World record for high jump among men and among women. High jump: methods and varieties Particular attention must be paid to

High jump Performed by Natalya Kuznetsova, 10th grade student

Definition Running high jump is an athletics discipline related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of a jump are the run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, crossing the bar and landing. Requires athletes to have jumping ability and coordination of movements. Held in the summer and winter seasons. It has been an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

History Ancient history The so-called royal jump over several horses standing nearby was popular among the ancient Germans. And among some tribes inhabiting Central Africa, running high jump competitions have long been the main event of folk festivals to this day. At the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, the Olympians ran, threw the discus, long jumped, wrestled, competed in chariots, had fist fights, but never in all 293 Olympiads did they jump high. The first mention of high jump sports competitions dates back to the 19th century. High jump owes its origin not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastics societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such apparatus as rings, uneven bars, pommel horse, horizontal bar, and high jump. And then they jumped from a straight run with two feet forward. “Golden” scissor jump Ethel Catherwood, Amsterdam 1928 19th century Chronicles of the 19th century mention the name of jumper Karl Müller from Berlin. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, agile man and easily jumped over heights that reached his chin. But no one measured how high Karl Müller's chin was. High jumping quickly spread throughout Europe. There were especially many of their fans in England. And there, at the first official competition in 1864, the winner, Robert Meich, jumped 1 m 67.4 cm in height. However, a different result is considered the first world record. Medical student from London Robert Gooch in 1859 cleared the bar at a height of 1 m 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not take a run at a right angle to the bar, but at a sharp angle, from the side, and in the air his legs moved like scissors. Already at the games of the first Olympics in 1896, medals were awarded in the high jump. The further history of this discipline allows us to distinguish three periods associated with three jumping styles.

Stepping over (scissors) Is the simplest and most accessible of all methods of high jump. It does not require expensive equipment or special foam mats, since the jumper lands on his feet (primarily the fly leg), and can jump into a pit with sand. When performing a jump, the run-up is carried out obliquely to the line of the bar from the side of the swing leg, repulsion is made with the leg farthest from the bar. The swing is performed closest to the bar, at first almost straight to increase the swing moment, then the swing leg is slightly bent at the knee, the body leans forward to reduce the position of the body's center of mass, the swing leg sharply drops behind the bar, and the pushing leg at this time moves up and is transferred over the bar with the foot turned outside, the torso leans slightly towards the bar. The jumper lands on his swing leg. This method, known since the mid-19th century and familiar to modern schoolchildren, was used by athletes until about 1937 and brought the world record to 2.09 m. A modified scissor method, called the “wave,” was used until the end of the 1960s by world record holder Yolanda Balazs, who brought her result to 191 cm. The difference between the “wave” is that the direction of the run is almost perpendicular to the bar line.

Roll This method preceded the “roll” Template:Yes AI. It differs from the crossover in that the athlete, running diagonally towards the bar line from the side of the push leg, pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the push leg. The method allows you to bring the center of mass of the body closer to the bar, but does not ensure its position below the bar, like the “changeover” or “Fosbury flop”.

Flip This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, for the first time made it possible to ensure the position of the jumper's center of mass below the bar. When jumping in this way, the athlete runs up in the same way as during a “roll”, pushes off with the leg closest to the bar and lands on the swing leg. When crossing the bar successively with a swing leg and then a push leg, with a bent body position and a deep “dive” with your head down behind the bar, the center of mass of the body passes below the bar, which gives an advantage of at least 45 centimeters compared to stepping over at the level of results of about 200 cm. The author of this method is the Vladimir athlete - Boris Nikolaevich Vzorov. In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in the high jump, Yuri Stepanov, jumped with the same style, who took 2.16 m in 1957. Valery Brumel became a star of jumping and world sports, six times breaking world records up to 2.28 m. Brumel was distinguished by an almost perfect jumping technique; he was one of the first jumpers to move the hip of the push leg away from the bar and began to land on his side and back, which required increasing the layer of sand or sawdust in the landing pit, and then using a rubber and foam sponge. With a height of only 185.5 cm, Brumel jumped 42.5 cm above his own height. The last world record holder, already in the era of the next style (1978), was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

