Where did the Olympic Games take place? What were the first Olympic Games? The Olympic Games, like any strictly organized event, have their own specific traditions and rituals

When and where did they appear Olympic Games? And who is the founder of the Olympic Games, you will learn from this article.

Brief history of the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece, because the inherent athleticism of the Greeks became the reason for the emergence of sports games. The founder of the Olympic Games is King Oenomaus, who organized sport games for those who wanted to take his daughter Hippodamia as a wife. According to legend, he was predicted that the cause of death would be his son-in-law. Therefore, young people who won certain competitions died. Only the cunning Pelops overtook Oenomaus in chariots. So much so that the king broke his neck and died. The prediction came true, and Pelops, having become king, established the organization of the Olympic Games in Olympia every 4 years.

At Olympia, the site of the first Olympic Games, it is believed that the first competition took place in 776 BC. The name of the one who was the first winner of the games in Ancient Greece – Koreb from Elis, who won the race.

Olympic Games in ancient Greece sports

For the first 13 games, the only sport in which the participants competed was running. Afterwards there was the pentathlon. It included running, javelin throwing, long jump, discus throwing, and wrestling. A little later they added a chariot race and a fist fight.

The modern program of the Olympic Games includes 7 winter and 28 summer species sports, that is, 15 and 41 disciplines, respectively. It all depends on the season.

Once the Romans annexed Greece to Rome, the number of nationalities that could take part in the games increased. Gladiator fights were added to the competition program. But in 394 AD, Emperor Theodosius I, a fan of Christianity, canceled the Olympic Games, considering them entertainment for pagans.

The Olympic Games have sunk into oblivion for 15 centuries. The first to take a step towards reviving forgotten competitions was the Benedictine monk Bernard de Montfaucon. He was interested in the history and culture of Ancient Greece and insisted that excavations should be carried out in the place where the famous Olympia had once been.

In 1766, Richard Chandler found the ruins of unknown ancient structures near Mount Kronos. It was part of the temple wall. In 1824, Lord Stanhof, an archaeologist, began excavations on the banks of the Alpheus. In 1828, the baton of excavations at Olympia was picked up by the French, and in 1875 by the Germans.

Pierre de Coubertin, a French statesman, insisted that the Olympic Games must be resumed. And in 1896, the first revived Olympic Games were held in Athens, which are still popular today.

We hope that from this article you learned where and when the Olympic Games originated.

In Paris, a commission to revive the Olympic Games met in the Great Hall of the Sorbonne. Baron Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee - the IOC - was formed, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.

The first modern Olympic Games were originally planned to be held in the same stadium in Olympia that hosted the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece. However, this required too much restoration work, and the first revived Olympic competitions took place in the Greek capital, Athens.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored ancient stadium in Athens, the Greek King George declared the first Olympic Games of modern times open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

The date of the ceremony was not chosen by chance - on this day, Easter Monday coincided with three directions of Christianity at once - Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. This first opening ceremony of the Games laid the foundation for two olympic traditions- opening of the Games by the head of state where the competitions are taking place, and the performance of the Olympic anthem. However, such indispensable attributes modern Games, like the parade of participating countries, the ceremony of lighting the Olympic flame and the recitation of the Olympic oath, there was no; they were introduced later. There was no Olympic village; invited athletes provided their own housing.

241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the Games of the First Olympiad: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary (at the time of the Games, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, but Hungarian athletes competed separately), Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy , USA, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, but due to lack of funds Russian team was not aimed at the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympics.

The program of the first Games included nine sports - classical wrestling, cycling, gymnastics, athletics, swimming, shooting, tennis, weightlifting and fencing. 43 sets of awards were drawn.

According to ancient tradition, the Games began with athletic competitions.

Athletics competitions became the most popular - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - were won by representatives of the United States.

