What should a sports park be like? Boulevards. What is included in the category of sports equipment

Boulevards are linear green areas created along highways, residential streets and embankments, and pedestrian routes in residential areas. Boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.

In urban planning practice, several types of boulevards have developed in the urban environment:

Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;

Boulevards along embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;

Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.

According to their layout, boulevards can be divided into:

Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main garden roads and alleys

Boulevards with asymmetric placement of the main alley;

Boulevards with a free layout, including elements of a regular and landscape layout

The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures must be harmoniously combined with green spaces, as the main planning component of the territory.

Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150...300 m. On regional highways and on streets with heavy traffic, entrances to the boulevard must be linked with pedestrian crossings and stops public transport. On the short side of the boulevard - the “head” - the main entrance is arranged in the form of a wide platform, where a fountain, a flower bed is designed, or a monument is erected.

Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic must be offset from the axis of the highway, between roadway and a sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards a residential area. On busy highways, it is possible to install two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is due, first of all, to the accessibility of the boulevard area for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be located along the axis of the street.

In city centers, boulevards-esplanades are created, with a predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the development. The open type of spatial structure of plantings predominates.

The main planning elements of boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), secondary and additional paths for short-term recreation, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set depending

on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. It is recommended to place rest benches, fountains and pools at the entrances to the sites and along the main path. The main path of the boulevard must have durable structures, covered with tiles or crushed stone special mixtures. Secondary paths may have crushed stone coverings made from special mixtures.

When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be taken into account that plantings should play both a decorative and sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard strips on the side of the roadway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.

When designing boulevards, the density (density) of plantings, as well as the age and size of planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.

Boulevards on embankments. Boulevards of this type actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.

Boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas, in many respects in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on streets in residential areas. However, their difference is that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and should visually combine riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such “linear” gardens are also created on the banks of large bodies of water. Three main layout schemes for embankment-boulevards can be distinguished:

symmetrical, with a central alley;

asymmetrical - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;

free - on wide strips over 50 m.

Boulevards, or linear gardens, along embankments are not recommended to be combined with highway traffic. The coastline and strip along a river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both on the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides bordering the territory. Recreation areas are provided on the territory of the boulevard-embankment, from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden includes descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.

The volumetric-spatial structure of boulevard plantings on embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excess solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in public recreation areas and along walking alleys.

Any athletic facilities should be located among green spaces and, in the best case, near water.

Sports parks vary in size and location - from very small ones among the existing urban development to huge areas of hundreds of hectares on the outskirts. They can be either independent or adjacent to the park as its extension.

Architectural and planning solutions sports parks depend on their purpose, natural and climatic conditions, the range of structures, etc.

The range of sports park facilities should satisfy the diverse needs of different categories of visitors in accordance with their age, desire to engage in certain sports, and physical fitness.

The recreation area (park area) unites all zones and, in turn, is divided into several sections: active rest With playing fields, playgrounds, clearings for physical education and sports and quiet recreation with the organization of a network of walking alleys and recreation areas. It is also recommended to create a children's area; skillful use of the terrain, landscape, and plantings is of great importance for it.

Microclimatic conditions on the territory of sports parks can be significantly improved by a system of planning, engineering and technical measures, with vegetation playing a leading role. Green spaces are necessarily included in each group of sports facilities; they have the property of unifying the environment and giving it an organic feel.

In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, a large sports and recreational park on the island “Rest” has become a favorite place for mass celebrations and walks for city residents. The composition of the park is decided freely, although its main planning axis coincides with the main routes of movement of visitors (motorway and pedestrian alleys), dividing the park into two parts: an active recreation area (entertainment, sports, physical education and recreation) and a quiet rest and walking area.

The center of the space-planning solution of the park is a group of buildings with a central arena for 30 thousand spectators, a sports and concert hall for 6 thousand people, a small sports arena, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, flat sports facilities, service pavilions, and parking lots.

