speed is with a slot on a leash, the speed is no more than 3-4 knots.
Since there was nowhere to go, we went to Sobolevo. We set off in the morning and around 7 pm we approached the mouth of Vorovskaya... but we couldn’t go in - the tide was low. We hung out opposite the mouth for another three hours, and when the water “came up”, we started to enter. By this time it was already dark, but in principle there was more or less visibility.
Overcoming the elastic countercurrent of the fairway, our MRS with a slot on a leash was slowly drawn into the river. And when it seemed that everything - the mouths had passed, trembling from the stress of everyone Horse power the little boat was shaken by a strong side blow (they almost fell off their feet)…!!!?
While they were trying to figure out the cause of the underwater “hook on the right” in bewilderment, men began jumping out of the hold and throwing their mattresses and belongings onto the deck. It turned out that the impact created a hole (the size of a boot), from which sea water gushed out with terrible force!!!
Before our eyes, the hold was filled with water, in which firewood, socks, clothes were mixed up floating... Not even a few minutes had passed before the men in the hold were already fussing about in waist-deep water... and it was coming...!!!
Attempts to stuff the hole with mattresses and rags did not yield any results, since it was impossible to get there because of the bunks and internal lining...
Fortunately, the 10 cm hole did not reach the adjacent engine room and the ship remained underway. They managed to call for help on the radio in time. An MRS-150 jumped up from the nearby pier and unfastened our slot with fish. Lightly and at maximum speed, we rushed to the shore. And when you could already touch the water from the deck with your hand - Thank God, we ran into a shallow.
Gone...
PS. I apologize for the quality of the photo camera"
Consisting of mesh fabric and ropes, used for catching fish in large quantities in river, lake, coastal and sea (ocean) fishing. The principle of catching most seines is based on sweeping fish accumulations and pulling the net with the catch onto the shore or on board the vessel. The main difference between a seine and enveloping fishing gear, for example, a gill net, is that a seine is a movable fishing tool and the small mesh of the seine is intended for filtering water through it during sampling, and not for entangling (enveloping) fish in it with gill covers. When retrieving a seine, the caught fish remains on the netting cloth or is rolled into a special bag in the middle part of the seine - a motnya, or a codend.
According to the fishing method, seines are divided into four types - cast nets, seine nets, bottom seines And fixed seines- the most diverse group, which is classified as a special type of stationary coastal fishing gear - traps. According to the place of fishing, seines are distinguished river, lake And maritime .
Cast nets
They are among the oldest fishing gear and are used in coastal fishing, when the net is gradually cast from a boat in the form of an arc (with the top directed in the direction opposite from the shore), and pulled out (sinked) to the shore. Currently, cast seines are used mainly on inland water bodies such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs. IN winter time Cast nets are lowered under the ice through a large oblong ice hole - a moine - and then pulled through in an arc with the help of auxiliary small holes.
Flip seines
Mainly sea (sometimes lake) seines, used far from the shore and taken on board the vessel. The most primitive in design and fishing method are spreader seines, which are occasionally used for fishing in the shallow waters of seas and lakes. Their structure resembles a cast net. More highly productive active fishing gear among skein seines used far from the shore are purse seines, which include purse seines. The principle of fishing with a purse seine is to wrap a huge net wall around the discovered school of fish and then tighten the lower part of the seine like a purse or pouch. In this case, the caught fish remains inside the seine bowl. The net is then taken onto the deck of the ship, and the caught fish is poured into a special part of the net called the drain, or stash, from where it is then taken out.
Fixed seines
A fixed net is a stationary fishing tool, the operating principle of which is based on placing a stationary “wing” obstacle in the path of the fish, which directs it into the trap. The height of the side walls of the trap, as a rule, reaches the surface of the water. Wing length usually ranges from 250 to 100 m. Fixed seines are used in large reservoirs and coastal sea fisheries for salmon, capelin, herring, greenling, smelt, herring, etc. Fish caught in a fixed net remain undamaged and are kept alive inside the trap for a long time. In addition, fixed seines are used on muddy bottoms or for ice fishing, when the use of other fishing means is difficult. The main disadvantages of a fixed seine are the complexity of installation, the high cost of large seines and susceptibility to destruction in bad weather.
Bottom seines
Small seines used mainly for coastal bottom lake and sea fishing from small vessels or from the shore. This subgroup of seines includes muddy, or snurrevod, almost identical to them in design mechanized dredge and some other fishing gear. According to the fishing method, bottom seines belong to the second subgroup of straining fishing gear - trawling fishing gear, and in design and fishing technique they occupy an intermediate position between cast seines and bottom trawls, representing a net bag with short seine wings, a net and a codend in the center.