Fosbury flop When jumping in this way, the athlete runs diagonally in a wide arc from the side of the swing leg (as when “stepping over”) so that during the push-off process he creates a torque to turn the body back to the bar. When pushing off with the pushing leg farthest from the bar, the pelvis turns, and, flying up, the athlete turns his back to the bar, consistently moving parts of the body over the bar, which is an undeniable biomechanical advantage. When performing a correct plank transition, the shoulders are lowered behind the bar on one side, and the legs are held on the other, thereby achieving a position of the body's center of mass below the bar. When the pelvis also passes over the bar, the hip joints quickly flex and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight. When the athlete's body passes over the bar, the center of mass passes underneath it. This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick (Richard) Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won the Olympic gold medal, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters). In the USSR it was unpopular for a long time, including due to the fact that there were not enough foam mats for landing. Jumping using the Fosbury flop (or Fosbury flop) method into the sand was extremely dangerous. The first athlete from the USSR to use the Fosbury flop was Kestutis Shapka. He slightly modified the bar attack by throwing the hand closest to the bar up. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the Fosbury flop style.

Famous athletes Men: Ray Urey (USA) Charles Dumas [en] (USA) John Thomas (USA) Valery Brumel (USSR) Dick Fosbury (USA) Yuri Tarmak (USSR) Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR) Zhu Jianhua (PRC) Rudolf Povarnitsyn ( USSR) Igor Paklin (USSR) Patrick Sjöberg (Sweden) Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) Stefan Holm (Sweden) Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia) Sergei Klyugin (Russia) Andrey Silnov (Russia) Yaroslav Rybakov (Russia) Ivan Ukhov (Russia) Bogdan Bondarenko ( Ukraine) Women: Fanny Blankers-Cohen (Netherlands) Yolanda Balazs (Romania) Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) Sara Simeoni (Italy) Tamara Bykova (USSR) Blanca Vlasic (Croatia) Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) Kaisa Bergkvist (Sweden) Elena Slesarenko (Russia) ) Anna Chicherova (Russia)

History of the development of high jumps.

The history of high jumping is relatively short. In the ancient Olympic Games there is no mention of competitions in this sport. Only at the beginning of the 19th century. A gymnastic jump with a straight run appeared in the German Turnverein. The first officially registered high jump result was 167 cm in 1864. Moreover, the run-up and landing were made on grass. Athletes jumped from a straight run, crossed the bar with their legs tucked, or jumped at an acute angle, performing scissor movements with their legs. Subsequently, this style was called “stepping over.” In 1887, V. Page set the first world record - 193 cm.

A significant step forward in the search for a better style made it possible to create the Eastern American method of jumping (“wave”), with which the American M. Sunney in 1896 set a world record that lasted 16 years - 197 cm. The two-meter height was overcome in 1912, using a new style of jumping is “horine”, named after the American jumper D. Horine, who first showed this style. Later the style was called “roll”.

In 1936, D. Olbritton demonstrates a new way of crossing the bar - lying with his stomach towards it. This style was called "flip". In 1941, the American L. Steers set a world record using the “flip” method - 211 cm. In 1957, the Soviet athlete Yu. Stepanov set a new world record - 216 cm, and since 1961 the record passed to the remarkable Soviet jumper V. Brumel , who jumped in a “flip” style, and amounted to 228 cm.

In 1968, at the Olympic Games in Osbury (USA), he demonstrated a new way of crossing the bar - lying on his back, winning a gold medal. Today, the world record in high jump for men belongs to X. Sotomayor (Cuba) - 245 cm, for women - S. Kostadinova (Bulgaria) - 209 cm, jumping in the Fosbury flop style.