The saddle-shaped stadium, round in plan, dominates the landscape of the park and is organically connected with nature by the wide expanses of the river and the mountains visible on the horizon. Adjacent to the sports and concert hall, on the one hand, are pavilions and exhibition areas for flower exhibitions, and on the other, a zone of mass entertainment facilities. A significant area of ​​the park is reserved for a children's area.

The recreation area is a landscape park with a system of picturesque alleys. Along them in the clearings there are platforms and devices for board games and quiet rest. Located in the zone

a large body of irregular shape for swimming and bathing with a well-equipped beach strip. On the banks of the Yenisei there is a boat station with a boathouse. The range of facilities and organization of the park allow it to be used for recreation and activities physical culture and sports in both summer and winter.

The architectural and planning solutions and landscaping of some foreign sports parks deserve attention.

Sports park on Otdykh Island in Krasnoyarsk: I - demonstration zone. Sports complex: 1 - stadium for 31 thousand spectators; 2 - small sports arena; 3 - outdoor swimming pool; 4 - indoor swimming pool; 5 - pavilion-dressing room; 6 - sports grounds; 7 - cash registers; 8 - parking lots; 9 - economic zone; 10 - universal sports hall for 6 thousand people; 11 - exhibition pavilions; 12 - central exhibition area. Territory of mass entertainment events; 13 - restaurant, dance hall, cinema hall; 14 - gazebo; 15 - pavilions; 16 - Green Theater; 17 - lawns for games; attractions; II - educational and training zone: 18 - training sports core; 19 - training football field; 20 - sports grounds; 21 - dressing room pavilion; III - children's zone: 22 - Pioneer parade area; 23 - House of Pioneers; 24 - “Old Fortress”; 25 - Nautical Club; 26 - playgrounds; 27 - “Flight into space”; 28 - viewing platform; 29 - children's railway depot; 30 - club rooms; 31 - children's stadium; 32 - buffet; 33 - labyrinths; 34 - rocket plane; 35 - town of “cheerful men”; 36 - motor cycle route; 37 - children's railway; 38 - board games pavilion; IV - recreation area: 39 - beach; 40 - swimming pool; 41 - dressing room pavilions; 42 - board game areas; 43 - cafe; 44 - rental pavilion; 45 - reading room; 46 - veranda; 47 - boathouse; 48 - boat station
Sports park in Tremblay, a suburb of Paris: 1 - main entrance; 2 - kindergarten; 3 - club; 4 - center water sports; 5 - skating rink; 6 - basketball and volleyball courts; 7 - tennis courts; 8 - shooting range for archers; 9 - areas for riding; 10 - athletics center; 11 - sector of recreation and free games	Layout diagram of the “Health” park in the Palanga resort in Lithuania: 1-2 - the main entrance and park structures; 3,4,6 - entertainment sectors; 5 - group of sports devices; 7 - sector physical therapy; 8 - group of pools with sea ​​water; 9, 10 - men's beach (general, therapeutic); 11 - public beach; 12, 13 - women's beach (general, therapeutic); 14 - beach maintenance; 15, 16 - seaside forest park; 17 - sculpture; 18 - artificial lake; 19 - road to the mud baths
People's Sports Park in Rihimäki (Finland): 1 - sports core; 2 - football field; 3 - summer stage; 4 - area with terraces for spectators; 5 - tennis courts; 6 - bathing complex; 7 - covered Sport halls; 8 - natural park; 9 - parking lots

10 km from the center of Paris, architect. Bourbonnais designed a youth park for sports, recreation and entertainment. Half of the entire territory (35 hectares) is allocated for sports facilities, about 10 hectares for parking lots for 3,000 cars and the remaining 30 hectares for a recreation area.

Although an area with a completely flat, uninteresting topography was allocated for the park, the widespread use of artificial relief techniques made it possible not only to functionally separate zones with different purposes, but also to create a modern picturesque park with good natural conditions for recreation and an interesting spatial composition.

The layout of the park is a radial composition, characteristic of parks in France in the second half of the 17th century. Park alleys and roads fan out from the main building of the youth club, located at the entrance to the park; the rays are united by a series of circular alleys. The entire area is an elliptical bowl. There is a system of terraces around the central recreation and walking area, with physical education and sports facilities on them. Creating a concave surface allows you to see all the spaces of the park from any point.

