Why is it called the proud muscle? Facebuilding: exercises for the forehead area. Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

Name

Musculus procerus

glabella skin

a. angularis, a. supraorbitalis

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Excerpt characterizing the Muscle of the Proud

Bartsok-gymnastics course for the face

This exercise against vertical folds on the forehead is one of the first face-building exercises of R. Benz. When done well and regularly, it allows not only to significantly reduce or completely remove the fold between the eyebrows, but also to get rid of wrinkles on the bridge of the nose.

To remove the fold between the eyebrows or get rid of the wrinkle on the bridge of the nose, you need: a mirror, attention and careful monitoring of the progress of the workout, as well as a clean forehead and hands and, of course, the desire to achieve your goal. To learn how to correctly perform the face-building exercise against vertical folds on the forehead, without the risk of harming yourself, you will need 15-20 minutes. Completing the exercise in the future will take no more than a minute or a minute and a half when using audio support.

What this exercise can help you do:

• smooth out or prevent vertical folds on the forehead and transverse wrinkles on the bridge of the nose,
• improve the quality of forehead skin, reduce sagging on the upper eyelid;
• prevent the appearance of acne and pimples on the bridge of the nose;
• learn to easily express your emotions with facial expressions and not be afraid of such expression.

The reasons for the appearance of vertical folds on the forehead or transverse folds on the bridge of the nose and methods of inhibiting the process of their formation are discussed in the article “How to reduce or remove wrinkles on the forehead and wrinkles on the bridge of the nose.”

This exercise against vertical folds on the forehead, like most face-building exercises, is done in an isometric form: muscle strengthening occurs without stretching the muscles and skin.

The muscle that moves the eyebrows and the procerus muscle usually work together.

The muscle that moves the eyebrows is paired; its fibers run under the eyebrows along the eyebrows from the bridge of the nose, where it is attached to the bone; the other end, approximately in the middle of the eyebrows, the muscle is woven into the skin. Contraction of the muscle occurs due to the bringing together of the eyebrows with the formation of temporary vertical folds on the forehead.

The fibers of the proud muscle (pyramidal muscle) are located vertically with attachment to the bony part of the nose. The upper end of the muscle is woven into the skin of the forehead. Contracting, the muscle lowers the central part of the skin of the forehead down, forming temporary transverse folds on the bridge of the nose.

Permanent vertical folds on the forehead are formed due to the persistence of a slight residual tension in the muscle that moves the eyebrows. Often this habitual movement of the eyebrows can be observed in diligent students. Chronic tension, which may have arisen in childhood, eventually leads to stretching of the skin and the formation of folds. Transverse folds on the bridge of the nose can also appear as a result of habitual facial expressions of constant doubt or anger, but, more often, the pride muscle is not used at all and over the years it simply slides down under the influence of gravity. The skin attached to the muscle above the bridge of the nose is pulled behind it and stretched, forming these folds in front of the obstacle in the form of the nose.

Training the prouder muscle and the muscle that moves the eyebrows will make them stronger, restore their normal position, stop stretching of the skin and prevent the formation of folds or allow you to remove folds between the eyebrows or get rid of wrinkles on the bridge of the nose if they have already appeared, improve local blood circulation and, accordingly, , skin function.

Preparing for the exercise

Part 1.

Look at the photo above and imagine where the pride muscle and the brow muscle are located under your skin. Look at yourself in the mirror. Helping mentally, move your eyebrows as much as possible. What does the mirror show you: Do you have a very angry expression on your face? Or maybe you can lower the bridge of your nose even lower?

Relax your eyebrows. Did you feel a small flow of heat from the bridge of your nose to the periphery of your eyebrows or up your forehead? Tighten and relax your muscles several times to get a good feel for the tension and relaxation, to accurately understand the location of the muscles, the strength and direction of their contraction. Note and remember the maximum possible voltage obtained now. The good thing about face-building exercises is that as you train, the muscles will become stronger, it will be easier for you to control, the slightest tension will be felt more accurately, and you will easily, automatically, learn to remove them, preventing the formation or increase of wrinkles in the future.

Part 2.

After you have learned to feel the tension and relaxation of your muscles, you can begin the second part of the preparation: the correct use of your hands when performing the exercise.