Types of high jumps

Five types of jumps - “step over”, “wave”, “roll”, “flip”, “Fosbury flop”.

High jump using the "stepping" method

High jump using the "wave" method

High jump using the "roll" method

High jump using the "flip" method

Fosbury flop high jump

As a holistic action, jumping can be divided into its component parts:

run-up and preparation for take-off - from the beginning of the movement until the moment the pushing leg is placed at the take-off site;

repulsion - from the moment the pushing leg is placed until the moment it is lifted from the place of repulsion;

flight - from the moment the pushing leg lifts off from the take-off point until it touches the landing site;

landing - from the moment of contact with the landing site until the complete stop of body movement.

High jump is an athletics discipline that requires the jumper to have good coordination and the ability to jump high. This sport has been an Olympic sport for more than 120 years.

History of appearance and development

Let's consider how ancient as well as modern athletes developed the described type of gymnastics.

Ancient

Athletes from some countries have been involved in this sport since ancient times:

• the Germans created sports communities where, along with exercises on various apparatuses, they jumped high with two legs over the crossbar;
• Some African residents constantly competed in this type of athletics at folk celebrations.

And in the homeland of the Olympic Games (in Ancient Greece), throughout their history, this discipline has never been presented.

Did you know? The ancestors of the Germans loved to compete: the “royal jump” competition was popular among them - the ability to jump over a line of several horses standing in a row.

Modern

If we talk about the not too distant past, then the chronicles of the 19th century mention several names of athletes who distinguished themselves with extraordinary jumping ability:

• Karl Müller (Germany). He easily jumped over a height equal to his chin (unfortunately, his height remained unknown);
• Robert Gooch (England). Record holder in 1859 (jump over a crossbar 170 cm high). He showed a unique jump: he took a run at an acute angle, imitating the movement of scissors with his feet;
• Robert Meitch (England). Winner 1864 (167.4 m).

The 20th century was also marked by major victories for jumpers. Here are some of them:

Types of high jumps

There are two types of described jumps:

• from a place without a pole;
• with a pole.

Did you know? It is easier for tall athletes to jump high:center of massthey are higher, therefore, their mass rises to the heightsomewhat smaller than that of other jumpers.

Here are a few ways to do them:

1. Gymnastic. Having run up (running angle 90°) and pushed off, the bent swing limb makes a transition over the bar (crossbar). During the flight, the pushing leg is pulled towards the fly leg until the knees reach both limbs of the chest. Landing - on both lower limbs. Due to the fact that the upper body is straightened during the exercise, the body moves in a very high arc above the bar.
2. Stepping method (with scissors). Take-off (angle 40°), take-off, and the straightened swing limb is quickly raised above the crossbar. At the top point there is sharp braking, then it is quickly lowered. With a synchronized action, the pushing limb is thrown over the bar, and the top of the body is located as close as possible to this limb. The fall occurs on the swing limb.
   
3. Wave. Serves as a further development of the previous method, scissors; today it is rarely used.
   
4. It was widely used until the middle of the twentieth century and had a distinctive feature - a push with the lower limb located closer to the crossbar. The athlete takes a running start (at an angle of 45°) and, pushing off, makes a swing towards the crossbar with the straightened swing limb. The body is turned towards the crossbar, and the pushing limb is pulled towards the thoracic region. The athlete overcomes the crossbar from the side, stretching along it, and then lowers himself onto the upper limbs and the leg making the push.
   
5. Reversible. A subsequent improvement of the previous method with the only difference: a greater rotation of the body (belly down) while jumping in a pose over the bar. The athlete runs up at a 35-degree angle, the pushing movement is made with the limb closest to the crossbar. The straightened swing lower limb is directed upward, and the pushing limb is freely directed downward. Synchronously with the swing of the leg, the athlete moves the head, shoulder and arm, and then the pushing limb, extended upward from the outside. The athlete lowers himself onto the pushing limb and one arm, rolling through the pelvic or shoulder regions.