In European countries, folk sports parks have become widespread. Here you can play sports games, do physical exercise, walk along shady alleys, and sunbathe on open lawns. They are designed for visitors to relax outdoors among greenery.

The main load on the parks occurs in the summer evening hours and at holidays, when equipment and devices for conducting sports competitions and national games. On weekday mornings, the territory is mainly used only by sports training complexes and park areas for quiet recreation. An example is the folk sports park in the Finnish city of Rihimäki, in which entertainment and entertainment facilities are located directly next to the sports area. All the main flat and three-dimensional sports facilities are close to the entrances to the park from the main highway.

At some distance from the main buildings, in clearings among greenery, there is a summer stage and a complex of swimming pools. Most of the territory is organized as a quiet recreation area with a network of walking alleys and clearings in green areas.

Of great interest are special physical education and health parks (PEPs), which have become widespread primarily in resort cities.

The exercise therapy park is a medical facility that has a close functional connection with the sports center, but is not suitable for holding demonstration events. To organize a park, it is advisable to use the territory of a well-ventilated, dry, sparse forest on the shore of a reservoir or the sea.

In the Health Park at the resort in Palanga (with an area of ​​99.5 hectares), most of the territory is occupied by a seaside pine forest with a network of walking alleys. Open meadows and lawns are equipped for physical education, games and relaxation. In the western part, where the stream flows, there is a bathing complex and healing beaches.

Exercise therapy parks have become widely known due to the simplicity, accessibility and widespread use of natural methods of treatment and strengthening of the body with the help of natural factors. In winter, on park flat sports facilities in areas with appropriate natural and climatic conditions, skating rinks are arranged for mass and figure skating, hockey fields are being laid ski slopes. Many foreign parks and green areas of cities are equipped with illuminated ski slopes, which Scandinavian city planners consider “the biggest achievement in the field of recreation, which are also cheaper than other sports facilities.”

Olympic parks. An important event in sports life all over the world are the Olympic Games. To carry them out, unique sports facilities and entire complexes are created, located in green areas.

In our age when preparing Olympic sports complexes What is required is not the construction of individual structures, but the creation of an interesting, unique landscape using various forms of space, combining the ensemble with the surrounding nature, rational use of the structures and the entire territory of the park after the end of the games.

Since ancient times, sport has accompanied human life; the history and development of sport are connected with the development of the material and spiritual life of society.

At the end of the 19th century, when economic, cultural and scientific ties between states expanded, the need arose to hold international sports competitions. By the First Olympics in 1896 in Athens, it was enough to reconstruct several ancient stadium. The II Olympics was generally held in a clearing in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Later, for the Olympics, new sports facilities began to be built in green areas. The first Olympic stadiums of our time were built in 1908 in London and in 1912 in Stockholm. The X Olympics took place in Los Angeles (USA, 1932) in a stadium with three-tier stands for 105 thousand spectators, located on an area of ​​40.5 hectares.

Plan of the stadium for the XI Olympic Games in Berlin: 1 - approach from the center of Berlin; 2 - main gate; 5 - central arena; 4 - May Field; 5 - open theater; 6 - platforms for gymnastic exercises; 7 - dance floor; 8 - training center; 9 - tennis courts; 10 - platform; 11 - restaurant; 12 - station; 13 - hippodrome

Plan of a university sports complex located south of Mexico City: L-A - Rebel Avenue expressway; 1 - administrative building; 2 - central library; 3 - humanities faculties; 4-faculty of exact sciences; 5 - engineering and architectural faculties; 6 - Faculty of Medicine; 7 - university sports grounds and to the south of them the hostels; 8 - Olympic Stadium for 110 thousand viewers