When performing the exercise, the muscles and associated skin should not move and create wrinkles on the forehead and bridge of the nose, that is, muscle tension should be compensated by finger pressure. The muscles tense as much as possible, but there is no movement. To prevent your fingers from moving the skin with their pressure, they must press strictly inward.

You try to move the eyebrows as much as possible, but the muscles should be pressed down with your fingers so that the eyebrows cannot move and the bridge of the nose remains smooth.

What is the most convenient way to place your fingers? It depends on the strength of the muscles, the strength of the fingers and the precision of their application. And don't forget that you must see your face clearly in the mirror. The most convenient point for applying force is located approximately in the middle of the eyebrows, that is, where the muscle that moves the eyebrows is woven into the skin.

Look at the photo below:

• You may find it more convenient to place your index fingers or your index and middle fingers together along your eyebrows;
• maybe it will be more convenient for you if vertically placed fingers press on the center of the eyebrows with their pads;
• or index and middle fingers together;
• your face will be more open if pressure is applied to the centers of the eyebrows thumbs, and the hands are placed vertically.

Experiment by looking at yourself in the mirror, try different ways to find the best one for you. And so that the muscles, no matter how hard you try to squeeze them, cannot move, and so that it is easy to observe your face, and so that your hands do not get tired.

Doing the exercise.

Looking at yourself in the mirror, place your fingers on your eyebrows in a way that is comfortable for you. The fingers lie gently and put a little pressure on the eyebrows, the pressure of the fingers goes strictly inward.

In this exercise, you should try to move your eyebrows as much as possible, but they should not even move, since the muscles are pressed with your fingers.

By increasing the force of eyebrow movement, you simultaneously increase the force of finger pressure. As with other face-building exercises, it is important that the rest of the facial muscles remain relaxed. Open your mouth slightly so that not a single facial muscle, including the chewing muscles, is tense at the same time as the muscles being trained.

Lower and relax your shoulders; they should not get tired during the exercise. Extend your elbows and wrists to make your arms as comfortable as possible. To minimize the tension in the back of the neck, it is better to tilt your head slightly forward or turn the top of your head up.

For such muscle training, it would be optimal to hold the maximum tension for 5-6 seconds, counting to yourself and...one...and...two...and...three...and...four...and...five...and...six, then move your fingers away from your forehead, trying to feel complete muscle relaxation. Repeat the exercise 4-5 more times with breaks of 2-3 seconds between tensions.

Perhaps it would be convenient for you to study with audio accompaniment. “Audio Support: Exercise for the Pride Muscle” is designed for such an activity.

Write to us through the website or ask questions if you are unable to perform the exercise properly. You can also take a master's lesson via Skype.

Achieving maximum effectiveness of the exercise.

To increase muscle tension and speed up the effect of the exercise, tense your muscles at the same time as you begin to inhale and relax them as you exhale, visualizing the muscles being trained and mentally helping them tense and relax. After each tension, do not forget to note the passage of a warm wave of relaxation along the eyebrows from the bridge of the nose to the periphery and upward.

Muscle fatigue after training can be helped by one of the audio recordings:

airy face

Face massage

About the regularity of training.

To get rid of wrinkles on the bridge of the nose or remove the crease between the eyebrows, reduce sagging upper eyelid, it is advisable to carry out such training 5-6 times a week, gradually increasing the number of repetitions of tension to 10-12. With such regularity, a visible effect can be achieved after 2-3 months of training. To maintain the quality of the skin of the forehead and bridge of the nose, prevent wrinkles and folds, prevent the appearance of blackheads (blackheads or whiteheads) or pimples on the forehead and bridge of the nose, it is enough to train 1-2 times a week.

Training these muscles will give you the opportunity to easily express a variety of emotions and use them for expressive facial expressions without fear of getting wrinkles on the forehead and bridge of the nose, since your skin will become more elastic, and you will easily notice and remove the slightest remaining tension.