   Video: flip method

6. Flop. From a running start on the toes, the athlete runs in an arc (with a radius of 6 m) at an angle of 25° to the crossbar. Having positioned the pushing limb in a braking position along the mental curve (the position of the toe is directed towards the racks in front of the athlete), a push is made. At this point, the body is still tilted away from the crossbar, but with a pushing movement it straightens and moves towards the bar.

   The bent fly limb moves in a short path forward upward to the shoulder region. This phase allows the swing of both upper limbs and their alternate action. Everything that happens maintains the high horizontal speed achieved during the run-up, and also contributes to a strong repulsion.

   In the initial stage of the jump, the athlete is turned to the crossbar with his back forward, the swing limb is straightened, and the pushing limb is bent. In this position, keeping a right angle, the athlete goes to the crossbar and then positions himself horizontally above it. Having bent at the waist over the crossbar, he moves through it with the pelvic region and bends at its joints. Synchronously with this, the lower limbs are straightened and also transferred. The athlete falls onto the mat with his back.
   

Basic Rules

There are several rules by which people compete in this sport:

1. Competitions take place in a designated place on a horizontal surface covered with synthetic materials. The size of the sector should allow a run of 15 meters, a run length of 40 m, and a width of over 120 mm.
2. The size of the landing area for athletes is made of foam rubber and is 5 m x 5 m x 0.5 m. The placement of the mats and stands faces each other with a gap of 100 mm.
3. A strip (metal or plastic) 4 m long, with a circular cross-section of 3 cm, weighing up to 2 kg. It should be painted in light colors, with 3-4 dark stripes of 200 mm each applied across it. The ends of the crossbar are 150 mm each, the semicircular section is 30 mm. The plates with a crossbar installed on them measure 6 x 4 cm. The crossbar holders are located at a distance of 400 cm from each other.
4. The racks must have a device that allows you to install the crossbar at a height of up to 2.5 m.
5. Athletes' performances are determined by drawing lots. For each attempt, 1 minute is allocated after the announcement, the jumpers perform them one by one. Each athlete is allocated 3 minutes.
6. The initial height and its change are determined by the position adopted in the competition. When setting the next height level, the crossbar is raised by 2 cm, for all-around - by 3 cm. Each athlete begins to work from any height offered to him. Each height is taken from three passes. It is allowed to omit any of the heights. If three unsuccessful attempts occur in a row, the jumper is no longer allowed to compete.
7. The place is assigned according to the results of the greatest number of heights overcome. When several participants have the same results, the winner is the athlete who reached the last height and made fewer attempts. If several participants overcome the last height with an equal number of attempts, primacy is given to the jumper with the fewest unsuccessful attempts.
8. When an athlete's pole breaks during a run, he can make another run.
9. The judge will mark all correctly completed entries by raising a white flag.

High jump technique

A jumper always sets himself a task: how to learn to jump as high as possible and be able to take the maximum height from the surface of the earth, so the technique of this exercise was constantly changing and improving. With constant training of jumpers in more advanced techniques of pushing and overcoming heights, today it is possible to achieve quite high results.

Let's consider the technique of performing the described exercise using the example of a pole vault, and what elements it consists of:

1. Initial position. The jumper places the starting leg on the control mark, while holding the pole at the side with both hands: with the right - from below (grip with the thumb and forefinger), with the left - from above (the hand is without tension, located at the thoracic region). The location of the hands is at a distance of 50–70 cm, grip at a pole height of 5 m.
2. Start of movement- from a side run (putting the pole point-blank). The take-off run can be up to 45 m long, the speed at the end of the movement is over 9 m/sec. At the beginning of the run, the athlete’s body is slightly tilted forward, and when accelerating it becomes straightened. During the movement, the jumper raises the knee joints high and places emphasis on lowering the legs from the hips to the support. Accelerating along the entire length of the run, he simultaneously lowers the projectile, bending his right arm. Finishing the movement (the last two steps), the athlete actively sends the pole forward, guiding its lower end into the support box with his left hand, and lifting the upper end.
   
