Stage of special physical training of skiers. Methods of physical training of cross-country skiers. Exercises to develop flexibility

Sports training is a unified process of education, training and increasing the functional capabilities of those involved while observing a hygienic regime.

During the training process, a lot of educational work is carried out, as well as regular medical and pedagogical supervision.

Sports training includes a number of organically interconnected sections:

) physical training (general and special); 2) technical.training; 3) tactical training; 4) psychological preparation; 5) theoretical training and acquisition of self-control skills, educational work.

All these important stages of training ensure the successful growth of young athletes.

The main method of sports training is the exercise method.

In the process of many years of training of young skiers, the specific weight of certain sections of training changes.

Means of general and special physical training.

The harmonious development of young athletes can only be achieved with the correct use of training means and methods over many years, taking into account the age-related characteristics of the body.

The division of physical training into general and special conditionally allows for a more targeted use of various means in the process of training skiers.

General physical training ensures the improvement of basic physical qualities, strengthening of organs and systems and increasing the functional capabilities of the body.

Means of general physical training: walking, running, games (outdoor and sports), rowing, swimming, cycling, athletics, gymnastics and general developmental exercises.

Means of general physical training are used to improve lagging qualities, increase strength and power endurance of leading muscle groups, for the purpose of active recreation and increase the emotionality of classes.

The goals of general physical training in the main period are morning exercises on the instructions of the coach, exercises before the start of a ski lesson or at the end of it, on certain days of the training cycle in the gym or outdoors.

General physical training means are selected taking into account the specifics of this sport. When preparing skiers, cyclic exercises occupy a leading place. General developmental exercises are carried out mainly with movement around the area. Outdoor and sports games play a significant role.

During long-term training, it is necessary to observe a certain sequence in the use of general physical training means. Just like a musician who, while tuning a guitar, gradually moves from a rougher, general tuning to a more subtle and perfect one, a coach, using general physical training tools and improving qualities, must move from more general and versatile to more specialized means of preparation.

So, for example, during the initial training of adolescents, they develop strength in general, then speed-strength qualities, then strength endurance, etc. Similar changes should occur when improving speed qualities and endurance.

It is also necessary to know certain criteria for the level of development of physical qualities of ski racers, which one must strive for in adulthood. For now, these criteria are the results of control tests conducted with the strongest skiers.

So, for example, in the 100 m race, such strong skiers as P. Kolchin, N. Anikin had results of 12.1 - 12.0. In the 1000 m run - 2.36-2.48, in the 1500 m - within 4.00 (A. Akentyev - 4.11). V. Hakulinen ran the 3000 m distance in 9.35, P. Kolchin in 8.50, X. Brenden in 8.48, N. Anikin in 8.51.

In the standing long jump, many members of the national skiing team of the Republic of Kazakhstan showed results in the range of 2.50-2.70.

Special training is aimed at developing qualities specific to a given sport.

Means of special training include: a) competitive exercises, i.e. skiing exercises; b) special preparatory exercises that contribute to the development of physical qualities, skills and abilities specific to a given sport.

These are exercises that are similar both in motor structure and in the nature of neuromuscular efforts with movements during cross-country skiing.

In the process of many years of training, the proportion of special training means increases from year to year.

Technical training is an integral part of special training. In the preparatory period, a variety of special exercises of the ski racer are used.

Special exercises should include not only improving strength and coordination of movements, but also stretching and relaxing muscles, performing exercises in the rhythm of the skier’s working movements, improving balance, etc.

Special exercises for a racing skier should be studied even more deeply. Many issues still remain controversial and unclear: the correlation between a number of exercises and a skier’s athletic results has not yet been determined. The benefit of using roller skis in the summer training of cross-country skiers has not been convincingly proven; the feasibility of using a number of simulation exercises has not been determined.

A.D. Soldatov, in the process of many years of work, determined that the ratio of general and special training of skiers has changed significantly over the years:

at 13-14 years old At 15-16 years old At 17-18 years old At 19-20 years old

Percentage of general physical fitness 70605040

Percentage of special training. 30405060

The main tasks of the transitional preparation period:

1. Strengthening the musculoskeletal system, primarily the ligaments and muscles that provide movement in the joints.
2. Maintaining the aerobic capabilities of oxidative muscle fibers of the muscles of the legs, shoulder girdle, torso, and the functionality of the cardiovascular system.
3. Maintaining (increasing) the strength capabilities of the muscles of the legs, shoulder girdle, and torso.

In connection with solving the above problems, it is recommended to use both aerobic and strength training. It is worth noting that with proper planning, both the first and second types of training will solve the problem of strengthening the musculoskeletal system.

Aerobic fitness

During the transition period, large volumes of loads should not be allowed, even at low intensity, in order to avoid exhaustion of the nervous system, as well as long-term recovery after training. This can negatively affect interest in classes and motivation, which is unacceptable, especially during this preparation period. All training should bring joy and pleasure.

The next important point that needs to be taken into account is that even with a small amount of aerobic work, one should not allow strong and/or prolonged muscle acidification (work at high speeds, at a power between the aerobic and anaerobic threshold and, especially, above the anaerobic threshold), as well as hard speed -strength training with strong muscle acidification.

Low-intensity aerobic training.

It is recommended to stick to low-intensity aerobic exercise. Such training will maintain the functionality of the cardiovascular system due to the continuous (as opposed to strength work) venous return of blood to the heart, thanks to the cyclic work of the muscles functioning as a “muscle pump”.