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Date of: 2016-05-09 Views: 16 190 Grade: 5.0 Face builders and everyone who is not indifferent to beauty, today I will tell you about training the forehead area. First, a little anatomy. Occipitofrontal muscle covers the arch from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has a frontal belly (venter frontalis) and an occipital belly (venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a tendon helmet (galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies an intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head. Frontal abdomen more developed than the occipital. Unlike the occipital abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen are not attached to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. Therefore, the forehead is a very mobile part of the face and is susceptible to early wrinkles and creases of facial origin. Corrugator muscle(m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the superciliary arch, passes upward and is laterally attached to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Some of the bundles of this muscle are intertwined with the bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle. This muscle pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, resulting in two vertical folds above the root of the nose. Muscle of the proud(m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles extend upward and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with fascicles of the frontal abdomen. When the procerus muscle contracts, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. All the exercises described below are shown in this video:

Exercise No. 1 Raising eyebrows up

Exercise No. 2 Bringing together eyebrows

Exercise No. 3. Muscle of the proud

Exercise No. 4. Eyebrow angles up

FAMILY MUSCLES

According to the location (topography), the facial muscles (facial muscles) are divided into the muscles of the cranial vault; muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure; muscles surrounding the nasal openings (nostrils); the muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth and the muscles of the auricle (Table 19; Fig. 154, 155).

Rice. 154. Muscles of the head and neck; right view.

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - orbicularis oculi muscle; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - zygomatic minor muscle; 6 - orbicularis oris muscle; 7 - zygomaticus major muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 9 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 10 - muscle of laughter; 11 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck; 12 - sternocleidomastoid muscle; 13 - trapezius muscle; 14 - posterior ear muscle; 15 - occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 16 - superior auricular muscle.

Rice. 155. Facial muscles; front view. (On the left side, part of the muscles has been removed.)

1 - tendon helmet; 2 - frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle; 3 - muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow; 4 - muscle that lifts the upper lip; 5 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth; 6 - buccal muscle; 7 - chewing muscle; 8 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth; 9 - mental muscle; 10 - muscle that lowers the lower lip; 11 - orbicularis oris muscle; 12 - muscle of laughter; 13 - zygomatic minor muscle; 14 - zygomaticus major muscle; 15 - circular muscle of the eye; 16 - muscle of the proud.

Muscles of the cranial vault

The cranial vault is covered with a single muscular-anoneurotic formation - the epicranial muscle (m.epicrdnius), in which the following parts are distinguished: 1) the occipitofrontal muscle; 2) tendon helmet (supracranial aponeurosis); 3) temporoparietal muscle.

Occipitofrontal muscle (m.occipitofrontalis) covers the arch from the eyebrows in front to the highest nuchal line in the back. This muscle has frontal abdomen(venter frontalis) and occipital abdomen(venter occipitalis), connected to each other by a wide tendon-aponeurosis, called tendon helmet(galea aponeurotica, s. aponeurosis epicranialis), which occupies an intermediate position and covers the parietal region of the head.

Occipital abdomen divided into symmetrical parts by a well-defined fibrous plate occupying the middle position. This abdomen begins with tendon bundles at the highest nuchal line and at the base of the mastoid process of the temporal bone, goes upward and passes into the tendon helmet.

Frontal abdomen more developed, it is also divided by a fibrous plate running along the midline into two quadrangular parts, which are located on the sides of the midline of the forehead. Unlike the posterior abdomen, the muscle bundles of the frontal abdomen are not attached to the bones of the skull, but are woven into the skin of the eyebrows. The frontal abdomen at the level of the border of the scalp (anterior to the coronal suture) also passes into the tendon helmet.

Tendon helmet It is a flat fibrous plate that occupies most of the cranial vault. Vertically oriented connective tissue bundles connect the tendon helmet to the skin of the scalp. Between the tendon helmet and the underlying periosteum of the calvarium there is a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Therefore, when the occipitofrontal muscle contracts, the scalp, together with the tendon helmet, moves freely over the cranial vault.

Temporoparietal muscle (m.temporoparietalis) is located on the lateral surface of the skull, poorly developed. Its bundles begin in front on the inner side of the cartilage of the auricle and, fan-shaped, are attached to the lateral part of the tendon helmet. This muscle in humans is a remnant of the ear muscles of mammals. The action of this muscle is not expressed.

Function: the occipital belly of the occipitofrontal muscle pulls the scalp back, creating support for the frontal belly. When the frontal belly of this muscle contracts, the skin of the forehead is pulled upward, transverse folds form on the forehead, and the eyebrows rise. The frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle is also an antagonist of the muscles that narrow the palpebral fissure. This abdomen pulls the skin of the forehead and along with it the skin of the eyebrows upward, which at the same time gives the face an expression of surprise.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal and supraorbital arteries.