Olympic complex in Munich: 1 - central arena; 2 - gymnasium; 3 - swimming pool; 4 - cycle track; 5 - universal hall; 6 - volleyball hall; 7 - fields for field hockey; 8 - training fields; 9 - warm-up room; 10 - Olimpic village(for women); 11 - Olympic Village (for men); 12 - TV tower; 13 - radio and television center; 14 - press town; 15 - theater; 16 - artificial lake; 17 - hill; 18 - metro station; 19 - high-speed railway station; 20 - parking; 21 - photography direction

Olympic Park in Munich: a - schematic diagram of the park's landscaping; A - main sports facilities; B - Olympic Village; B - highest sport school; G - Olympic Hill; b - placement of mature trees on the main pedestrian alleys laid on the embankment

For the XI Olympics, the old stadium in Berlin was reconstructed. Its construction was carried out in three stages. At that time, the stadium was the largest in the world, its central arena accommodated 100 thousand spectators (35 thousand standing places), the May Field was even larger, where up to 250 thousand athletes could simultaneously take part in sports parades. The longitudinal west-east planning axis of the park, on which the main entrance, the central arena and the May Field are located, combines well with oblique winding alleys connecting the main sports facilities with various venues. The open theater, hippodrome, and swimming pool are well located - they are located on the edges of the forest that begins here.

The XV Olympic Games of 1952 were held in Helsinki in a reconstructed stadium that could accommodate 65 thousand spectators. The stadium is located in the city's central park, next to football fields, a swimming pool and a multi-purpose gym.

The authors managed to create a landscape typical of Finland on the territory of the Olympic Park using outcrops of granite rocks, boulders in combination with old and minor new plantings and, most importantly, to successfully integrate quite significant sports facilities into it. During the construction of structures, landscaping and landscaping were mainly reduced to the desire to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural state.

At the XIX Olympics in Mexico City, the main competitions and training took place on the sports complex of the university campus with an area of ​​300 hectares, where the central stadium Estadio Olimpico is located.

The undoubted advantage of the university town is its unity with nature. It is achieved by landscaping, a successful combination of natural and artificial relief, as well as the widespread use of local building material- gray tuff of various shades.

At the XX Olympics in Munich, all major competitions took place in the new sports facilities of the Olympic Park. On an area of ​​300 hectares, the authors of the project managed to achieve an organic combination of nature and architecture; they created a single landscape, including various forms of use of space. The main structures of the complex - the Olympic stadium (capacity of the stands is 80 thousand people), a swimming pool and a gym - are located on a raised earthen platform and close the main Olympic square in a semicircle on the northern side.

On the south side, this space opens onto an artificial lake with a fountain. On the square at the edge of the stadium there is a bowl with the Olympic flame, around it are the flags of the participating countries.

The main pedestrian alley, laid along an embankment, starts from the central square of the park and runs under a cable-stayed covering, the width of which in some places reaches 120 m. The alley near the arena with a wide bridge passes over the motorway - the middle ring of Munich, which is buried in the park and fenced off by an embankment up to 7 m high with linear planting along the top. This minimized the negative impact of heavy traffic.

The football field of the central arena is located in an artificially created excavation. Under the grass cover, at a depth of 25 cm, a system of underground irrigation and heating pipes with a total length of 18.95 km was laid, which makes it possible to extend the life of the field and improve its grass cover.

The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex (up to 20 m wide) are laid on raised (up to 3 m) embankments, all intersections with transport highways are at different levels. They offer picturesque views of the wide lawns used to disperse spectators after the end of the competition and the expressive sports facilities of the park.

Mature trees were planted along the pedestrian alleys with a 7.5X7.5 m grid, and some of them were placed directly on the paths, which made it possible to allow a flow of spectators along shaded corridors from bus stops and parking lots to the main sports facilities. The basic design of the complex's landscaping was decided on the basis of creating a park in a completely bare place in an extremely short term(for 2-3 years). And the landscaping scheme made it possible to provide good care for the plants and get the effect literally in a year.

Unusual architectural forms of buildings, bold engineering and design solutions are further emphasized by the surrounding nature. Abandoning large, monumental squares and ceremonial axes, the authors created an original and rare in beauty Olympic Park. Green spaces divided its territory into separate sections, each of them was given an individual character through the use of various types and forms of green spaces, their high decorative qualities and the use of plant characteristics that change depending on the time of year and lighting.