Also, low-intensity aerobic training increases hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin mass, which depends on blood volume, and supports the aerobic capacity of oxidative muscle fibers. Aerobic training at this stage is recommended to be carried out at the aerobic threshold power or slightly below in order to prevent muscle acidification. The duration of such training can be from 30-40 to 75-90 minutes.

Strengthening the musculoskeletal system

Also, one of the main tasks of the transition period is to strengthen the musculoskeletal system by strengthening the ligaments and muscles that provide movement in the joints. An effective method is to use a variety of cyclic and strength exercises in an eccentric mode. An example of one of the exercises for strengthening the muscles and ligaments that provide movement in the knee joint is walking downhill, or walking downhill, lunging forward on one leg, while emphatically lowering the pelvis down.

Eccentric training mode

Walking downhill is widely used, for example, in the Russian sprint cross-country skiing team. At the first training camp after rest, the team comes to the mountains and regularly rides on a glacier on the snow with low intensity. Athletes walk forward uphill at a low pace, thereby training the cardiovascular system and aerobic capacity of oxidative muscle fibers, which are responsible for overall endurance. After skiing evenly with low intensity, the athletes go back down the mountain for 45-50 minutes, and this is precisely the eccentric mode, thanks to which the ligaments of various joints are strengthened and the muscles are “worked out” (become more resilient) when working in inferior mode.

This work in an eccentric mode allows you to avoid injuries and allows you to increase the intensity of work when performing developmental training in the preparatory and competitive training period. This applies both to developmental strength training, which is performed almost to the point of failure in the approaches, and to aerobic training with high speed and force of muscle contraction. One of the hard aerobic workouts, by the time of which you need to prepare the musculoskeletal system, is jumping training, including jumping imitation, which adds shock loads to the high strength and speed of muscle contraction.

Also, with the help of an eccentric strength training regimen, you can successfully strengthen the muscles that ensure movement and retention of a certain position of the spinal column, movement of the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joints. Therefore, in the transition period it is recommended to pay special attention to this regime. This will allow you to perform intense loads in the preparatory period without the risk of injury and to perform intensive training more effectively, for example, due to a more effective squat when extending the leg at the knee joint when running, etc.

Power training

Also, along with strengthening the musculoskeletal system, maintaining the aerobic capacity of oxidative muscle fibers and the functionality of the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to maintain the strength capabilities of the main muscle groups. With optimally planned strength training, the endocrine system will also develop. The endocrine system ensures the synthesis and release of certain hormones into the blood, ensuring adaptation to strength and aerobic training, and is also involved in the creation of the necessary morphological structures responsible for strength and endurance. For example, high levels of testosterone and somatotropin help to increase the strength capabilities of muscles by increasing the contractile elements - muscle myofibrils.

Strength Training Modes

Strength training should begin with dynamic strength training. Depending on the type of exercise, the optimal number of repetitions in a set is 10-15, and it is recommended to perform the exercise only until slight local muscle fatigue. Depending on whether it is a developmental or toning workout, it is recommended to perform from 3-5 to 15-20 approaches to a specific muscle group per workout. After 1-2 weeks, you can include strength training 1-2 times a week in a static-dynamic mode with a reduced amplitude without muscle relaxation, but for now in a tonic mode, i.e. until the muscles become slightly fatigued during the approach.

Effective solution of three main tasks will allow you to make an optimal start in the preparatory period, solving more complex and significant tasks in various individual combinations, namely, tasks related to:

Increasing strength, speed and strength capabilities of muscles,
increasing the aerobic capacity of muscles,
increasing the performance of the cardiovascular system.

The physical training of a skier is aimed at developing the basic motor qualities (endurance, strength, speed, agility, flexibility) necessary in sports activities. At the same time, physical training is inextricably linked with strengthening organs and systems, increasing the overall level of functional training and improving the health of skiers. The physical training of a skier is divided into general and special.

General physical training (GPP), regardless of the type of skiing, has the main tasks - achieving high overall performance, comprehensive development and improving the health of skiers. In the process of general physical training, basic physical qualities are developed and improved. To achieve a high level of development of physical qualities and solve other problems of physical fitness, a wide range of various physical exercises are used. For this purpose, exercises from various sports are used, as well as general developmental exercises from the main sport - skiing. General physical training for young skiers is carried out approximately the same regardless of the intended future specialization. In the summer, for the purpose of diversified development, the training of young skiers widely includes exercises from other sports, mainly in the form of long-term movement - cycling, rowing, swimming, even running, various sports and outdoor games. The dosage depends on age, the stage of preparation in the annual cycle and many years of preparation, etc. In addition, a variety of exercises for the main muscle groups with and without weights are widely used to develop strength, jumping ability, flexibility, balance and the ability to relax. For qualified athletes and athletes, masters of sports, it is more specific and is built taking into account individual characteristics and the chosen type of skiing. But already at the early stages of training, it is very important to correctly select the means of general physical training and the methodology for their use in order to fully use the positive transfer of the developed physical qualities to the main exercise - skiing. This should not be understood as a complete convergence of GPP and SFP means. General physical training serves as the basis for further improvement of physical qualities and functionality.