Muscle of the proud (m.procerus) begins on the outer surface of the nasal bone, its bundles extend upward and end in the skin of the forehead; some of them are intertwined with fascicles of the frontal abdomen.

Function: When the procerus muscle contracts, transverse grooves and folds are formed at the root of the nose. By pulling the skin downward, the procerus muscle, as an antagonist of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle, helps straighten the transverse folds on the forehead.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, anterior ethmoidal artery. ,

Corrugator muscle (m.corrugator supercilii), begins on the medial segment of the brow ridge, passes upward and laterally, and attaches to the skin of the corresponding eyebrow. Some of the bundles of this muscle are intertwined with the bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: pulls the skin of the forehead down and medially, as a result of which two vertical folds are formed above the root of the nose.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: angular, supraorbital, superficial temporal arteries.

Muscles surrounding the palpebral fissure

The palpebral fissure is surrounded by bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which has several parts.

Orbicularis oculi muscle (m.orbicularis oculi) is flat, occupies the periphery of the orbital circumference, is located in the thickness of the eyelids, and partially extends into the temporal region. The lower muscle bundles continue into the cheek area. The muscle consists of 3 parts: the secular, orbital and lacrimal.

Century piece(pars palpebralis) is represented by a thin layer of muscle bundles that begin on the medial ligament of the eyelid and adjacent areas of the medial wall of the orbit. The muscle bundles of the eyelid part pass along the anterior surface of the cartilages of the upper and lower eyelids to the lateral corner of the eye; here the fibers intertwine, forming the lateral suture of the eyelid. Some of the fibers are attached to the periosteum of the lateral wall of the orbit.

Orbital part(pars orbitalis) is much thicker and wider than the secular one. It begins on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the maxilla and the medial ligament of the eyelid. The bundles of this muscle extend outward to the lateral wall of the orbit, where the upper and lower parts continue into each other. The fascicles of the frontal abdomen and the occipitofrontal muscle and the corrugator brow muscle are woven into the upper part.

Lacrimal part(pars lacrimalis) begins on the lacrimal crest and the adjacent part of the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. The fibers of the lacrimal part pass in a lateral direction behind the lacrimal sac and are woven into the wall of this sac and into the secular part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Function: The orbicularis oculi muscle is a sphincter of the palpebral fissure. The eyelid part closes the eyelids. When the orbital part contracts, folds form on the skin in the orbital area. The largest number of fan-shaped folds is observed from the outer corner of the eye. The same part of the muscle moves the eyebrow down, while simultaneously pulling the skin of the cheek up. The lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac, thereby regulating the outflow of tear fluid through the nasolacrimal duct.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial, superficial temporal, supraorbital and infraorbital arteries.

Muscles surrounding the nasal openings

In the area of ​​the nasal openings there are several small, poorly developed muscles that expand or narrow these openings. This nasal muscle and the muscle that depresses the nasal septum.

Nasalis muscle (m.nasalis) consists of two parts: transverse and alar.

Transverse part(pars transversa) begins on the upper jaw, slightly above and lateral to the upper incisors. The bundles of this part of the muscle follow upward and medially, continuing into a thin aponeurosis, which spreads across the cartilaginous part of the back of the nose and passes into the muscle of the same name on the opposite side.

Function: narrows the opening of the nostrils.

Wing part(pars alaris) begins on the upper jaw below and medial to the transverse part and is woven into the skin of the wing of the nose.

Function: pulls the wing of the nose down and laterally, widening the opening of the nose (nostrils).

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial and angular arteries.

Depressor septum muscle (m.depressor septi nasi) is often part of the alar part of the nasal muscle. The bundles of this muscle begin above the medial incisor of the upper jaw and are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Function: pulls the nasal septum down.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior labial artery.

Muscles surrounding the opening of the mouth

There are several well-defined muscles around the opening of the mouth. These muscles include the orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis and buccal muscles, levator labii superioris, minor and major. zygomatic muscles, the levator anguli oris muscle, and the laughter muscle.

Orbicularis oris muscle (m.orbicularis oris) forms the muscular basis of the upper and lower lips. This muscle consists of the marginal and labial parts, the bundles of which do not have the same orientation.

Edge part(pars marginalis) is the peripheral, wider section of the muscle. This part is formed by muscle bundles that approach the upper and lower lips from other facial muscles closest to the oral opening. The marginal part is formed by bundles of the buccal muscle; muscle that lifts the upper lip; the levator anguli oris muscle; muscle that lowers the lower lip; muscle that depresses the anguli oris, etc.