3. Repulsion. The straight pushing limb stands rigidly (with an angle of 65°) on the foot, and with the help of the inertial force of the body, a dynamic blow is formed, which is softened by bending the knee (up to 35°). The athlete, using a strongly bent right leg swing at a fast pace, passes the chest and pelvis through the supporting leg, while the left lower limb and right upper limb remain behind. The body is energetically pushed forward and upward due to the straightening of the pelvis, knee and ankle joint of the supporting limb. The jumper through the left upper limb (the right angle between the forearm and the pole) presses upward on the projectile, while the right one generates a force that bends the pole. Pushing off (the total length of the phase is up to 0.15 seconds, with a take-off angle of up to 18°), the athlete becomes hanging.
4. Swing. Moving the chest forward, using the muscular system of the arms and shoulders, the jumper makes a swing. At this moment, the axis of rotation passes through the shoulders. The described whip-like movement is performed due to the straightened pushing limb and the swing limb bent with strong tension. Due to the fact that during the run-up the linear movement is replaced by a pendulum-like one in an arc, a centrifugal force appears directed along the athlete’s body from the grip point. This force “pulls” the body off the projectile, increasing its flexion. Further, when accelerating the rise of the lower part of the body, the jumper, pulling the shoulder girdle back, makes the radius of the swing shorter, which further increases the bending of the pole.
   
5. Extension and pulling. The pole unbends and pulls the athlete up at the moment when the flexion force becomes lower than the elastic force of the projectile. Trying to raise the overall center of mass of the body as much as possible and using the forces of the straightening projectile, the jumper straightens his knees and hip joints, pulling up the body while turning and pushing up. The athlete bends upward and slightly backward so that the lower limbs are above the head and the hip region is near the apparatus. Unbending, quickly and smoothly pulling up and moving the pelvis along the apparatus, the athlete turns his chest towards the crossbar.
6. Push-ups. The beginning of the push-up occurs when the right hand is above the shoulder joint, and the end occurs at the beginning of the movement through the bar.

   Important! By doing “control” jumps and recording the results, the athlete will be able to track how his skill is developing.

7. Flying over the bar and landing. At the end of the push-off with the hand, the athlete lowers his lower limbs behind the bar. The body takes on a pose in the form of an arc, the head is lowered, the right arm is straight, the left is bent and goes up. Moving forward, the athlete goes around the bar. When the bar is near the chest, the jumper directs his shoulders and arms back to avoid touching the crossbar and falls. Landing occurs on the legs and back, and then rolls onto the shoulder blades.
   

How to increase your jump height

For both beginners and experienced athletes, increasing your jump height will help improve your fitness, increase flexibility throughout the body, and also develop muscle strength.

Important! To increase the height of your jump, you need explosive power, which is achieved through exercises aimed at developing it.

1. Daily rhythmic gymnastics classes. It includes key movements using your body weight, which strengthens the leg muscles (squats, push-ups, lunges, etc.).
2. Daily leg stretching. Performed through the heel with the hands touching the toes. This stretch will help you train your jumping ability by relaxing your muscles.
3. Standing calf raises. Performed on the edge of a step or curb (initially - up to 20 repetitions, then increasing their number).
4. Deep squats (hips below knees). Exercises help to work the lower body and stretch the muscles of the torso in the abdomen and back. To strengthen your ankles, squats can be performed by placing your weight on the toes of your lower extremities.
5. Lunges from a standing position: taking a step forward, bend your knee, placing it above the ankle. The body is tilted forward. Next - return to a standing position. Change legs. Perform 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each leg.
6. Stand on one leg with alternating legs. The exercise is designed to strengthen the ankles. You need to stand up straight and concentrate on any object in front of you. Lift the limb off the floor and stand on one leg until fatigue appears. Transfer the weight to the other limb and repeat the exercise.