Special physical training (SPT) is aimed at developing specific motor qualities and skills, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, strengthening organs and systems in relation to the requirements of the chosen type I of skiing. The main means of physical exercise are skiing and specially prepared exercises. Specially prepared exercises help to increase the level of development of the skier’s specific qualities and improve the technical elements of the chosen type of skiing. These include a variety of simulation exercises and exercises on simulators (movement on roller skis). When performing these exercises (during the snowless season), the muscle groups directly involved in skiing are strengthened, and the elements of skiing technique are also improved. Due to the fact that these exercises are similar to skiing both in motor characteristics and in the nature of effort, a positive transfer of physical qualities and motor skills is observed here.
Currently, one of the main means of special physical training of a ski racer is movement on roller skis. The expansion of its use is quite fair, however, a one-sided passion for roller skis and the complete exclusion of exercises from training are not able to completely solve all the problems of SPT. Therefore, in the training of a cross-country skier, mixed movement over rough terrain with alternating running and imitation of climbs of varying steepness and length should be constantly included in the training along with other exercises. The ratio of these funds depends on the level of preparedness of young skiers and individual muscle groups.

In winter, the main means of physical activity is skiing in a variety of conditions. Special physical training in the annual training cycle of a skier is closely related to other types of training - technical, tactical and special mental.

When building year-round training, as well as in the process of long-term training, a certain sequence and continuity are observed between various types of exercises, the use of which solves the problems of general and special physical training. At the beginning of the annual training cycle, most of the time is devoted to general physical training. As winter approaches, the ratio of funds changes in favor of TFP. The volume of exercises for this type of training gradually increases, but it is important from stage to stage to consolidate and maintain at the achieved level the skills acquired while studying the previous sections of training. Means of one type of training must be organically connected with the next type, while it is important to maintain continuity in the development and strengthening of individual physical qualities, muscle groups and systems. The ratio of GPP and SPP means and the dynamics of its change in the annual training cycle are influenced by the skier’s qualifications, his age and individual developmental characteristics in general and individual muscle groups, physical qualities, and the functionality of organs and systems. With age and increasing qualifications, the volume of general physical training funds gradually decreases and, accordingly, the volume of financial training programs increases. This ratio at various stages of a skier’s training, both in the annual cycle and in the process of long-term training, can change in one direction or another depending on the dynamics of the level of development of general physical fitness and physical fitness, but the general trend in changes in indicators remains unchanged. In general, the ratio of GPP and SFP funds is a purely individual issue. It all depends on the specific level of development of individual muscle groups, organs and body systems of young ski racers. Therefore, regardless of the stage of long-term training, even at the end of adolescence, the amount of general physical training funds can be very significant. The same picture can be observed among juniors, especially during the preparatory period.

General physical training (GPP) of an athlete is aimed at developing the functional systems of the body and strengthening health with the constant development of physical qualities: strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, dexterity, coordination abilities. Physical training is the foundation for the development and improvement of physical qualities aimed at achieving high sports results.

Strength is the ability to overcome or resist resistance through muscle tension. There are three main types of strength abilities:

1) Maximum or absolute strength determines the maximum capabilities that an athlete can demonstrate during muscle contraction. The level of development of maximum strength is decisive in sports such as weightlifting, wrestling, arm wrestling, hammer throw, discus throw, shot put.

Relative strength is the maximum strength per 1 kg of an athlete's weight. High levels of relative strength occur in sports such as artistic gymnastics, acrobatics, high jump, long jump, etc.

2) Explosive or speed strength is the ability to overcome resistance at high speed. It is especially typical in sports such as wrestling, sprinting, sprinting in cross-country skiing, rowing, etc.

3) Strength endurance - the ability of an athlete to maintain optimal power characteristics of movements for a long time.

Endurance is the ability to withstand fatigue when covering competitive distances.

The level of endurance development depends on the energy potential of the athlete’s body, the level of technical and tactical skill, mental capabilities, which provide a certain level of training and competitive activity and counteract the process of fatigue.

The level of endurance depends on many factors. Based on specific characteristics, endurance is divided into general and special, training and competitive, local, anaerobic, muscular and vegetative, emotional, static and dynamic, speed and strength.

The specifics of cross-country skiing make it possible to divide endurance into general and special.

General endurance (aerobic) is the ability of an athlete to perform non-specific work of moderate and high intensity for a long time.

In cross-country skiing, the competition program includes sprint, middle and marathon distances. Therefore, overall endurance must be ensured in different energy supply zones. The main mechanism of energy supply is aerobic, oxygen.

In cross-country skiing, the means of developing general endurance are walking, running, rowing, swimming, cycling, skiing and roller skiing, circuit training, labor processes and other cyclic locomotion of moderate and variable intensity. The duration of the load in one training session is from several minutes to 2-3 hours at a pulse of up to 140-150 beats/min.

In connection with the advent of sprint distances (sprint, sprint relay), the process of developing general endurance becomes significantly more complicated, since the generally accepted methodology for its development can hinder the development of speed qualities and high-speed technique. Therefore, when developing general endurance, it is necessary to use means aimed at developing speed-strength qualities, aerobic-anaerobic capabilities, flexibility and coordination abilities.

Speed ​​abilities are a complex of functional properties of the body that ensure the performance of motor actions in a minimum period of time.

The age favorable for the development of speed of motor reactions is from 7-8 to 11-12 years; speed of single movement - 11-12 years; frequency of movements - 12-13 years.