Labial part(pars labialis) lies in the thickness of the upper and lower lips. Bundles of muscle fibers extend from one corner of the mouth to the other.

Both parts (marginal and labial) of the upper and lower lips are woven into the skin and mucous membrane, and also connect with each other in the area of ​​​​the corners of the mouth and pass from the lower lip to the upper and vice versa.

Function: the orbicularis oris muscle narrows, closes the oral fissure, and is involved in the act of sucking and chewing.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superior and inferior labial and mental arteries.

Depressor anguli oris muscle (m.depressor anguli oris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, between the chin and the level of the first small molar. The fibers of this muscle, converging, pass upward and attach to the skin of the corner of the mouth. At the origin of the depressor anguli oris muscle, some of its bundles are intertwined with the bundles of the subcutaneous muscle of the neck.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth downward and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Depressor labii muscle (m.depressor labii inferioris), begins at the base of the lower jaw, below the mental foramen. Partially covered by the depressor anguli oris muscle. The bundles of the muscle that depresses the lower lip pass upward and medially and are attached to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

Function: pulls the lower lip down and somewhat laterally, acting together with the muscle of the same name on the opposite side, it can turn the lip outward; participates in the formation of expressions of irony, sadness, and disgust.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.

Mentalis muscle (m.mentalis) is represented by a cone-shaped bundle of muscle fibers that begin on the alveolar elevations of the lateral and medial incisors of the lower jaw, pass down and medially, connect with the fibers of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side and are attached to the skin of the chin.

Function: pulls the skin of the chin upward and laterally (dimples appear on the skin); promotes protrusion of the lower lip forward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: inferior labial and mental arteries.

Buccal muscle (m.buccinator) thin, quadrangular in shape, forms the muscular base of the cheek. It begins on an oblique line on the ramus of the lower jaw and the outer surface of the alveolar arch of the upper jaw at the level of the large molars, as well as on the anterior edge of the pterygomandibular suture, which passes between the lower jaw and the pterygoid hook. The muscle bundles are directed to the corner of the mouth, partially intersect and continue into the thickness of the muscular base of the upper and lower lips. At the level of the upper molar, the muscle is pierced by the parotid duct (duct of the parotid salivary gland).

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth back; presses his cheek to his teeth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: buccal artery.

Levator labii muscle (m. levator labii superioris), begins on the entire infraorbital edge of the upper jaw. The muscle bundles converge downwards and are woven into the thickness of the corner of the mouth and into the wing of the nose.

Function: raises the upper lip; participates in the formation of the nasolabial groove, extending from the lateral side of the nose to the upper lip; pulls the wing of the nose upward.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and superior labial arteries.

Zygomatic minor muscle (m.zygomaticus minor) begins on the zygomatic bone at the lateral edge of the muscle that lifts the upper lip. The bundles of the zygomatic minor muscle pass down medially and are woven into the skin of the corner of the mouth.

Function: raises the corner of the mouth.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply:

Zygomatic major muscle (m.zygomaticus major) begins on the zygomatic bone, attaches to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, is the main muscle of laughter.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital and buccal arteries.

Levator anguli oris muscle (m.levator anguli oris), begins on the anterior surface of the upper jaw in the area of ​​the canine fossa; attached to the corner of the mouth.

Function: pulls the angle of the upper lip upward and laterally.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: infraorbital artery.

Laughter muscle (m.risorius) begins on the masticatory fascia, goes forward and medially, attaches to the skin of the corner of the mouth. Usually weakly expressed, often absent.

Function: pulls the corner of the mouth laterally, forming a dimple on the cheek.

Innervation: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: facial artery, transverse cervical artery.

Muscles of the auricle

The muscles of the auricle in humans are poorly developed. Very rarely, the ability to move the auricle is detected, which is combined with simultaneous contraction of the occipitofrontal muscle. There are anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles.

Anterior auricularis (m.auricularis anterior) in the form of a thin bundle begins on the temporal fascia and tendon helmet. Directing backward and downward, it is attached to the skin of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle forward.

Superior auricular muscle (m. auricularis superior) begins with weakly defined bundles on the tendon helmet above the auricle; attaches to the upper surface of the cartilage of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle upward.