Green hills, which owe their origin to a former landfill, have become one of the decorations of the park. Their slopes are lined with low-growing pines, oaks, and bushes. A network of walking paths is organically integrated into the terrain. Among the piles of granite blocks, artificial streams with waterfalls flow from the top. At the foot there is an artificial lake with an area of ​​3.6 hectares with an island near the shore, where a stage is equipped for concerts and performances. Spectators are seated on grass terraces that run down to the water like an amphitheater. Evening performances take place against the backdrop of illuminated hills, a fountain and a water surface. The lake is used for boating and at the same time as a reservoir for collecting storm water from the huge surface. On the banks of the lake and canal, lined with willow and water iris, all conditions have been created for visitors to walk along lawns and groves, paths of free contours have been laid, and areas for recreation have been equipped. The lake is especially beautiful in the evening, when illuminated colorful bushes on the hillsides with snow-white streams of a fountain flowing high in the center of the lake create an absolutely fantastic picture. During the construction of the park, about 5 thousand mature trees and 180 thousand bushes were planted. The main tree species is small-leaved linden. 36 tons of grass seeds were used to create lawns (area 85 hectares) and grass cover for sports fields.

Parking lots for 5 thousand cars near the central arena are arranged in an unusual way. The entire area is divided by rows of mature trees into eight areas covered with granite slabs with seams seeded with grass. On ordinary days they are used to conduct physical education classes And sports games.

The main sports complex of the Olympics held in Moscow in 1980 was central Stadium named after V.I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the ring railway has an area of ​​180 hectares, of which 40 hectares are used for organizing entrances, approaches, stops and parking for public and individual transport.

The stadium is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, its entire territory is raised by an average of 1.5 m by doubling its expansion (up to 250 m) and deepening the river bottom. In total, about 3.5 million m3 of sand were washed. To lower the high groundwater level, a drainage system with a length of about 6 km was built.

The stadium is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; its transverse axis, oriented towards the city and the Lenin Mountains, dominates. The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to the sports facilities.

There is a park recreation area along the front alley on the embankment. In total, more than 40 thousand trees aged from 5 to 50 years, 400 thousand shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but also from the forest; among them are blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white acacia, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretches for more than 30 km. Green spaces occupy an area of ​​78 hectares.

When carrying out landscaping, various techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout near the main structures - row plantings, in the park recreation area - freely, picturesquely located.

Due to the need for construction at an accelerated pace(its construction took 450 days) tree planting was carried out not only in spring and autumn, but also in summer. Moreover, at the same time, the construction of an irrigation water pipeline was carried out, the pipes of which were laid on the surface of the lawns with a slight depth along the passage of alleys and paths.

Large Olympic center is Krylatskoye, where one of the best rowing canals in the world was built, built at the foot of the Krylatsky Mountains. A large expanse of water goes well with low, elongated sports facilities. The canal is filled by gravity through water intake structures due to the difference in water levels between the canal and the Moscow River.

The two green squares (90X90), located between the canal and the circular cycle road, are archery fields with a persistent sports turf.

All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming a park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs are used, which serve mainly decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, forested mountain slopes, hills and islands. To create the artificial relief, land was used from work during the construction of the rowing canal and artificial reservoirs.

Like any sports complex, the Olympic complex is primarily interpreted as a park that can provide an opportunity not only for holding major entertainment events, for training athletes and athletes, but also for recreation for residents of nearby urban areas in the lap of nature. With its green spaces, it significantly influences the improvement of the city’s environment.

The number of people involved in sports is growing every year.

For training athletes and holding competitions they are building a large number of sports facilities: sports grounds in neighborhoods, at schools and other city facilities; sports complexes, including buildings and flat structures intended for everyday sports, as well as for holding competitions of city, national and international significance.

Large complexes of sports facilities are usually formed in the form of parks. Sometimes sports facilities are located in cultural and recreation parks. Thus, a stadium with 100 thousand seats was built in S. M. Kirov Park in Leningrad.