A bottom seine, like a cast seine, is used to sweep a section of a reservoir from the shore or from the side of a vessel, covering a large section of the bottom with a net with very long edges (warps). Then the seine is retrieved and pulled over the edges (sometimes reaching a length of 1500-2000 m) using a winch or under the vessel’s own power. The edges, moving along the bottom, stir up silt and sand (hence the name “mutnik”) and scare away the fish, which move to the center of the swept space.
Mutniks and mechanized dredges are used for catching gobies in the Sea of Azov, snurrevods are used for fishing for flounder, pollock and cod far from the coast in
Many people heard about this fisherman's tackle in childhood from Russian fairy tales. But not everyone fully understands what the word “net” means. The meager ideas that this is a fishing gear that involves catching fish in significant quantities do not provide a comprehensive answer. Let's try to figure out how it is used.
A little history
Fishing is an ancient craft of mankind. And the initial fishing gear did not bring much catch. As you know, fish were beaten with a spear, a relative of the modern pitchfork. A little later, rafts and boats appeared on the farm, which helped make difficult fishing easier. But when the network was invented, things got much better, people stopped starving.
With the advent of the seine - purse net - fish production increased significantly. A huge net was thrown into the sea or river and it dragged behind the fishing boat, capturing the fish that came along the way. When the net became full, it was pulled out onto the deck and the “purse” at the bottom was untied, dumping out all the fish for sorting and storage. The seine was used by both small sailing ships and more respectable vessels.
You can also fish with a seine not far from the shore.
Origin
The word "net" was inherited from the Proto-Slavic language of the prehistoric era, which is the progenitor of all Slavic languages of our time. It was spoken by ancient tribes who lived in the area between the Dnieper, Vistula and Bug rivers. As a consequence of the common history, in Czech, Ukrainian, and Polish, “net” sounds almost the same, only with a difference in emphasis.
The modern meaning of the word “net” - surrounding from the outside, to capture without touching - is far from the original. The true authors of the word, when calling the net, did not mean encirclement and capture, they seemed to convey information to the fish so as not to scare it away - “we are not going to drive here.” Considering the way of thinking and beliefs of a person of that era, everything was quite logical and understandable.
According to dictionaries, a seine is a means of catching fish, consisting of a net and a rope. It is used in large bodies of water: oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. The principle of working with a seine is simple: covering a concentration of fish and pulling the net onto the side of the vessel or coastal area. There are seines different lengths, magnitudes, cell frequencies, and of course vary by device.
How does a seine work?
A fishing seine is a long net, the wall of which is of different heights. This net is equipped with floats along the top rope, and sinkers along the bottom rope. A bag is sewn into the middle of the net, it is called “motnya”, where all the captured fish are collected. Side walls The nets are called wings; warps (cables) are attached to them, with which the net is pulled.
Unlike other fishing devices, a seine is a movable tackle, when used, the catch remains intact and therefore remains alive longer. The small cells of the mesh filter the water during excavation, and all the fish remain in the canvas.
Cast seine fishing technique
The simple design of this type of seine can be deceptive at first glance. It seems I walked along the shore and the bags full of catch are ready. But it's not that simple. Sometimes you can be left with nothing, even if the fish walks under your feet.
Before fishing, the seine must be checked on the shore for holes and damage, so that all the work is not in vain. A close-knit team of several people takes part in the catching process itself. One fisherman enters the water to the maximum depth, the second moves towards him at such a distance that the net is in a semicircle, and not tight. At the same time, they begin to move along the shore, trying to bring the seine as close as possible to the bottom. Another participant comes towards them, splashing through the water and driving the fish into the net. Then the first fisherman brings his edge to the shore in a circular arc, while the second one stands still. As soon as they catch up along the line, they begin to slowly move towards the shore. The net must be pulled very carefully so that it does not break. Its ends should be as close to the bottom as possible so that the fish does not slip under the net. Once the seine is on the shore, you can collect fish.
Types of seine
There are four types of seine, which differ in the method of fishing: set, bottom, throw, cast. Gear is also divided according to the place of use: river, sea, lake. The cast net has already been mentioned, let’s look at other types.
The fixed seine is considered the most passive to use. All you need to do is install it, it does the rest itself. This type of seine is common and varied. They are mainly used in coastal sea fishing for herring, salmon, Baltic herring and other fish species. The design of a fixed seine is very expensive and difficult to install.