Posterior auricular muscle (m.auricularis posterior) is better developed than other ear muscles. It begins in two bundles on the mastoid process, moves forward and attaches to the posterior convex surface of the auricle.

Function: pulls the auricle posteriorly.

Innervation of the ear muscles: facial nerve (VII).

Blood supply: superficial temporal artery - anterior and upper muscles; posterior auricular artery - posterior muscle.

Facial muscles are the muscles of the face. Their specificity is that they are attached to bones at one end and to the skin or other muscles at the other. Each muscle is clothed in fascia - a connective membrane (thin capsule) that all muscles have. What's happened fascia, every housewife can imagine - when cutting meat, we get rid of white films, which, due to their density, worsen its soft consistency. In relation to the facial muscles of the face, in comparison with the muscles of the body, these membranes are so transparent and thin that, from the point of view of classical anatomy, it is believed that the facial muscles do not have fascia. In any case, the surface of each muscle fiber on the face has a denser structure than its inner part. These connective tissue membranes are woven into the structure of the entire fascial system of the body (through aponeuroses).

It is the contractions of the facial muscles that give our face a variety of expressions, as a result of which the facial skin shifts and our face takes on one expression or another.

Muscles of the cranial vault

A large percentage of the muscles of the cranial vault are complex in structure supracranial muscle, which covers the main part of the skull and has a rather complex muscle structure. The epicranial muscle consists of tendon And muscular parts, while the muscular part, in turn, is represented by the entire muscle structure. The tendon part is formed from connective tissue, so it is very strong and virtually non-stretchable. There is a tendon part in order to maximally stretch the muscle part in the areas of its attachment to the bones.

Schematically, epicranial muscle can be represented as the following diagram:

The tendon part is very extensive and is otherwise called the tendon helmet or supracranial aponeurosis. The muscular part consists of three separate muscle bellies:
1) frontal abdomen located under the skin in the forehead area. This muscle consists of vertically running bundles that begin above the frontal tubercles, and, heading down, are woven into the skin of the forehead at the level of the brow ridges.

2) occipital abdomen formed by short muscle bundles. These muscle bundles originate in the region of the highest nuchal line, then rise upward and are woven into the posterior sections of the tendon helmet. In some sources, the frontal and occipital abdomen are combined into fronto-occipital muscle.

Figure 1. Frontal, occipital abdomen. Tendon helmet.

3) lateral abdomen is located on the lateral surface of the skull and is poorly developed, being a remnant of the ear muscles. It is divided into three small muscles suitable for the front of the ear:

Lateral abdomen:

• Anterior auricularis moves the auricle forward and upward.
• Superior auricular muscle moves the auricle upward, tightens the tendon helmet. A bundle of fibers of the superior auricular muscle, which intertwined in a tendon helmet, called temporoparietal muscle . The anterior and superior muscles are covered by the temporal fascia, so their depiction in anatomy textbooks is often difficult to find.
• Posterior auricular muscles A pulls the ear back.

Figure 2. Lateral belly: anterior, superior, posterior auricular muscles

Muscles of the eye circumference

The muscles of the eye circumference consist of three main muscles: corrugator muscleproud muscles and the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Corrugator muscle, starts from the frontal bone above the lacrimal bone, then goes up and attaches to the skin of the eyebrows. The action of the muscle is to bring the eyebrows to the midline, forming vertical folds in the area of ​​the bridge of the nose.

Figure 3. Corrugator muscle.

Muscle of the proud (pyramidalis muscle)- originates from the nasal bone on the back of the nose and attaches at the other end to the skin. During contraction of the procerus muscle, transverse folds are formed at the root of the nose.

Figure 4. Proud Muscle

The orbicularis oculi muscle is divided into three parts:

• Orbital, which starts from the frontal process of the maxilla, and follows along the upper and lower edges of the orbit, forming a ring consisting of muscle;
• Century-old– it is a continuation of the circular muscle and is located under the skin of the eyelid; has two parts - upper and lower. They begin at the medial ligament of the eyelids - the upper and lower edges and go to the lateral corner of the eye, where they attach to the lateral (side) ligament of the eyelids.
• tearful– starting from the posterior crest of the lacrimal bone, it is divided into 2 parts. They cover the lacrimal sac in front and behind and are lost among the muscle bundles of the peripheral part. The peripheral part of this part narrows the palpebral fissure and also smoothes the transverse folds of the skin of the forehead; the inner part closes the palpebral fissure; the lacrimal part expands the lacrimal sac.