The basic principle of planning sports parks is to ensure the ability to quickly load and evacuate spectators. Particular attention is paid to the creation of alleys and recreation areas for athletes and visitors. It is also important to carry out a complex of engineering landscaping of the territory at a modern technical level.

Green spaces of the sports park, as experience shows, occupy at least 30-40% of the total area of ​​the park. When selecting an assortment of plants and placing them in the park, they are guided by the following requirements. To create a certain monochromatic background around the courts, against which the ball will stand out quite sharply, it is advisable to use bushes and trees. In this case, it is necessary to avoid species with shiny leaves and place plants so that the shadow from their crowns does not fall on the site.

When landscaping sports facilities, it is undesirable to use plants that produce a large number of flying seeds, bear fruit abundantly and shed their leaves early, as they litter sports grounds, which can interfere with the sporting events. You should also not use thorny plants.

When designing sports parks, special attention is paid to the use of water, not only for competitions, swimming, etc. (large reservoirs and rivers), but also for decorating the park. Decorative ponds, pools, fountains, cascades, streams, waterfalls, together with greenery, give the park a unique look.

Parking lots are located at the approaches according to the total norm for all sports facilities operating at the same time.

Sports facilities, physical education and sports grounds, located among greenery, organized physical education classes, competitions attract city residents to active recreation. Green spaces and exercise have been associated since ancient times. At first, the first simple sports facilities were built near green areas or directly in their clearings.

Somewhat later, the first workers appeared in Russia sports clubs. Already in 1923, the first large stadium at the All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition. In the same year, a number of other stadiums came into operation in Moscow.

The first major sports facility of the post-war years was the reconstructed stadium named after. S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.

In 1954, the Science Stadium was built in Tbilisi. The authors of the project for this stadium sought to include the stadium territory in the layout of one of the best parks in the city, without disturbing its architectural and planning composition.

The examples given are characterized by the active inclusion of the natural landscape, and especially green spaces, in the architectural and planning solution of the territory of stadiums, which are essentially sports parks. In almost all cases, sports facilities are located directly in green areas. In cases where the area of ​​sports facilities is located compactly in a separate area, it must still be adjacent to the park.

The 50s marked a new stage in the development of the practice of designing and building sports parks. At this time, stadiums are being built in Riga, Minsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow and other cities.

Sports complexes - sports parks of the 80s are being addressed in a new way. In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, the construction of a large sports and recreational park on Otdykh Island is being completed.

Moscow has a number of high class sports facilities that were reconstructed in preparation for the Olympics. In addition, new specialized complexes were built taking into account the special

benefits various types sports, which made it possible to have sports centers that take into account the highest international requirements in each planning area of ​​the capital.

The main sports complex of the Olympics was the Central Stadium named after. V.I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956 and reconstructed in 1980 (156).

The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the ring railway has an area of ​​180 hectares, of which

more than 40 hectares are used to organize entrances, approaches, stops and parking for public and individual transport. It is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, the entire stadium area is raised by an average of 1.5 m.

On numerous sports grounds and in stadium halls you can train and hold competitions in more than 30 sports. The sports park houses about 150 sports facilities alone,

including the Great Sports Arena with stands for 103 thousand spectators, Small arena for 10 thousand, a swimming pool for 11 thousand, a Sports Palace for 14 thousand, a children's stadium for 3 thousand, a new universal sports hall for 4 thousand, an indoor artificial skating rink "Crystal".

The master plan of the complex was significantly influenced by the existing layout of the area adjacent to Luzhniki, as well as the presence of a river and a railway, and the coincidence of the axis of symmetry of the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov with the main axis of the peninsula. The complex is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; its dominant transverse axis is oriented towards the city and the Lenin Mountains (157). The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to the sports facilities.

Along the front alley on the embankment there is a recreation area. In total, more than 40 thousand trees aged from 5 to 50 years, 400 thousand shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but from the forest, and among them were blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white acacia, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretched for more than 30 km.