A net seine is mostly a sea tackle, but in some cases it is also used on the lake. It is used far from land and then pulled aboard. Purse seines have particularly high productivity. The principle of operation is that the detected one is covered with a mesh wall.
Bottom seine is used for coastal sea or lake fishing on small vessels. Due to its small design, it is closer to a cast net.
Synonyms for the word "net"
As it turned out, seine is not alone in its definition and has related words that are close to it in meaning. Some dictionaries give up to 21 synonyms for the word “net”. jak, harva, stavnik, klovnya, mutnik, volokusha and others. A few words about frequently used ones.
Breden is a small seine designed for shallow water. Its design has two wings, drives and a motor, which can be conical or wedge-shaped. The conditions for effective drag fishing are the following: a large concentration of fish with low mobility and a flat bottom of the reservoir.
Mutnik has small cells for catching small fish. Scraps of nets are tied to its lasso, which contribute to clouding the water, hence the name of this gear. This is done in order to scare the fish and direct it in the right direction. Fishing with mudfish is especially successful on lakes.
The dragnet is the same drag, it is an ordinary seine, but unlike it, it is not thrown from boats or ships. It is only used in areas where people can pass. For this reason, the drag net is applicable in small lakes and rivers.
Thus, the seine is presented in great variety and various designs for one single purpose - catching fish in large quantities.
Fishing gear used in reservoirs, their parameters and procedure for use are established by the fishing rules.
The conditions of reservoirs mainly determine the types of fishing gear and the order of their use, which differ from the fishing gear on the rivers on which the reservoirs are formed. Fishing gear used various types, each of which has optimal selectivity and catchability in relation to certain types of fish or their size groups. This takes into account the use of more advanced fishing methods.
Coastal casting seines. Shore casting seines are used in open water. They consist of two wings, drives and a motor (one or more). The seine is pulled by the edges - ropes.
Coastal lake seines are symmetrical, river seines are asymmetrical. They have a frill in the middle part, wings and edges are the same size. The part of the wing closest to the reel, called the drive, has the same height along the entire length as the reel, which is 30-40% greater than the most common depth in fishing areas. The height of the rest of the wing is less and depends on the bottom topography and fishing conditions.
The length of the homoptera coastal seine is up to 1500 m, the height is up to 25 m. The fishing area per sweep is up to 30 hectares.
In seines used on hard sandy, silty and pebble soils, the lower seine is made shorter than the top, but not more than the height of the seine, which ensures a close fit of the seine to the bottom. On soft muddy or peaty soils, the mesh fabric is made higher than usual, the lower selection is not loaded, and the length is equal to or greater than the length of the upper selection. In this case, the lower catch, lagging behind the upper one, drags along the bottom without cutting the soil, which facilitates traction, preventing the fish from leaving the net.
The net usually has a wedge-shaped shape, 1.5-2 times the height of the seine.
The mesh size depends on the size of the fish expected to be caught, fishing conditions and methods, and fishing rules. The most common del is placed in the kutka motni and in the motna. The mesh in the reel and drives are the same size. The wings are made of mesh of 3-5 sizes, which gradually increase from the drives to the nags. Each subsequent part of the wing is made from a part with a cell 4-6 mm larger than the cells of the previous part.
A polystyrene foam is evenly tied to the top brace. The total mass of the float on the wings is 1/6 of the mass of the upper bridle and dry section, excluding the mass of the flotsam.
Weights (flat stones) or metal rings are tied to the bottom of seines operating on hard soils. In reservoirs with silty soil, stones braided with birch bark or vines are often used. The total weight of the load on the seine is equal to 1/5 of the mass of the entire seine and the upper seine in dry form.
Seines are also built with a valance - a delta strip 0.5-1 m wide, 0.5-0.7 long of the total length of the seine, one of the edges of which is placed on the lower fence, and the second edge is loaded with a light load or placed on a loaded net.
Seines with a valance are used when fishing areas with an uneven bottom for catching carp, catfish, pike, bream, which can go under the lower selection of a conventional seine design.
To catch silver carp, which is capable of jumping over the upper catch of the seine, a curtain with a mesh pitch of 40-50 mm, a width of 1 m, a length of 0.5-0.7 times the length of the seine or a visor is sewn to it to prevent the fish from jumping out.
When fishing with a cast net on the open reach of a reservoir in summer time(Zharkovsky Putina) seines are used with elongated edges equal to the length of the seine, and the seine is swept in a shape close to a triangle.