Figure 5. Orbicularis oculi muscle

Orbicularis oris muscle

The orbicularis oris muscle has the appearance of a flat muscle plate, in which two layers are distinguished - superficial and deep. The muscle bundles are very tightly fused with the skin. The muscle fibers of the deep layer run radially towards the center of the mouth.

Figure 6. Orbicularis oris muscle

The superficial layer consists of two arcuate bundles surrounding the border of the lips and repeatedly intertwined with other muscles approaching the oral fissure. That is, in the corners of our mouth, in addition to the fibers of the circular muscles themselves, the lips are also woven muscle fibers triangular and buccal muscles. This is very important for understanding the biomechanics of aging of the lower part of the face in the section “Spasms of facial muscles”.

The main function of the orbicularis oris muscle is to narrow the oral cavity and extend the lips.

Muscular system nose

The muscular system of the nose is formed by the following muscles - the nasal muscle, the muscle that lowers the septum of the nose, the muscle that elevates the upper lip and the wing of the nose.

Nasalis muscle It is represented by a transverse and wing part, which perform different functions.

A) Outer or transverse part, goes around the wing of the nose, widens somewhat and at the midline passes into a tendon, which connects here with the tendon of the muscle of the same name on the opposite side. The transverse part narrows the openings of the nostrils. Let's look at the picture:

b) The inner, or wing part, attaches to the posterior end of the cartilage of the nasal wing. The wing part lowers the wing of the nose.>

Figure 7. Transverse and alar parts of the nasal muscle.

Depressor septum muscle, most often included in the alar part of the nose. This muscle lowers the nasal septum and lowers the middle of the upper lip. Its bundles are attached to the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum.

Figure 8. Depressor septum muscle.

Levator labii and ala nasi muscle plays a significant role in the formation of nasal folds in a team with the nasal muscle and the muscle that lowers the nasal septum. It starts from the upper jaw and is attached to the skin of the wing of the nose and upper lip.

Figure 10. Muscle that lifts the upper lip and ala nasi.

Cheek muscles

In the cheekbone area there are the zygomatic minor and major muscles, the main function of which is to move the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, forming a smile. Like all facial muscles, both zygomatic muscles have a hard point of upper attachment - the zygomatic bone. At the other end they are attached to the skin of the corner of the mouth and the orbicularis oris muscle.

Zygomatic minor muscle starts from the buccal surface of the zygomatic bone and is attached to the thickness of the nasolabial fold. By contracting, it raises the corner of the mouth and changes the shape of the nasolabial fold itself, although this change is not as strong as when the zygomatic major muscle contracts.

Figure 11. Zygomatic minor muscle

Zygomatic major muscle is the main muscle of laughter. It is attached simultaneously to both the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch. The zygomaticus major muscle pulls the corner of the mouth outward and upward, greatly deepening the nasolabial fold. Moreover, this muscle is involved in every movement in which a person needs to lift the upper lip and pull it to the side.

Figure 12. Zygomaticus major muscle

Buccal muscle

The buccal muscle is quadrangular in shape and is the muscular basis of our cheeks. It is located symmetrically on both sides of the face. Contracting, the buccal muscle pulls the corners of the mouth back and presses the lips and cheeks to the teeth. Another name for this muscle is the “trumpet player’s muscle,” which rightly appeared because the muscles of the cheeks influence the compaction and focus of the air stream in musicians playing wind instruments.

The buccal muscle originates from the upper and lower jaws and is woven with another, narrower end into the muscles surrounding the oral cavity. The surface of the buccal muscle on the side of the oral cavity is covered with a thick layer of fatty and connective tissue.

Figure 13. Buccal muscle

Depressor anguli oris muscle (triangular muscle)

The depressor anguli oris muscle is located below the corners of the mouth. In shape, it forms a small muscle triangle, which determined its second name - Triangular muscle. The wide base of the triangular muscle begins at the edge of the lower jaw, and the apex is woven into the orbicularis oris muscle.
The action of this muscle is exactly the opposite of the action of the zygomatic muscles. While the zygomatic muscles raise the corners of the mouth to create a smile, the triangular muscle lowers the corner of the mouth and the skin of the nasolabial fold. This is how an expression of contempt and displeasure is formed.