Standards

The sports classification puts forward the following category standards for 2018–2021:

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Security Methods

During high jump training, safety precautions must be observed.

Before exercising you need to check:

• condition of the sector and equipment for serviceability;
• correct placement of the crossbar;
• placement of mats (they should be pressed tightly against each other);
• the runway area must be cleared of foreign objects;
• correspondence of the initial bar height to the athlete’s level of preparedness, as well as his gender.

Particular attention should be paid to:

• warm-up aimed at stretching the calf muscles, the front and back surfaces of the thighs and legs;
• greater range of motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints.

Typical mistakes when learning

The table shows what typical mistakes jumpers encounter during training:

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Important!When you exercise, the best preventative against injury is a good warm-up.

World records

Below is the sequence of achievements in this discipline over the past decades in the world:

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Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Rules
• 2 History
  • 2.1 Ancient history
  • 2.2 19th century
  • 2.3 Stepping over (scissors)
  • 2.4 Changeover
  • 2.5 Fosbury flop
• 3 Modern history
• 4 Famous athletes
• 5 World records
• 6 Interesting Facts
• 7 Used Books
Notes

Introduction

Elena Slesarenko jumping

Running high jump- a discipline of athletics related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of a jump are the run-up, preparation for take-off, take-off, crossing the bar and landing.

Requires athletes to have jumping ability and coordination of movements. Held in the summer and winter seasons. It has been an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

The corresponding sport is called High jump.

1. Rules

High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a landing area. At the preliminary stage and in the final, the athlete is given three attempts at each height. The athlete has the right to skip a height, and attempts not used at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at a height and does not want to jump at that height again, he can transfer the unused (two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, having previously notified the judges about this.

The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The landing area dimensions are 3 x 5 meters.

When attempting, the athlete must push off with one leg. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

• As a result of the jump, the bar could not stay on the racks;
• The athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing area, located behind the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the posts with any part of his body before he cleared the bar.

The judge marks a successful attempt by raising a white flag. If the bar falls from the stands after the white flag is raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge records the gain no earlier than the athlete has left the landing site, but the final decision on the moment of recording the result formally remains with the judge.

2. History

2.1. Ancient history

The so-called royal jump over several horses standing nearby was popular among the ancient Germans. And among some tribes inhabiting Central Africa, running high jump competitions have long been the main event of folk festivals to this day. At the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, the Olympians ran, threw the discus, long jumped, wrestled, competed in chariots, had fist fights, but never in all 293 Olympiads did they jump high. The first mention of high jump sports competitions dates back to the 19th century.

High jump owes its origin not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastics societies, athletes included in the program of their performances along with such apparatus as rings, uneven bars, pommel horse, horizontal bar, and high jump. And then they jumped from a straight run with two feet forward.

"Golden" jump method scissors Ethel Catherwood, Amsterdam 1928

2.2. 19th century

In the chronicles of the 19th century, the name of the jumper Karl Müller from Berlin is mentioned. According to eyewitnesses, he was a strong, agile man and easily jumped over heights that reached his chin. It’s just a pity that no one bothered to measure how high Karl Müller’s chin was.

High jumping quickly spread throughout Europe. There were especially many of their fans in England. And there, at the first official competition in 1864, the winner, Robert Meich, jumped 1 m 67.4 cm in height.

However, a different result is considered the first world record. Medical student from London Robert Gooch in 1859 cleared the bar at a height of 1 m 70 cm. But the point here is not even the height, but the way Robert jumped. Unlike other athletes, he did not take a run at a right angle to the bar, but at a sharp angle, from the side, and in the air his legs moved like scissors.

Already at the games of the first Olympics in 1896, medals were awarded in the high jump. The further history of this discipline allows us to distinguish three periods associated with three jumping styles.