For a skier-racer, the maximum possible pace of movement, at which the technique of movements is maintained, is very important. To develop a high pace, short distance segments are used on the plain and on hills of varying steepness. Segments can be overcome with the maximum possible frequency, moving only through the work of the hands (alternating or simultaneous) or with a specific move. As a rule, the length of the segments used is from 50 to 500 meters on the flat and from 20 to 50 meters on the slopes. The number of repetitions is from 3 to 5 with restoration of heart rate to 120 beats/min. and from two to five episodes. The length of the distance (segment) depends on age, qualifications, and travel conditions. Its speed and pace should not decrease towards the end of the segment. Depending on the length of the segment, the intensity of the passage is determined. When resting between segments and series, you should use active rest. The passive interval with the normalization of autonomic functions reduces the level of neuromuscular excitation necessary to mobilize speed capabilities.

Flexibility is a person’s ability to perform movements with maximum amplitude.

There are the following types of flexibility: active and passive.

Flexibility is based on the mode of muscle work: 1) dynamic; 2) static; 3) mixed; 4) static-dynamic.

Active flexibility is the ability to achieve large amplitudes of movement in any joint due to the activity of muscle groups.

Passive flexibility is determined by the highest amplitude that can be achieved due to external forces.

Dynamic flexibility - flexibility demonstrated in exercises of a dynamic nature.

Static flexibility - flexibility demonstrated in exercises of a static nature.

General flexibility is the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude in joints and directions corresponding to the characteristics of sports specialization.

To cultivate flexibility, the following are widely used:

General developmental exercises with objects, with your own weight, with the weight of a partner, on gymnastic apparatus;

Stretching exercises (slow movements, rhythmic rotations, rocking of the arms, torso, legs, head);

Springy execution of exercises (bending to the sides, forward, backward, swinging arms, legs);

With the partner’s opposition, the weight of the object;

Systematic strength exercises in the form of maximum tension (holding a limb in a position abducted to the limit);

Passive movements on apparatus (due to body weight).

Coordination abilities are an integral concept that combines agility, balance, the ability to differentiate movements in space, accuracy (accuracy) of movements, the ability to differentiate muscle efforts, movements in time, tension and relaxation, and a sense of rhythm.

A significant place in the training system of a skier-racer is given to the development of balance, differentiation of movement in space and time, accuracy and precision of movements, and the ability to alternate tension and relaxation.

Balance is the ability to ensure postural stability in static and dynamic modes.

When performing a significant amount of exercise, balance is present. In the training of racing skiers, balance is one of the determining factors when learning the technique of skiing. To develop balance, as a rule, exercises and poses are used that make it difficult to maintain balance.

Differentiation of movements in space is the ability to maintain clear ideas about changes in spatial relationships in specific conditions of activity.

In cross-country skiing, a special place is given to developing a sense of snow, time, space, pace and rhythm.

Accuracy is the degree of coordination of the activities of the visual and motor analyzers.

The means of developing accuracy are various exercises (walking, running, jumping, throwing, general developmental exercises) with strict regulation.

The ability to differentiate muscle efforts is the presence of clear ideas about changes in force relations in specific conditions of activity.

The main methodological technique for developing the ability to differentiate efforts is the urgency of accurate information about the amount of effort being developed.

Special physical training (SPT) is aimed not only at developing specific motor qualities and increasing the functional capabilities of the body in relation to the conditions of competitive activity, but also mastering all methods of skiing.

The main means of SFP are:

Skiing;

Traveling on roller skis;

Traveling on artificial roads;

Specialized training devices that allow you to simulate the training load;

Specially preparatory exercises;

Mixed movement (running with imitation of lifting).

In the training process of a ski racer, an optimal combination of means is necessary for the development of special training. The share of the use of TFP funds in the annual cycle gradually increases as the winter season approaches and reaches its maximum values ​​in the autumn-winter stage of the preparatory period. The ratio of GPP and SPP and the dynamics of their changes in the annual training cycle are influenced by: qualifications, age, individual characteristics, functional capabilities of organs and systems. With age and increasing qualifications, the volume of general physical training gradually decreases, the volume of physical training increases and reaches the following proportions for high-class skiers: 70-80% - physical training; 30-20% - GPP. At the initial training stage, these proportions are: general physical fitness - 70-80%; TFP - 20-30%.

Special physical training is aimed at developing physical qualities (using SPT means) necessary for their implementation in conditions of competitive activity. To do this, use the following training methods:

Repeated;

Interval;

Variable;

Uniform (in development mode);

Control;

Competitive.

The repeated method is aimed at developing speed, strength, and speed-strength training.

The interval method is aimed at developing speed and strength endurance.

Variable and uniform methods are used to develop special endurance.

The use of control and competitive methods makes it possible to identify shortcomings in the training system and fully determine the level of special preparedness of a skier-racer.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Petrov Roman Evgenievich. Physical training of cross-country skiers taking into account bioenergetic types: dissertation... candidate of pedagogical sciences: 13.00.04 / Roman Evgenievich Petrov; [Place of defense: FGBOU HPE "Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism"]. - Embankments, 2014. - 175 p.