The first Olympic champion was American athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Wrestling competitions were held without uniform approved rules for conducting fights, and there were also no weight categories. The style in which the athletes competed was close to today's Greco-Roman, but it was allowed to grab the opponent's legs. Only one set of medals was played among five athletes, and only two of them competed exclusively in wrestling - the rest took part in competitions in other disciplines.

Because the artificial swimming pools there was no swimming competition in Athens, the swimming competition was held in an open bay near the city of Piraeus; the start and finish were marked by ropes attached to the floats. The competition aroused great interest - by the start of the first swim, about 40 thousand spectators had gathered on the shore. About 25 swimmers from six countries took part, most of them naval officers and sailors of the Greek merchant fleet.

Medals were awarded in four events, all swims were held “freestyle” - you were allowed to swim in any way, changing it along the course. At that time, the most popular swimming methods were breaststroke, overarm (an improved way of swimming on the side) and treadmill style. At the insistence of the Games organizers, the program also included an applied swimming event - 100 meters in sailor's clothing. Only Greek sailors took part in it.

In cycling, six sets of medals were awarded - five on the track and one on the road. The track races took place at the Neo Faliron velodrome, specially built for the Games.

In competitions on artistic gymnastics Eight sets of awards were awarded. The competition took place outdoors at the Marble Stadium.

Five sets of awards were awarded in shooting - two in rifle shooting and three in pistol shooting.

Tennis competitions took place on the courts of the Athens Tennis Club. Two tournaments were held - singles and doubles. At the 1896 Games there was no requirement that all team members represent the same country, and some pairs were international.

Weightlifting competitions were held without division into weight categories and included two disciplines: squeezing a ball barbell with two hands and lifting a dumbbell with one hand.

Three sets of awards were competed for in fencing. Fencing became the only sport where professionals were allowed: separate competitions were held among “maestros” - fencing teachers (“maestros” were also admitted to the 1900 Games, after which this practice ceased).

The highlight of the Olympic Games was the marathon running. Unlike all subsequent Olympic marathon competitions, the marathon distance at the Games of the First Olympics was 40 kilometers. Classic length marathon distance— 42 kilometers 195 meters. The Greek postman Spyridon Louis finished first with a result of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds, who became a national hero after this success. Except Olympic awards he received a gold cup established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on inclusion in the Games program marathon running, a barrel of wine, a coupon for free food for a year, free tailoring of a dress and the use of a hairdresser for life, 10 quintals of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 rams.

OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES, complex competitions for winter sports, conducted by the IOC once every 4 years. The decision to regularly hold independent Olympic Winter Games was made in 1925 at the IOC Session in Prague. This was facilitated by the success of the world winter sports competition - the International Sports Week on the occasion of the V III Olympiad(1924, Chamonix, France), to which the IOC gave the name “I Olympic Winter Games”; The term "Olympiad" in connection with the Olympic Winter Games is not accepted, but in sports and popular literature the name "White Olympics" is sometimes used. Until 1992, the Olympic Winter Games were held in the year of the Summer Olympic Games, since 1994 - in the middle of the Olympic cycle. The program includes 7 olympic sports .