When carrying out landscaping, various techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout, near the main structures - row plantings, in the park recreation area - picturesquely located.

For the Olympics, significant work was carried out on the reconstruction of the stadium, primarily on modern technical equipment of sports facilities, on the creation of new surfaces, on reconstruction

old and construction of new premises serving athletes, creation of an artificial lighting system.

During the reconstruction of Luzhniki, the architecture of the mid-50s was completely preserved and partially restored, and the modern objects that complemented it emphasized and strengthened the originality of the original plan.

In the area of ​​the former village of Krylatskoye, 12 km from city ​​center, in the picturesque floodplain of the Moscow River, where it makes a large loop, bypassing a group of hills, a new sports complex has been created. An artificial rowing channel has been built here. The hydropark with an area of ​​750 hectares is designed to serve 100 thousand visitors in summer and 60 thousand visitors in winter. The rowing channel is the center of the park composition. Its large expanse of water combines well with the low, elongated sports facilities located on the shore. The length of the channel is 2300 m, the width of the racing distance is 125 m, the “return” distance is 75 m (158).

When you look at Krylatskoye from the high bank of the river, you see a cycle track with an expressive silhouette of the ceiling. Until now, there has not been an indoor cycling track in the world with such a large track - its length is 333.3 m. This is a unique sports facility.

An open track for bicycle racing has also been created in Krylatskoye. The ring road, almost 14 km long, meets the most stringent international standards.

Two green squares (90X90 m), located between the canal and the circular cycle road, are archery fields with a persistent sports turf.

All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs were used, which mainly serve decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, forested mountain slopes, hills and

islands. Soil from work during the construction of a rowing canal and artificial reservoirs was used to create an artificial relief. Currently, the complex is developing, acquiring new sports and recreational areas. The authors of the master plan for the sports park are architect. A. G. Echeistov, V. F. Gostev, A. A. Talalaevsky, engineer. E. A. Semenova-Prozarovskaya, N. A. Filippova, V. P. Timofeev.

A part of the Bitsevsky forest area has also been allocated for the creation of a unique sports park.

In the north-eastern part of the park, an Olympic-class equestrian center was built, which is successfully integrated into the nature of the Bitsevsky forest park, located on its huge (over 130 thousand m2) clearing, surrounded by trees and bushes. The planar structures of the equestrian sports complex were successfully designed to meet the high Olympic requirements.

Like any sports complex, the Olympic complex should be treated as a park, where it is possible not only to hold large entertainment events, train athletes and athletes, but also organize recreation for residents of nearby urban areas. The green spaces of the park should significantly influence the improvement of the city’s environment.

Sports parks are venues for sports, physical education, health, and cultural and educational events in green areas.

Green spaces on the territory of sports parks must meet functional, sanitary, hygienic and planning requirements (Fig.).

City sports parks are created taking into account their optimal availability. The service radius of sports facilities complexes should not exceed 1500 m. Transport accessibility of city-wide and regional sports parks and individual complexes should be 20-30 minutes. Great importance for large sports parks there is a rational organization of public transport routes and the construction of spacious parking lots in order to ensure quick loading and evacuation of visitors during competitions or mass celebrations.

IN sports parks It is rational to provide for the multi-purpose use of architectural and planning elements. Thus, sports grounds used in summer can serve as skating rinks in winter; some service pavilions in winter can be converted into sports equipment rental premises. To save money on landscaping along a paved main alley with intense pedestrian flows, it is rational to create parallel paths with a stable grassy surface for use on competition days or festivals. The regular nature of the layout of a sports park can be softened by the creation of a picturesque landscape in the peripheral zone: artificial hills and ponds, gently curving paths, areas for free recreation
contours, picturesque flower beds, various types paving with the addition of small architectural forms.
The main element of this type of park is a sports core with a football field, running tracks, and places for exercise. athletics, stands for spectators. In addition to the sports center, the sports park can accommodate training football fields, additional sports grounds, open and closed swimming pools, skating rink, athletic field, etc. In the natural landscape area, an open theater of mass action can be created, in the complex of which food points are located, information service, places for active recreation. If there are water spaces on the territory of the park, hydropark sports complexes can be created. Hydroparks, the area of ​​water spaces of which can be over 50%, have a sports specialization with a predominance of water sports devices, or a recreational specialization with the predominant development of various types of water recreation.