Folding seine nets. Such seines up to 1000 m long are used in open water and under ice; sinking is carried out on an open stretch. The height of the net in the drives and wings is the same. The seine has a capacious reel, a lower, an upper and a third catch, for which the seine is pulled by a winch. To press the lower rope to the bottom, a sliding weight weighing 30-40 kg is attached to it. Effective Application these seines are possible in areas with increased concentration fish detected by the echo sounder. To prevent the escape of fish during the sinking period at depths of up to 4 m, the wings of the seine are pulled crosswise, and at the beginning of the sinking the seine is anchored and the sinking is carried out from it.
Abroad, two, three, four stretch nets are used at the same time, which are swept in a circle, pulled and brought in at the same time to the center of the swept area, each net independently at two edges into a separate boat.
Purse seines. They are used in areas of reservoirs with great depths and in the presence of high concentrations of pelagic fish. The length of the seines is 200-300 m, the height is up to 30 m. Seine fishing is done by pulling the lower bridle while the upper bridle is stationary, thereby forming a huge bag of fish. There are purse seines, the wing of which two-thirds of the length is taken onto the vessel, and the rest of the wings are purse seines, as indicated above.
Net with curtain(designs by L. I. Denisov). The length of the seine with a curtain is 500-1200 m, height is 3 m, with edges of 600 m. The curtain is a strip with a mesh pitch of 40 mm, 400 m long, 1 m wide. With the help of the curtain, up to 90% of silver carp are retained, which, as noted higher, usually jumps over the top rebound.
Ice fishing net. The length of the seine is 400-800 m. The technique and organization of ice fishing with a seine are varied and depend on the behavior and concentration of fish, the size of the seine, and the netting pattern.
The size of the seine and the method of its use determine the number of fishermen, the size and composition of the winter convoy, the nature and quantity of equipment.
Greater catchability is achieved by using two opposing seines, which sink simultaneously in the center of the sink, while an opposing seine is also used - a seine 20-50 m long, blocking the exit of the fish during sinking. During continuous seine fishing, as the wings are collected, they are immediately stretched according to the following new pattern. When column fishing, 2-6 seines are used simultaneously in such a way as to catch the largest area of the reservoir over several landings.
Collar- a single-winged stretch seine with a motney, used in shallow water. The length of the collar wing is 150-200 m. The collar is round, stretched with 5-8 hoops, twice the height of the collar, with a funnel-shaped neck. Fishing is carried out from one boat with the participation of 3 fishermen.
Scraper- a seine without a net.
Dragnet(brodnik, bredeshok, brodets, drag, drag) - a short drag, 5-20 m long, which is pulled into the ford by nags without edges.
Raiga- a type of coastal cast seine, characterized by a significantly larger lower selection in relation to the upper one. They pull her by the top harness. Used in areas with hummocks, stones, low-cut stumps and other objects without sharp and long protrusions.
Trawls are used for industrial fishing, exploration of fish accumulations, and also scientific research on reservoirs. Specialized trawl fishing gives good results when fishing for sabrefish in the Tsimlyansk reservoir, smelt in the Rybinsk reservoir, catfish in the Volgograd and Kuibyshev reservoirs, sprat in the Dnieper reservoirs, roach, crucian carp in the reservoirs of Western Siberia.
Twin trawls. Two identical vessels tow a trawl with or without an auxiliary boat. There are no trawl boards, which increases trawling speed and fish catch. The vessels do not go in the wake of the trawl, but from the side, so they do not scare away the fish, but drive them with warps into the trawl fishing zone. Apply motor boats or ships with engines 12-150 hp. With. The use of an auxiliary boat allows for almost continuous fishing. Tugboats are constantly in motion and only slow down while the codend with the catch is being lifted onto the boat. It takes 3-7 minutes to lift the codend and pour out the fish. The codend is trimmed after 15, 20, 30 minutes of trawling.
The design, size and equipment of a twin trawl depend on the engine power of the tugs, the type of fish being caught and the fishing conditions - along the bottom or in the water column. The dimensions of the trawl and the characteristics of the trawl are combined with the trawling speed. The larger the trawl or the smaller the mesh, the lower the trawling speed will be with the same towing capacity of the vessels.
For fishing sprat, sprat, and bleak, the trawling speed at water temperatures below 10 °C is 2.5-3.5 km/h. In warm weather, fishing for bream, pike perch, sabrefish, and roach is carried out at trawling speeds of 4-5 km/h, and for carp, grass carp, silver carp, and catfish at 7-8 km/h.