In 1924–2014, 22 Olympic Winter Games were held - in the USA (4), France (3), Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Italy, Canada (2 each), Germany, Yugoslavia, Russia (1 each). Most often the capitals of the Olympic Winter Games were St. Moritz, Lake Placid and Innsbruck (2 times each). In 1968 at the Olympics winter games first appeared in Grenoble olympic mascot. At the Olympic Winter Games the same ceremonies, as in summer Olympic Games, ignition olympic flame, raising the Olympic flag (with the same emblem), opening and closing parades, awarding of Olympic champions and medalists, etc. Olympic records are registered only in speed running on skates. The high prestige of the competition is evidenced by the list statesmen and the crowned heads who officially opened them: Chamonix, 1924 - Gaston Vidal (Deputy Secretary of State of France); St. Moritz, 1928 – Edmund Schultes (President of Switzerland); Lake Placid, 1932 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Governor of New York, USA); Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936 – Adolf Hitler (Reich Chancellor of Germany); St. Moritz, 1948 – Enrico Celio (President of Switzerland); Oslo, 1952 – Princess Ragnhild (Her Royal Highness of Norway); Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1956 - Giovanni Gronchi (President of Italy); Squaw Valley, 1960 - Richard Nixon (Vice President of the USA); Innsbruck, 1964 - Adolf Scherf (Federal President of Austria); Grenoble, 1968 - Charles de Gaulle (President France); Sapporo, 1972 - Hirohito (Emperor of Japan); Innsbruck, 1976 - Rudolf Kirschhagler (Federal President of Austria); Lake Placid, 1980 - Walter Mondale (US Vice President); Sarajevo, 1984 - Mika Shpiljak (President of Yugoslavia) ; Calgary, 1988 - Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé (Governor General of Canada); Albertville, 1992 - Francois Mitterrand (President of France); Lillehammer, 1994 - Harald V (King of Norway); Nagano, 1998 - Akihito (Emperor of Japan); Salt Lake City, 2002 – George W. Bush (US President); Turin, 2006 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (President of Italy); Vancouver, 2010 – Michael Jean (Governor General of Canada); Sochi, 2014 – Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (President of Russia) In the entire history of the White Olympiads, women have opened them only twice (Oslo, 1952; Calgary, 1988).

The largest number of medals in the entire history of the Olympic Winter Games (as of January 1, 2018) were won by athletes from the following national teams: Russia; Norway (22; 118, 111, 100); USA (22; 96, 102, 83); Germany; Sweden (22; 50, 40, 54); Finland (22; 42, 62, 57).

For the dates and main results of all Olympic Winter Games, see table 1. For athletes who won the largest number of Olympic awards at the Olympic Winter Games, see table 2. For athletes who took part in 6 or more White Olympics, see table 3.

Table 1. The main results of the Olympic Winter Games (Chamonix, 1924 - Sochi, 2014)

* United German team.

** United team of the countries of the former USSR.

Table 2. Athletes who won the most victories at the Olympic Winter Games (Chamonix, 1924 - Sochi, 2014).

* In 2006 (Turin) he played for the national team of the Republic of Korea.

3 gold each olympic medals won the Olympic Winter Games in St. 50 athletes (as of January 1, 2018), including representatives of Russia (including the USSR): K. S. Boyarskikh, E. V. Vyalbe, N. V. Gavrylyuk, V. S. Davydov, V. G. Kuzkin , A. P. Ragulin, A. A. Reztsova, I. K. Rodnina, V. A. Tretyak, A. V. Firsov, A. V. Khomutov, Yu. A. Chepalova.

Table 3. Athletes who competed at 6 or more Olympic Winter Games (as of January 1, 2018)

*The athlete also competed at the Olympic Games.

OLYMPIC GAMES(Summer Olympic Games, Olympics), the largest international complex sport competitions modernity. The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined Olympic Charter. At the suggestion of P. de Coubertin the decision to organize the Olympic Games in the image of the ancient ones and to create International Olympic Committee(IOC) was adopted by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894. The Olympic Games are held in the first year of the Olympiad. The Olympic Games have been counted since 1896, when the first Olympic Games took place. The Olympiad also receives its number in cases where the games are not held (for example, the VI Olympiad in 1916, the XII in 1940, the XIII in 1944). Besides olympic sports, the organizing committee of the Olympic Games (the NOC of the country where the next Olympic Games will be held is created) has the right to choose to include in the program exhibition competitions in 1-2 sports not recognized by the IOC. The duration of the Olympic Games since 1932 has not been more than 15 days. The Olympic Games in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were timed to coincide with World Exhibitions .