Structure of sports parks can develop on the basis of regular or mixed planning techniques. When organizing a sports zone, regular planning techniques are usually used, and zones for walking and certain types of recreation - free planning techniques; including the creation of picturesque landscaping compositions and in the form of group and single plantings of trees and shrubs, lawn and flower compositions.

Layout of the sports park center:
1 - main entrance; 2 - pre-entrance area with approaches to the stands; 3 — central sports center with stands; 4-8 - sports grounds; 9 — sports pavilion; 10 - training football field; L - children's sector; 12 - theater; 13 - attractions; 14 - open theater; 15 - dance floor; /5—restaurant; 17 - solarium; 18 - cafe; 19 - reading room; 20 - service facilities; 21 - administrative and economic area with a garage; 22 - shooting range; 23 - parking lot.

Scheme of the master plan of the Central Republican Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kyiv:
1 - main entrance; 2 - greenhouse; 3 - museum-herbarium; 4 - architectural and historical reserve; 5 — recreation area; 6 - protected areas with exposure to natural vegetation; 7 - exhibition areas of regulated visits; 8 — protective zones; 9 - rose garden; 10 - sirengarium; 11 - arboretum; 12 — flower hill; 13 - mountain garden; 14 - molded garden; 15 — exposition of aquatic plants.

There is a tendency towards specialization of parks in large cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas, which usually have several small parks, are being actively reconstructed. The areas of these parks are not sufficient for the full development of all zones of multifunctional parks, in domestic terminology - cultural and recreation parks. Then one or two functions receive preferential development. Another important factor specialization of parks - increasing the requirements of visitors for comfort, satisfied by specialized services.

The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In large cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high stress on their bodies. nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is exactly what sports parks provide, unlike sports centers, intended mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, aquatic, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of the famous German Riviera parks) complexes, which, in terms of the composition of their structures, have

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The number of spectator seats is close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in the larger area of ​​greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreational activities and active recreation.

Unique olympic parks are large sports complexes for olympic games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of “short distances and green landscapes” was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, artificial terrain was created to create intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast green area became an active recreation area for the population of Munich both in summer and winter. In winter, artificial artificial hills turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.

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The size of sports parks can range from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, just as when placing sports complexes, conditions must be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots must be provided.

Specialized sports parks for a particular sport or a group of related species are intended for related active recreation, as well as for activities for more high level than in other types of parks. Most common specialized parks- For aquatic species sports (Fig. 10.5.7). There are numerous centers abroad

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for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming increasingly common everywhere, including here. They require water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to precisely this condition.

The size of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatskoye has a total area of ​​about 700 hectares, Kharkov hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, which are often used abroad Place swimming and bathing centers.

There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and cycling parks, where the complex terrain of the areas is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.

Sports parks are not such mass facilities as multifunctional cultural and recreation parks; they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there cannot be recommendations on the composition of structures, and especially with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special specifications, depending on local and natural conditions.

Among the structures of sports parks there are a wide variety - from large unique ( indoor stadiums, swimming pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple grounds, lawns for sports and recreational games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of residents for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common in all types of sports parks are swimming pools (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with artificial waves, water slides).

Gyms are very common - universal, specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.

Much less common than halls are skating rinks with artificial ice(Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. An example is the Ottobrunn sports park in Germany (Fig. 10.5.4).

The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

Unlike sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, among flat structures there are sites for entertaining sports games (mini-golf, botchi, croquet, skittles, etc.), sites and tracks for roller skating and boarding; mountains for sledding, boarding, plates and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized park courses. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are expected to be built.

Green spaces must make up at least 70% of the sports park area. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuation large number people in pairs

kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.

In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, physical education and recreational activities and active recreation, it is advisable to designate zones: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.