Fishing with a twin trawl is carried out by 4-5 people. When using an auxiliary boat and tugs with a 20-40 hp engine. With. Each vessel has one mechanic-skipper, as well as 2-3 fishermen. Without an auxiliary boat, 3-4 fishermen work on the leading vessel.
Trawling from one vessel. Which is carried out using spacer boards that ensure horizontal opening of the trawl. Sweeping and hauling of the trawl is carried out from the side or stern, using or without an auxiliary boat. The efficiency of stern trawling is higher than that of side trawling, since there is no need to waste time on circulation required for marking or retrieving the trawl and warps. It provides better horizontal opening of the trawl mouth. For stern trawling, you can use any vessel that does not have trawl equipment (winches, hoop, cargo booms); work is done manually.
The dimensions and design of the trawl for trawling from one vessel are the same as for twin trawls. The trawl has bare ends 8-10 m long to connect the trawl with spacer boards.
When trawling in the water column, buoys are attached to the top of the spacer boards on streamers made of 11 circles of foam, which hold the spacer boards and the trawl at a given horizon during the trawling period. The trawl is installed to the required depth by lengthening or shortening the streamer connecting the board to the buoy.
When fishing in deep water from a vessel that does not have trawl equipment, light metal spacer boards weighing no more than 50 kg each are used.
On ships equipped with trawl equipment, spacer boards can be rectangular, oval, spherical, wing-shaped or slotted, angular and conical.
Trawls are equipped with cuffs at the top and with chains at the bottom; limiters for the vertical opening of the mouth, a safety catch or frame, and emergency buoys are used, tied on a long cord to the end of the trawl codend. A buoy with a lifting force of 150 N is attached to each end of the upper frame of the trawl, where the hook line is passed, and a load weighing 150 N is attached to the ends of the lower frame. With the help of these buoys and weights, as well as the equipment of the upper and lower frames, the vertical opening of the trawl mouth is ensured.
Onboard cone traps. Such traps are used on the Kakhovka Reservoir to catch sprat.
On the boat “Yaroslavets” or PTS-150, two onboard cone traps with a size of 4X4 m at the mouth and a length of 12 m are installed. Fishing is carried out by 4 people. 5 lifting booms are installed on the vessel: one for raising and lowering the towing frame, to the ends of which metal square frames with traps are attached to the streamers; two booms in front of the wheelhouse for raising and lowering the frame and traps and two booms behind the wheelhouse for lifting the codend.
Before trawling, only the towing U-shaped frame is lowered to a depth of four meters, then the square frames with traps and codends. The codends are often raised while the ship is moving.
Push trawling. Push trawling is carried out from one vessel with an 80-150 hp engine. p., suspension device, fish pump RB-100 and winch.
The suspension device consists of two metal trusses 12 m long. Some truss cones are connected and attached to the bow of the vessel, others are stretched and attached to catamaran-type pontoons. When trawling by pushing, the fish are not scared away by the wake and engine noise, since the trawl goes ahead of the vessel. The fish is continuously pumped out of the trawl codend by a pump through a corrugated hose and delivered to the deck of the vessel. This contributes to a significant increase in catch and allows for continuous fishing.
The catch of sprat during push trawling is 2-4 times higher than the catch during stern trawling.
Electrified twin trawl. Behind last years In some reservoirs on open reaches with waves no more than 3 points, electrofishing installations ELU-4 began to be used. The installation consists of a non-self-propelled catamaran KPB-1 and two tugs with a 20 hp engine. With. The catamaran is equipped with an AB-4-T (230V) gas-electric unit with a power of 4 kW, a control panel, a beam crane and a turret with a mechanized drive for lifting the codend. The trawl is 25-meter long, equally matched, with a vertical opening of the mouth of 5 m, with a mirror-cut canvas. The upper selection of the trawl is equipped with cups and an anode - a flat electrode. A cathode - an electrode similar to an anode - is connected to the bottom selection. Weights weighing 15 kg are attached to the lower ends of the nags. The length of the warp is 80-120 m, the trawling speed is no more than 3 km/h. The electrodes are supplied with unipolar, pulsed current from the TIP-250 underwater generator, connected by cable to a gas-electric generator installed on the catamaran.
Networks are smooth with forced draft are made in the form of large frame bags made of mesh fabric in each window. The length of the net is 30 m, the height is 4 m or more when fitted with a frame of 80X80 cm. Floats and weights are tied only in the places where the ends of the vertical bars of the frame are attached to the pick-ups. The net is towed using twin-engine boats with 12-15 hp engines. With. at a speed of 2.7-3.0 km/h.