The Olympic movement has its own symbol, emblem and flag, approved by the IOC in 1914 at the suggestion of Coubertin in 1913. The Olympic symbol is 5 intertwined rings of blue, black, red (top row), yellow and green (bottom row) colors, which symbolize the 5 combined in Olympic movement of parts of the world (respectively - Europe, Africa, America, Asia, Australia). The flag is a white cloth with the Olympic rings; it has been flown at all Olympic Games since 1920. Also in 1913, the motto was approved - Citius, Altius, Fortius (faster, higher, stronger), proposed by A. Dido, a friend and ally of Coubertin, and which became part of the Olympic emblem. Olympic symbol and the motto formed the official Olympic emblem(since 1920). The high prestige of the competition is evidenced by the list of statesmen and crowned heads who opened them: Athens, 1896 - George I (King of Greece); Paris, 1900 – there was no opening ceremony; St. Louis, 1904 – David Francis (president of the World's Fair); London, 1908 – Edward VII (King of Great Britain and Ireland); Stockholm, 1912 – Gustav V (King of Sweden); Antwerp, 1920 – Albert I (King of Belgium); Paris, 1924 – Gaston Doumergue (President of France); Amsterdam, 1928 – Heinrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands); Los Angeles, 1932 – Charles Curtis (US Vice President); Berlin, 1936 – Adolf Hitler (Reich Chancellor of Germany); London, 1948 – George VI (King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Helsinki, 1952 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi (President of Finland); Melbourne, 1956 (equestrian competitions held in Stockholm) - Philip Mountbatten (Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh - Prince Consort of Great Britain) and Gustav VI Adolf (King of Sweden); Rome, 1960 – Giovanni Gronchi (President of Italy); Tokyo, 1964 – Hirohito (Emperor of Japan); Mexico City, 1968 – Gustavo Diaz Ordaz (President of Mexico); Munich, 1972 – Gustav Heinemann (Federal President of Germany); Montreal, 1976 – Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Moscow, 1980 – Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR); Los Angeles, 1984 – Ronald Reagan (US President); Seoul, 1988 – Ro Dae Woo (President of the Republic of Korea); Barcelona, ​​1992 – Juan Carlos I (King of Spain); Atlanta, 1996 – William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton (US President); Sydney, 2000 – William Patrick Dean (Governor General of Australia); Athens, 2004 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos (President of Greece); Beijing, 2008 – Hu Jintao (General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee); London, 2012 – Elizabeth II (Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Rio de Janeiro, 2016 – Michel Temer (Vice President of Brazil). The only woman to open the Olympic Games is Queen Elizabeth II; As of January 1, 2020, she is the only statesman in the entire history of the Olympic Games who opened them twice (Melbourne, 1956; London, 2012).

Traditional Olympic rituals: 1) lighting of the Olympic flame at the opening ceremony (first lit from the sun's rays in Olympia in 1936 and delivered by a relay of torchbearers to Berlin - the organizer of the Olympic Games); 2) Taking the Olympic oaths. The Olympic oath of athletes (the text was written in 1913 by Coubertin, it was first pronounced in Antwerp in 1920 by the Belgian fencer V. Boin): “On behalf of all athletes, I promise that we will participate in these Games, respecting and observing the rules by which they are held, in a true sporting spirit, for the glory of sport and for the honor of their teams.” Olympic Oath of Judges (included in the opening ceremony at the proposal of the USSR Olympic Committee and carried out since the Olympic Games in Mexico City, 1968): “On behalf of all judges and officials, I promise that we will perform our duties at these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and observing the rules by which they are conducted, in a true sporting spirit.” At the Olympic Games in London (2012), the Olympic Coaches Oath was made for the first time: “On behalf of all coaches and other people around the athletes, I promise that we will behave in a manner that maintains the spirit of sportsmanship and fair play, in accordance with the basic principles Olympic movement». 3) Presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competition. For 1st place the athlete is awarded a gold medal, for 2nd place - a silver medal, for 3rd place– bronze. In the case where two athletes (teams) share 1st–2nd places, both are awarded a gold medal; if participants share 2nd–3rd or 2nd–4th places, everyone is awarded silver medals, but bronze ones are not awarded. In boxing competitions, bronze medals are awarded to two athletes who lose in the semi-finals. In 1928, the IOC approved the image on the front side of the medal of the ancient Greek goddess Nike with a laurel wreath in her hand, on the reverse side - the sport, the emblem of the Games and other symbols; 4) raising the state flag and singing the national anthem in honor of the winners. According to the charter, the Olympic Games are competitions between individual athletes and not between national teams. However, the so-called unofficial team standings - determining the place occupied by teams by the number of points received (points are awarded for the first 6 places according to the system: 1st place - 7 points, 2nd - 5 points, 3rd - 4 points, 4th - 3 points, 5th – 2 points, 6th – 1 point). Traditionally, a table is maintained medal count by country with priority for medals of the highest value. The athlete (or team) who won gold medal at the Olympic Games or Olympic Winter Games, is awarded the title Olympic champion. This title is not used with the prefix ex, such as ex-world champion. The largest number of medals in the entire history of the Summer Olympic Games (as of January 1, 2020) were won by athletes from national teams: USA (27 participations; 1022 gold, 794 silver, 704 bronze); Russia; Germany; Great Britain (28; 263, 295, 289); China (10; 227, 164, 152); France (28; 212, 241, 260).