Introduction

CHAPTER I. State of the problem of studying the training process of cross-country skiers 12

1.1. Features of general and special physical fitness in the training process of cross-country skiers 12

1.2. Taking into account the functional capabilities of athletes’ bodies in improving the training process 23

1.3. Features of psychophysiological indicators of the neuromuscular system in the training process of athletes.33

1.4. Summary 43

CHAPTER II. Methods and organization of the study 45

2.1. Research methods 45

2.2. Organization of the study 53

CHAPTER III. Justification of the method of physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account bioenergetic types 55

3.1. The influence of training loads on the psychophysiological indicators of cross-country skiers, taking into account bioenergetic types 55

3.2. Features of the correlation between sports results and indicators of general and special physical fitness, functional and psychophysiological indicators of cross-country skiers, taking into account bioenergetic types 78

3.3. Factors that determine the sports performance of cross-country skiers taking into account bioenergetic types.87

CHAPTER IV. Results of an experimental study of ski racers aged 14-16 years .106

4.1. Results of testing the general physical fitness of ski racers 106

4.2. Results of testing the special physical preparedness of cross-country skiers.110

4.3. Results of testing the functional and reserve capabilities of the body of ski racers 113

4.4. Results of testing psychophysiological indicators of cross-country skiers 116

Conclusion.122

List of abbreviated words.128

Bibliography

Introduction to the work

Relevance. The Strategy for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 7, 2009 No. 1101-r, defines the role of physical culture and sports in the development of human potential in Russia. The sports development strategy speaks of increasing the competitiveness of our athletes on the world stage, especially at the Olympic Games. High sports results are largely a reflection of the country’s socio-economic development. To achieve the goals set in sports, it is necessary to use the full potential of the state, including science. Based on this, the growth of high sports results of our athletes requires the search for new and more effective methods and programs for training athletes, including in cross-country skiing.

Ski racing has undergone a lot of changes over the past decade. Due to the decline in the popularity of this sport, new distances began to be introduced into the program of World Cups, World Championships and Olympic Games. Along with new distances in cross-country skiing, specialization has appeared for sprint and stayer distances, as in athletics, swimming, speed skating, cycling, etc. Specialization in these sports largely determines the choice of means of physical training, however, the bioenergetic potential of energy supply to muscle activity is not sufficiently taken into account (A.A. Avdeev; M.E. Burdina; E.V. Vyalbe; S. Gaskill; A.I. Golovachev; Povareshchenkova; S. Franke; A. Hemmersbach; P. Jansen).

With the advent of sprint distances, the need for new, more effective methods of training cross-country skiers has increased. However, the main condition for the effectiveness of the training process in cross-country skiing, as is known, is the planning of the basic means of general and special physical training (N.P. Grachev; N.A. Guseva; I.V. Gushchina; V.M. Kovyazin; L.N. Korchevoy, T.I. Ramenskaya).

In the functional training of cross-country skiers, one of the main tasks is to train the mechanisms of energy supply to muscle activity, which is determined by such internal functional indicators as power, capacity, recovery, efficiency, mobilizability, and feasibility of metabolic processes. But still, the functional capabilities of the body are individual, which is associated with the genotypic conditioning of aerobic and anaerobic capabilities (I.G. Gibadullin; S.A. Dushanin; V.P. Karlenko; V.S. Kozhevnikov; S.A. Kugaevsky).

Some athletes are predisposed to developing endurance, others to developing speed, and others to developing strength, which is determined by the genotype of the athletes (I.I. Akhmetov; A.A. Bogatov; A.A. Kochergina; A.K. Moskatova).

I.I. Akhmetov and A.A. Kochergina, in a study of young athletes to identify the genetic potential of physical qualities, note that athletes who have genes with a pronounced predisposition to the development of speed and strength are not able to perform long-term physical activity, and vice versa, which should be taken into account when planning the main means in the physical training of cross-country skiers .

But if we take into account the genetic predisposition of cross-country skiers to a particular bioenergetic type of load, then the question arises: what means, methods, in what volume, intensity and at what stage of preparation should be used in the training process?

In the methodology for planning the physical training of cross-country skiers, some authors assign an important role to speed loads, others to power loads (V.N. Bukhtiyarov; Yu.V. Verkhoshansky; V.V. Kuznetsov; N.M. Tarbeeva), and others to volumetric loads ( V.K. Kuznetsov), but most of them do not take into account the genetic predisposition of the energy supply of muscle activity to a particular load. Therefore, in most scientific works on the methodology of planning sports training, there is not enough research that would take into account the ratio of various means of physical training of cross-country skiers, taking into account the bioenergetic type.

In the training process in cross-country skiing, the longest in the annual cycle is the preparatory period, which is considered the basis or foundation for the competitive period. Most authors suggest paying utmost attention to this period. In this regard, the most appropriate is to study the methods of physical training of ski racers during the preparatory period (A.A. Avdeev; I.M. Butin; I.G. Gibadullin; S.V. Levin; V.N. Manzhosov; I. B. Maslennikov; M.Ya. Nabatnikova; O.A. Nemova; V.T. Nikolaev; N.G. Ozolin; A.V. Permyakov; V.M. Senchenko; M.Yu. Timofeev).

Analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the topic of dissertation research indicates the existence of an objective contradictions: between the need to increase the efficiency of physical training of cross-country skiers and the insufficient scientific development of the problem of taking into account existing interindividual differences in bioenergetic type.

Purpose of the study: theoretically develop and experimentally substantiate a method of physical training for ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account the bioenergetic type.

Object of study: training process of ski racers 14-16 years old at the Youth Sports School.