The duration of fishing does not exceed 30 minutes. Tow nets better in summer and in the fall during the day along the bottom. In areas with a clogged bottom, fishing is carried out at night in the water column or near the surface, where fish concentrate at this time. In the southern and middle latitudes, fishing with nets with forced draft is carried out in the water column from July to mid-October from 23 to 4 o'clock, in the fall - from 20 to 6 o'clock. To catch silver carp during the day, three-wall nets are used in the water column at a draft speed of 6-7 km /h and only for the top pick.
Fixed networks- the most common fishing gear in reservoirs. The amount of fish caught by fixed nets depends on the size of the accumulation of fish in the fishing area and on the correspondence of the mesh pitch in their fabric to the size composition of the fish in the reservoir, as well as on the design of the net, the diameter of the thread, the mesh pitch, landing, equipment, edges, method and location of installation, care and storage. The catchability of the net increases with a decrease in the ratio of the thread diameter to the mesh pitch in the web.
Frame and diamond-frame networks used for catching large-sized fish - catfish, carp, pike, asp, pike perch, bream, ide, etc. Frame nets are made of fabric with a mesh pitch of 70 mm or more. They have longitudinal and transverse veins connected at crossing points. In a rhomborama network, two strands are passed crosswise one to the other. Since the vertical and oblique veins are shorter than the height of the net fabric, bags of mesh fabric are formed in both net designs, which increase catchability, especially in relation to large fish.
Sentry networks(with veins) are made from fabric with a mesh size of 30-70 mm. They have only vertical veins, which are 20-50% shorter than the height of the fabric, tied in 3-4 places to the veins (or not tied). Greater shrinkage of the fabric occurs when the fabric is tied to the veins.
Single-wall networks(block) have one canvas without veins. They are made from fabric with a mesh pitch of 40 mm or less. They are especially effective when fishing for roach, ram and sabrefish.
Combined networks(according to the size of the mesh) consist of one cloth, sewn in height from 2-3 cloths or 4-6 blocks in length with different mesh pitches, and this set of blocks can be repeated 3-4 times depending on their length and the network. Having 6 orders of combined nets with two sets of scaffolds in meshes of 4 m in length, you can quickly and accurately determine the distribution of fish in a reservoir in this moment by type and size groups. Combined nets are used for fish exploration, research and industrial purposes.
Set traps, venteri, pins etc. are made from mesh fabric, metal mesh, rods. They are passive fishing gear and are used on coastal shallows. Greatest catches are provided in the spring when fish approach the shores, at the beginning of winter, during the period of mass seasonal migrations of fish and increased mobility of fish during death, subject to compliance with fishing rules.
All traps have a barrel or chamber, one or two pairs of flaps, but there are also traps without flaps with a central guide wing. The barrels are stretched using 3-5 hoops or square wooden or metal frames, and inside they have from 1 to 5 funnel-shaped necks. Traps made from mirror-cut fabric are especially effective, and also if the hole in the back throat ends with a bunch of nylon veins tied to its rim every 3 cm of the perimeter.
Analysis of the range of fixed nets used in a number of reservoirs showed that for the greatest catchability with sufficient strength of fixed nets, it is necessary to choose the thickness of the thread for each mesh size.
Good results are obtained by planting with a variable coefficient of 0.20-0.71 with repeatability every 6-8 m of the length of the nets.
For pike and pike perch, a landing coefficient of 0.67 gives good results, for golden crucian carp - 0.30.