The Olympic movement (as of January 1, 2016) involves 206 countries (including geographical areas), national Olympic committees which are recognized by the IOC. In the period 1896–2016, 31 Olympic Games were held (three of them did not take place due to world wars); 4 were conducted in the USA; 3 – in Great Britain; 1 each in Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Canada, USSR, Republic of Korea, Spain, China, Brazil. According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city, not the country (or territory). The decision to elect an Olympic city (the capital of the Olympic Games) is made by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of these Games at the IOC session. The application of a candidate city must be approved by the NOC of that country. The city that has put forward its candidacy is obliged to provide the IOC with written guarantees confirmed by the government and make a certain financial contribution (refundable to non-elected cities). Since 1932, the host city of the Olympic Games has been building olympic village– a complex of residential premises for game participants. Among the various obligations olympic city submits for approval to the IOC the program for the Olympic Games, and since 1968 the national cultural program. The tradition of combining physical and artistic culture dates back to the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece, where sports competitions were accompanied by competitions in various types art. The forerunners of the modern cultural program were art competitions (1906–52) and fine arts exhibitions (1956–64). At the Olympic Games in 1968–72, the cultural program was international in nature; since 1976, according to the Olympic Charter, it has been national and covers all types of art, literature, photography, sports philately, etc. More often than other cities in the world, London was chosen as the capital of the Summer Olympic Games (3 times), Athens, Paris, Los Angeles (2 times each).

In 1980 the capital Games XXII The Olympics were in Moscow; elected during the 75th IOC session on October 23, 1974 in Vienna. The main stadium of the Moscow Olympics became central Stadium them. V.I. Lenin (approx. 100 thousand seats, modern name “Luzhniki”), where the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games, competitions in athletics, the final match of a football tournament; a number of competitions were held in the area of ​​Leningradsky Prospekt in Moscow - at the Dynamo and Young Pioneers"and in the CSKA sports complex. Built especially for the Olympic Games: sports complex"Olympic" on Mira Avenue, including a multi-purpose indoor stadium(about 35 thousand places; 22 disciplines of the Olympic program) and swimming pool; cycle track "Krylatskoye" (with two stands for 3 thousand seats), near which there is a circular bicycle track and an archery field (here, in 1972–73, the rowing canal "Krylatskoye" was built for the European Rowing Championship; stands - approx. 2.5 thousand places); equestrian complex “Bitsa” (tribune for 5 thousand seats); sports palaces "Izmailovo" (temporary collapsible stand - up to 4 thousand seats; competitions in weightlifting) and Sokolniki (approx. 7 thousand seats; handball tournament games); shooting range "Dynamo" (about 3 thousand places) in the town of Mytishchi near Moscow; Olimpic village. Over 5 thousand athletes from 80 countries competed for 203 sets of medals in 21 sports. Athletes of the USSR national team won the largest number of medals in the history of the Olympic Games - 195 (including 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 bronze). Some competitions authorized by the IOC were held in other cities. Group football tournaments and quarterfinal matches took place in Kyiv, Leningrad and Minsk; sailing regatta took place in Tallinn. (Similar exceptions were allowed before. For example, in 1956, due to quarantine and a ban on the import of horses into Australia, equestrian competitions were held even in another country - in Sweden, in Stockholm.) For political reasons, the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow were boycotted by a number of countries, those who refused to participate. Four years later, the NOC of the USSR and a number of other socialist countries boycotted the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. In 1906, the Extraordinary Olympic Games were held in Athens (22.4–2.5) with the participation of 903 athletes from 20 countries. These competitions have not received official recognition from the IOC.