Subject of study: structure and content of physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account the bioenergetic type.

Research hypothesis: It was assumed that the process of physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years in the preparatory period would be more effective if:

take into account the nature of the influence of various types of training loads on the neuromuscular system, taking into account the bioenergetic type;

consider the leading factors influencing sports results;

carry out the distribution of the total volume and fixed assets of general physical training and physical training according to the subjects’ belonging to any of the three bioenergy types: anaerobic, mixed or aerobic.

Research objectives:

1. Identify the peculiarities of training cross-country skiers and determine the degree to which the problem of physical training has been developed, taking into account bioenergetic types.

2. Determine and carry out the correlation dependence of sports results on general physical fitness, physical fitness, functional, psychophysiological indicators of cross-country skiers, taking into account bioenergetic types.

3. To develop and experimentally substantiate a method of physical training for ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account bioenergetic types.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study compiled: organizational and methodological foundations for managing the training process of young athletes (I.G. Gibadullin, M.Ya. Nabatnikova, V.P. Filin); methodological foundations of sports training (P. Astrand, Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, V.V. Kuznetsov, E.B. Myakinchenko, N.G. Ozolin, V.N. Seluyanov, etc.); methodological basis for determining the functional and reserve capabilities of the body of athletes (S.A. Dushanin, V.P. Karlenko); methodological basis of psychophysiology (L.F. Burlachuk, E.P. Ilyin, A.N. Kisilev, L.E. Lyubomirsky, V.L. Marishchuk, T.M. Maryutina, etc.); methodological foundations of the theory and methodology of skiing (R. Browning, I.M. Butin, S. Gaskill, A.P. Kizko, V.N. Manzhosov, A. Hemmersbach, etc.).

Scientific novelty of the research is that new data have been obtained in the training process of young cross-country skiers:

factors have been identified that reflect and ensure the achievement of high sports results among cross-country skiers of different categories, taking into account bioenergetic types;

the dependence of sports results on indicators of general and special physical fitness, functional and reserve capabilities, psychophysiological indicators of the neuromuscular system of cross-country skiers of different categories, taking into account bioenergetic types, has been established;

the nature of the influence of long-term, speed and strength training loads on the neuromuscular system of cross-country skiers of different categories was determined, taking into account bioenergetic types;

a methodology for the physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period was developed and justified, taking into account bioenergy types, which entailed an increase in general and special physical fitness;

It has been proven that the distribution of the main means of physical training of cross-country skiers, taking into account bioenergetic types, allows for the most effective implementation of the training process.

Research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature, diagnosis of psychophysiological conditions, method of express diagnostics of the functional state and reserve capabilities of the body “D&K-Test”, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Theoretical significance The conducted research consists in supplementing the proven theory and methodology for organizing the training process of cross-country skiers with data and conclusions of the dissertation, which explains the use of planning the volume of basic means of physical training, based on the predisposition of athletes to a certain bioenergetic type.

Practical significance is that the use of the developed method of physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account bioenergetic types, helps to increase general and special physical fitness, functional and reserve capabilities, as well as indicators of the neuromuscular system. The results of the experimental methodology can be used to improve the training process of sports schools, as well as national cross-country skiing teams.

Reliability and validity the results obtained are confirmed by the use of means adequate to the tasks and purpose of the study; the results of a pedagogical experiment with the participation of sufficient samples of subjects; use of valid and reliable diagnostic tools; correct use of methods of mathematical and statistical processing of experimental data.

Main provisions submitted for defense:

1. The distribution of the total volume of basic means of physical training of ski racers of the experimental group during the preparatory period was carried out based on the athletes’ predisposition to a certain bioenergetic type of organism. Race skiers of the anaerobic type were classified as sprint skiers, aerobic skiers were classified as stayer skiers, or distance skiers, and mixed type skiers were classified as both sprinters and stayers.

2. Planning the volume of basic means of physical training for ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period was carried out as follows: for ski racers of the anaerobic type, an increase in time for speed and speed-strength training was proposed, as well as a decrease in time for the development of general endurance and strength training ; for aerobic ski racers, it was proposed to increase the time for the development of general endurance and strength training, as well as reduce the time for speed and speed-strength training; mixed race skiers were given an equal amount of time between general endurance, strength training, as well as speed and speed-strength training.

3. Factors influencing the sports results of cross-country skiers of different categories, taking into account bioenergetic types, are: for the anaerobic type - special speed and speed-strength endurance with high excitability of the nervous system; for mixed type – special speed endurance, speed-strength abilities, partially general endurance, as well as high mobility, performance of the neuromuscular system; for the aerobic type – general endurance, strength endurance, high performance of the neuromuscular system.

4. The method of physical training of ski racers aged 14-16 years during the preparatory period, taking into account bioenergetic types, made it possible to most effectively increase the level of general and special physical fitness and the effectiveness of competitive activity.

Testing and implementation of research results.

The main results of the dissertation research were presented at international events (Krasnoyarsk, 2013; Odessa, 2013); All-Russian (St. Petersburg, 2013; Kazan, 2013, Moscow, 2014, Naberezhnye Chelny, 2014); interuniversity (Naberezhnye Chelny, 2012) scientific and practical conferences.

The main provisions, results and conclusions of the study are reflected in 12 publications by the author, including 4 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission.