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Breden (also known under the local names “volokushka”, “volokusha”) is essentially a small seine, differing from the classic seine only in length (from 6 to 30 meters, rarely longer) and the method of application: the seine is a casting tackle, it is swept from a boat or boats, surrounding a certain part of the reservoir, after which the tackle is pulled ashore or onto the ice (for winter fishing). Breden is a winding tackle, they bring it into a reservoir and wade it to the fish, without the help of boats. It is not easy to catch large numbers of pike with a dragnet. Firstly, they choose places for their camps that are extremely inconvenient for fishing: snags, thickets of underwater vegetation, trees that have fallen into the water, etc. - it’s simply impossible to fish there. Secondly, pike is not a schooling fish, it stays alone, and pike ambush sites are sometimes located considerable distances from each other. Thirdly, pikes quite cleverly avoid the drag - they don’t rush around in a blind panic, hitting their wings and heading along them into the wind - on the contrary, they slowly swim away from the approaching tackle, choosing a convenient moment: for example, when the lower pick of the drag catches on some underwater the obstacle will stretch and rise above the bottom soil - the pike will immediately slip into the resulting gap. Sometimes pikes simply jump over the top of the line, but such “aerial acrobats” are still in the minority; the rest of the pikes look for their chance in the depths. If the drag does not cover the entire width of the reservoir, the pike simply bypass the wings. For example, when fishing in wide and shallow flooded rivers, very rich in pikes, the usual result is several kilograms of roach and perch and 2-3 randomly caught bee-eaters. Therefore, the main condition for successful pike fishing with nonsense is right choice fishing spots. On large rivers and lakes, you should count on pike in the catch only in narrow bays and creeks, the width of which allows you to cover them with a drag from shore to shore. Spring fishing with a drag is successful in small inlet reservoirs in the floodplains of rivers, soon after the spring high water has left: except constantly crucian carp and tench living there, in the flooded lakes (and even simply in large puddles) there remain many large river fish that did not have time to slide into the riverbed when the level dropped. These are mainly pikes. Only there, perhaps, do the largest, trophy specimens of pike come across the delirium - they stay all year in deep holes inaccessible to the delirium, and only in the spring they swim into the floodplain, in shallow water. But most pike are caught in small, slowly flowing rivers, in which whirlpools alternate with shallow riffles. If on a river where fishing is carried out constantly, the pools are too rare, and from one fishing spot to another you have to walk a couple of kilometers over rough terrain with heavy wet gear, then the so-called. “Brednevy ponds” are specially equipped: in convenient places with a flat bottom, temporary dams are erected from flagstone, stakes and chopped turf, etc. These structures raise the water level by 0.5–1 m, and retain part of the water that has fallen in the spring fish, and even local, resident fish are concentrated in the resulting backwaters and reach larger sizes in them. Naturally, the equipped trenches are cleared of snags and large stones, and not far from the dam, part of the bank is cut off, making it smooth and sloping with a slight slope - that is, convenient for pulling out gear. But visiting fishermen on an unfamiliar river have to do without all these amenities, discovering convenient or unsuitable places for fishing by trial and error. For river fishing in whirlpools, short lines 7-10 meters long, less often 12-15 meters long, are used. It all depends on the size of the river where you decide to fish: the size of the tackle should be 1.5 times wider than the widest part and 1.7 times higher than the deepest part of the reservoir (at least). Of course, if the length of the drag exceeds the width of the pool by 2 times, this will not harm the fishing. But a long 30-meter walk on a narrow river is inconvenient. Before you go into the water with a drag in a pool suitable for fishing, you should decide how to most effectively carry the drag and, most importantly, where to pull it ashore. All other things being equal, it is better to carry the tackle against the current, although this requires somewhat greater physical effort - the wings and the fishing line unfold more correctly, and the frightened fish most often tends downstream, rests against the wings, walks along them and ends up in the fishing line. But quite often you have to wade downstream, for example, if the fishing is done above the dam or there are sloping banks convenient for pulling out only in the lower part of the pool. If there is no dam in the area chosen for fishing, then you can significantly increase the catch by blocking the narrow exit from the pool with a fixed net, the wing of an old nonsense, or lines with wings of sufficient length. There is no point in counting on shallow water becoming an obstacle for fish; there have been cases when pike, escaping from delirium, escaped along riffles no more than 5–7 cm deep. It is much safer to place a barrier in the way of the escaping fish (not in the shallows itself, but there, where the depth is at least knee-deep). Pike very often do not stay in the deep part of the pool, but at the entrance or exit from it, camouflaged in the grass and lying in wait for small fish feeding in shallow water. Therefore, to prevent predators from leaving the fished area at the moment when the drag is just being brought into the water, the following technique is used: after the exit is blocked, one or two catchers go into the narrow part of the river 10–15 m from the pool downstream, if the tackle goes against the current (or above the whirlpool, if the drag goes downstream) and they begin a noisy rush, driving out the pike standing under the banks and moving to the place where the drag lies on the shore, previously unwound and neatly laid out. Having reached the gear, the fishermen quickly pull one