To uphold the Olympic ideals and noble principles of competition at the Olympic Games and Olympic Winter Games, in 1968 the IOC and international sports federations established a doping control procedure, which is carried out by special anti-doping commissions. Since 1976, Olympic medalists have undergone special doping tests; if the athlete is convicted of taking doping he is disqualified and loses his awards. To combat doping, on November 10, 1999, with the support of the IOC, it was established World Anti-Doping Agency(WADA). IN last years, without paying attention to the statute of limitations, WADA laboratories recheck the tests of athletes taken during previous Olympic Games (Beijing, 2008; London, 2012), which often leads to the revision of individual results, disqualification of prize-winners and changes in the results in the unofficial team medal standings(see table in article World Anti-Doping Agency). Before the start of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro (2016), on the initiative of WADA, many were suspended from participation in competitions for various reasons Russian athletes, including all track and field athletes (with the exception of long jumper D.I. Klishina) and weightlifters, most swimmers and rowers, tennis player M. Yu. Sharapova. As a result, the composition of the Russian national team was reduced by almost 50%.

In 6 types of the Olympic program ( cycling, Athletics, swimming, shooting, archery, weightlifting) Olympic records are registered regardless of what stage of the competition (preliminary, qualifying or final) they were set. If the result exceeds the world record, then it is considered both a world and an Olympic record.

Since 1968, the organizers of the Olympic Games have used the Olympic mascot for propaganda and commercial purposes.

To reward particularly distinguished athletes, figures of the Olympic movement and major government figures in the mid-1970s. The Olympic Order was established (it had three degrees) - Gold, Silver and Bronze (now only the first two). The first recipient of the Olympic Golden Order was ex-IOC President E. Brundage. Olympic orders are not awarded to current IOC members.

For the dates and main results of the Summer Olympic Games, see Table 1. For athletes who won the largest number of Olympic awards at the Olympic Games, see Table 2. For athletes who took part in 6 or more Olympics, see Table 3.

Table 1. Main results of the Summer Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, 2016).

* United German team.

** United team of the countries of the former USSR.

Table 2. Athletes with the most victories at the Olympic Games (Athens, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, 2016).

3 Olympic gold medals were won at the Olympic Games in approx. 200 athletes (as of January 1, 2020), including representatives of Russia (including the USSR): A. V. Azaryan, D. V. Bilozerchev, S. L. Boginskaya, O. A. Brusnikina, O. A. Bryzgina , G. E. Gorokhova , A. N. Dityatin , V. V. Ekimov , V. F. Zhdanovich , A. I. Zabelina , V. N. Ivanov, T. V. Kazankina, A. A. Karelin, M. A. Kiseleva, A. I. Lavrov, V. G. Mankin, A. V. Medved, V. I. Morozov, V. A. Nazlymov, V. V. Parfenovich, T. N. Press, V. D. Saneev, E. V. Sadovyi, B. Kh. Saitiev, L. I. Khvedosyuk-Pinaeva, S. A. Chukhrai .

Table 3. Athletes who took part in 6 or more Olympics (as of January 1, 2020).

*The athlete also competed at the Olympic Winter Games.

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