The results of the study were tested in the process of implementation in the educational process of MBOU DOD "Youth Sports School No. 1" of the Elabuga Municipal District, in the educational process of the Elabuga Institute (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education KFU and the NF Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture and Technology".

Author's personal contribution consists in obtaining data that served as the basis for using the conceptual provisions of the study, the general design and methodology of the experiment on a given problem, in the processing of experimental material, its interpretation and evaluation.

Structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation is presented on 150 pages of computer text and consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, bibliography, applications and implementation acts. The list of references includes 209 sources, including 12 in a foreign language. The work is illustrated with 20 tables and 18 drawings.

Taking into account the functional capabilities of athletes’ bodies in improving the training process

In all cyclic sports, as in cross-country skiing, the training process is based on the physical preparation of the athlete. In turn, the physical training of a ski racer is inextricably linked with increasing the overall level of functional capabilities of the body, versatile physical development, and health promotion.

The physical training of a ski racer as a whole is subject to the general principles of developing physical abilities. However, general patterns are refracted in accordance with the characteristics of sports training, which is expressed, in particular, in the close combination of general and special physical training.

General physical training in cross-country skiing implies the foundation on which special training is built, which contributes to the diversified development of the basic physical qualities and functional capabilities of the athletes’ body.

Special physical training in cross-country skiing involves the development of specific qualities that increase the functionality of the athlete through the use of special exercises and simulators.

In cross-country skiing, general and special physical training is the basis of the training process. The goal of a ski racer is to show high seconds at a distance. Therefore, the main amount of time is devoted to general and special physical training when planning the training process. In turn, means and methods of training, intensity, frequency and duration of loads during a certain period of preparation are questions that remain constantly open.

According to I.M. Butin, when constructing a one-year training period at the beginning of the cycle, most of the time is allocated to general physical training; as the competitive period approaches, the ratio of funds changes in favor of general physical training.

Most authors agree that in general physical training the main time is devoted to the development of physical qualities: endurance, speed, strength, agility and flexibility. It is in the group of initial training of young cross-country skiers that the development of all physical qualities is laid down and the main amount of time is devoted to general physical training, according to some authors - up to 90% of general physical training and 10% of physical physical training. As the athlete’s qualifications increase, the volume of general physical training decreases, and the physical physical activity increases.

Thus, to complete the distance, a skier-racer needs to mobilize all his physical qualities and abilities. The development of all qualities has a positive effect on the growth of sports results, it follows that a ski racer must develop harmoniously all physical qualities and abilities. However, according to some authors, in the preparation of young ski racers, attention should be paid to sensitive periods of development of physical qualities. Most authors believe that the determining factor in achieving high athletic results in cross-country skiing is the development of endurance.

In turn, endurance depends on a number of physiological indicators that limit it: maximum oxygen consumption, the threshold of anaerobic metabolism, pulmonary ventilation, blood volume and composition, the level of capillary branching of muscles, the work of the cardiovascular system, the buffer system and muscle composition.

In this regard, many domestic and foreign experts propose to base physical training on the threshold of anaerobic metabolism, or more precisely, on the heart rate at the level of the anaerobic threshold. The power of the threshold of anaerobic metabolism can range from 80 to 90% of the maximum oxygen consumption, which thereby indicates the state of fitness of the body. High levels of the anaerobic metabolism threshold indicate good performance of the body as a whole. The lactate concentration in the blood at the anaerobic threshold does not exceed 4 mmol/l and lactic acid is utilized.

Based on this, in cyclic sports, most modern authors suggest using training at the level of the threshold of anaerobic metabolism. The presented sources indicate that these trainings increase the aerobic capabilities of the athletes’ body and thereby increase the level of general and special endurance.

When preparing young ski racers, many authors, first of all, recommend devoting a considerable amount of time to the development of general endurance, since it is the basic component of all types of endurance in the physical training of ski racers. Most of them refer to the fact that general endurance is determined by the performance of cross-country skiers in specific or non-specific exercises, characterized by the ability to perform physical activity of low or moderate intensity for a long time at a speed of 75-85% of the competitive speed and below.

Organization of the study

The modern system of the training process is characterized by heavy loads that place significant demands not only on the functional and reserve capabilities of the body, but also on the nervous system.

The nervous system regulates all processes occurring in the body, ensuring its individual adaptation to changing conditions, perceives the effect of various stimuli on the body, performs analysis and synthesis of stimuli, and then forms a flow of centrifugal nerve impulses, under the influence of which the work of certain organs changes.

Everything that happens in the nervous system is invariably reflected by the balancing of two important processes - excitation and inhibition.

The excitation process that occurs in any part of the nerve, caused by a certain stimulus, is carried out to the central nervous system or the corresponding peripheral organ. The speed of excitation in motor nerves in humans reaches 120 m/sec. In this case, the speed of passage of excitation in the nerve fibers of the arms is higher than that in the nerve fibers of the legs. Based on this, nerve fibers with a higher conduction velocity have a lower threshold than fibers with a low conduction velocity. Hence, the higher the threshold, the lower the excitability, and vice versa.

G.L. Berchansky and V.B. Rubanovich in his studies found that over time, in the most loaded muscles, the speed of propagation of the wave of excitation and repolarization increases, due to the frequent stimulation of nerve fibers during the activity of these muscles.