2.3. Stepping over (scissors)

It is the simplest and most accessible of all methods of high jump. It does not require expensive equipment or special foam mats, since the jumper lands on both feet and can jump into a sand pit. When performing a push-off, the pushing leg begins to straighten immediately after placing it on the ground. The swing leg helps push off. She straightens up, rises as high as possible above the bar, and then energetically lowers herself behind the bar, stepping over. The body leans forward. At the same time, the pushing leg is transferred over the bar with the foot turned outward. The jumper lands on his swing leg.

This method, known since the mid-19th century and familiar to modern schoolchildren, was used by athletes until approximately 1937 and brought the world record to 2.09 m.

Valery Brumel clears the bar using the flip-flop method

2.4. Reversible

This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, made it possible to bring the jumper's center of mass closer to the bar and provided an advantage over stepping over about 15 centimeters. Its author is unknown. In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in the high jump, Yuri Stepanov, jumped with the same style, who took 2.16 m in 1957. Valery Brumel became a star of jumping and world sports, six once broke world records up to 2.28 m.

The last world record holder, already in the era of the next style (1978), was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

2.5. Fosbury flop

Fosbury flop method

run-up using the Fosbury flop method

After pushing off with the pushing leg, the body straightens and quickly turns its back to the bar, taking the desired position. With a sharp movement the body rushes forward. After this, the jumper’s shoulders are behind the bar and the jumper performs a bend over the bar - a bridge. When the pelvis also passes over the bar, the hip joints quickly flex and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs straight. When the athlete's body passes over the bar, the center of mass passes underneath it.

This method was invented by an American athlete named Dick Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury, using a new method, won the Olympic gold medal, setting a new Olympic record (2.24 meters).

In the USSR it was unpopular for a long time, including due to the fact that there were not enough foam mats for landing. Jumping using the Fosbury flop (or Fosbury flop) method into the sand was extremely dangerous. The first athlete from the USSR who began to use the Fosbury flop was Kestutis Shapka. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the Fosbury flop style.

3. Modern history

If in the first half of the 20th century US athletes were leaders in the high jump, then at present there is no dominance of one country and one school. Strong athletes appear in Russia, Sweden, Bulgaria, Cuba, Croatia, and Ukraine. At the 2007 World Championships, the previously little-known athlete Donald Thomas (Bahamas) won.

High jump is also very popular among women. They have been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1928 and in the program of the World and European Championships from the very beginning of their holding. The first woman to break the 2-meter mark was Rosemarie Ackerman (1977).

4. Famous athletes

Men:

• Ray Urey (USA)

Charles Dumas (USA) John Thomas (USA)

• Valery Brumel (USSR)

Valery Skvortsov (USSR) Rustam Akhmetov (USSR)

• Dick Fosbury (USA)
• Yuri Tarmak (Russia)
• Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR)
• Javier Sotomayor (Cuba)
• Stefan Holm (Sweden)
• Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia)
• Sergey Klyugin (Russia)
• Andrey Silnov (Russia)
• Yaroslav Rybakov (Russia)

Women:

• Fanny Blankers-Cohen (Netherlands)
• Yolanda Balazs (Romania)
• Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR)
• Sara Simeoni (Italy)
• Tamara Bykova (USSR)
• Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria)
• Kaisa Bergqvist (Sweden)
• Elena Slesarenko (Russia)
• Blanka Vlasic (Croatia)

5. World records

6. Interesting facts

• In high jumps, tall athletes have an absolute advantage, since their center of mass is relatively higher and, accordingly, they have to lift their mass to a lower height. But at the same time, different athletes perform successfully in competitions.
  • Stefan Holm's height (personal best 2.40m) is 181 cm. That is, he jumped 59 cm higher than his own height.
  • Blanka Vlasic's height (record 2.08) is 193 cm.
• Some manufacturers of sports equipment offer athletes different spikes for the jogging and swing legs. The spike for the pushing leg has a thicker sole, which contributes to more effective repulsion.
• The main character of the film Guest from the Future, Alisa Selezneva, at the age of 12, could easily jump over a fence 1.72 m high