wing of the drag into the water, blocking the river from bank to bank - and all the fish in the fishing zone are trapped. Then the bait and the second wing are lowered into the water, and the actual fishing begins. The wings of the drag are driven as close to the shore as possible; ideally, the nags should move close to it. At the same time, the fishermen drive (usually with their feet) the fish from all places where it can hide - from under the banks washed away from below, from the roots of coastal bushes and trees sticking out into the water, etc. The lower ends of the nags should literally furrow the bottom. The catchers pulling the nags should move as evenly as possible, so that one does not greatly advance the other. If more than two people are involved in fishing, then it is useful for the third fisherman to walk slightly behind the drag - and in case of a snag, untangle the drag from the underwater obstacle. With a properly equipped drag line (especially with a chain instead of the central part of the weight cord), you can even uproot snags from the muddy bottom, but the lower pick-up line rises above the bottom surface, and the fish leaves. Sometimes, during the fishing process, fish, mostly small ones, become entangled in the wing of the fishnet, as if in a gill net. You shouldn’t be distracted in order to get them - while chasing a roach or a small bee, you can miss large pikes: very often they do not rush around in a blind panic, but slowly retreat before the approaching nonsense, waiting to see if the fishermen will make some mistake that will allow them to escape. But if something particularly large splashes in the trash, it makes sense to approach, lift the lower catch in the central part and pick up the loot, not paying attention to the little things leaving the trash at that moment. There is no need to hesitate - if a pike or burbot has grown to trophy size in places where they are often caught with drag, it means that they have already encountered this tackle more than once and have learned to evade it well. Having brought the nags to a dam or net barrier, fishermen double their attention: the concentration of fish between the wings at this moment is maximum, and any inaccuracy or negligence in actions will significantly reduce the catch. One of the catchers moves to the other bank, which is flatter and more convenient for pulling out, while pressing the nag as tightly as possible to the dam or net barrier. Having placed the nags on the shore 1.5–2 m from one another, they stir up the water in a shallow area surrounded by a net, trying to drive more fish into the net with a strong splash. Then they quickly pull the tackle ashore - small drags directly behind the nags, holding them vertically and retreating from the water's edge, large ones - moving the picks with their hands. It is more difficult to pull out a drag without losing the fish if all the banks are steep and there is no convenient flat place (in places of constant fishing, such places are prepared in advance by cutting off the turf and earth with shovels: steep banks are leveled, hummocks and mounds are torn off). If you climb onto an unprepared shore with a sheer ledge at least half a meter high and drag the drag there, you will only catch a fish that is caught in a windfall and entangled with its gills in its wings. It is more effective to stay below, under the shore, and in the water, in shallow water, pick up the lower bridle by the two ends, only occasionally pulling up the upper one. The selected wings are folded into the water near the shore, and the fish are gradually pushed into the reef. When the wings are selected, the upper part of the remaining part of the drag is folded with the lower one and the slammed tackle is pulled out to the shore. It doesn’t hurt to stir up the water properly at the very beginning of fishing, before the surge, so that the mud goes downstream and the fish doesn’t see the approaching gear. But in the summer there is almost no current in the pools, and this method is not applicable - and the first pass (sinking) with a drag usually gives a minimal catch, and most of the catch ends up in the sink during the second and third sinking, when the water has already become quite cloudy. Separately, it is necessary to say about catching pike with a “chicken”. This tackle is a drag without wings, or rather, a piece of drag, attached to two nags; sometimes there are even no floats and sinkers, and the net in working position is held solely by the upper and lower cords, stretched by the catchers. The width of the tackle from nag to nag is 3–4 m, and sometimes even less. “Chicken” is used to catch pike in the bogs of small streams, for which even a short stretch is too long - in the summer you can only find squints there, but at the end of spring, in May, you come across decent-sized pikes that have lingered after their spring journey to the upper reaches. In the summer, it makes sense to hunt pike with “chicken” in vast thickets of cougars, reeds and similar vegetation, interspersed with bays, channels, and creeks. Ordinary wading in such places is inconvenient - the solid shore is too far away, there is nowhere to pull out the tackle. It is not necessary to pull the “chicken” ashore; it is enough to raise the nag horizontally above the water and take the catch out of the tackle. They are most often caught at night: after walking (as carefully and silently as possible) several dozen steps along the bottom of the reservoir, the “chicken” is brought close to the reed wall and lifted. Daytime fishing is also possible, but then the participation of a third fisherman is necessary. The fact is that it has been noticed: at night, a pike standing at the very edge of the thicket, moves away from noise and other anxiety into clear water - and gets tangled in a spool. During the day, it’s the other way around – the predator sees the tackle approaching it and retreats into the thicket of aquatic vegetation. The third fisherman’s task is to create as much noise and splashing as possible, to drive out, “trample” the pikes from their green shelter. In principle, this fishing differs little from the fishing described below with a basting or a basket “with trampling,” but the “chicken” is more effective due to its larger size.