Also of great importance is the transfer of excitation from one nerve cell to another, the so-called nerve cell synapse. A large number of synapses on a nerve cell allows the perception of more different stimuli and thereby expands participation in various reactions of the body. There are especially many synapses in the higher parts of the nervous system. Many scientists have proven that neuron excitation occurs only when the sum of excitatory postsynaptic potentials is greater than the sum of inhibitory potentials. And therefore, the smaller the cell, the higher its excitability.

There is a close relationship between the size of a motor neuron and its excitability. The largest motor neurons have the greatest morphological characteristics. Therefore, the motor neurons that “serve” fast-twitch muscle fibers are larger than those that innervate slow-twitch fibers. Hence, the speed of propagation of action potentials directly depends on the size of the axon. Large motor neurons have a higher speed of excitation along the axon.

An imbalance between excitation and inhibition entails difficulty in forming a dynamic stereotype. Therefore, consolidation in the nerve centers of irritations emanating from working muscles, from working organs, in order to create a dynamic stereotype of a motor skill, a certain degree of excitability of the nerve centers is necessary.

Excitatory and inhibitory processes largely depend on the nature of the strength of the body’s nervous system, which is largely determined by the limit of the nervous system’s performance. The strength of the nervous system E.P. Ilyin characterizes it as the endurance of nerve cells, that is, their ability to withstand prolonged or very strong stimulation. The earlier extreme inhibition occurs, the weaker the nervous system.

V.S. A citizen in a study of highly qualified athletes notes that the level of endurance of athletes is closely related to a strong nervous system regarding braking, high dynamics of the braking process and low emotional reactivity.

A.S. Nazarenko and A.S. Chinkin found that less pronounced autonomic shifts from the cardiovascular system to vestibular irritation indicate a higher strength coefficient of the nervous system of athletes.

But a number of scientists have found that people with a strong nervous system are more easily exposed to the inhibitory influence of weak monotonous stimuli. Although it is said that a weak nervous system is exhausted faster during prolonged monotonous exercise. Based on this, the authors proved that a strong nervous system must withstand a long-acting stimulus of sufficiently high intensity and frequency.

Most authors characterize a weak nervous system by the speed of excitability in comparison with a strong nervous system. I.G. Karaswa, in a study of young swimmers, notes that a high connection is visible between the degree of increase in athletic performance and the strength of the nervous system.

When determining the course of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the nervous system, a large number of authors assign an important role to the level of mobility of the nervous system. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized as the speed of transition of excitation to inhibition and vice versa. The peculiarities of these processes underlie the speed capabilities of athletes and depend on the following features of the nervous system, such as the speed of occurrence of the nervous process; speed of movement of the nervous process; the rate of cessation of the nervous process and the rate of change from excitation to inhibition and vice versa.

Features of the correlation between sports results and indicators of general and special physical fitness, functional and psychophysiological indicators of cross-country skiers, taking into account bioenergetic types

Based on the results of the “Cross Step Circles” test, the following dynamics can be seen. In the group of category skiers, after a long training load, a decrease in the average performance of anaerobic athletes is visible - by 3.3 beats. and aerobic - by 0.8 beats, and in the mixed type group the average indicator increased by 2.9 beats. The number of mistakes made increased among skiers of all bioenergy types studied: anaerobic – by 6.7 beats, mixed – by 3 beats. and aerobic – by 2.6 beats. In the discharge group, there is a decrease in the average performance of all athletes: in the anaerobic type by 4.8 beats, in the mixed type by 8.8 beats. and aerobic – by 4.2 beats. The number of mistakes made increased in the anaerobic group by 9.1 beats. (p 0.01), and in the mixed and aerobic groups the number of errors decreased by 3.7 beats. and 5.2 beats. In the discharge group, the results decreased after long-term training for all the studied skiers: in the anaerobic skier - by 3.4 beats, in the mixed skier - by 1.6 beats. and aerobic - by 2 beats. The number of mistakes made increased among athletes of all types: anaerobic – by 6.6 beats. (p 0.05), mixed – by 6.8 beats. (p 0.05) and aerobic – by 2.3 beats. (p 0.01). After this training load, the number of mistakes made most significantly increased in anaerobic skiers.

After a high-speed training load in the group of category skiers, the dynamics of growth of average indicators in athletes of all studied bioenergy types is visible: anaerobic - by 2.2 beats, mixed - by 12.9 beats. (p 0.01) and aerobic – by 11.2 beats. (p 0.05). Also in this test the number of errors made increased: in the anaerobic type - by 12.5 beats. (p 0.05) and aerobic - by 7.8 beats, and in the mixed type the number of errors decreased by 2 beats. In the discharge group, there is an increase in the average indicators in the mixed type group - by 1.8 beats, and in the anaerobic and aerobic type the results decreased by 0.2 beats. and 1 beat. The number of mistakes made among anaerobic skiers increased by 12.1 beats. (p 0.05) and for mixed skiers - by 1.2 beats, and for aerobic skiers, errors decreased by 1.2 beats. In the discharge group, the results increased after speed training: in the anaerobic type - by 1.1 beats, and in athletes of the mixed and aerobic type, the results decreased - by 0.2 beats. and 1 beat. The number of mistakes made increased for all the studied skiers: for anaerobic skiers - by 2.5 beats, for mixed skiers - by 1.4 beats. and aerobic – by 7.2 beats. (p 0.05). The highest and most significant increase in indicators after speed loading was observed among skiers of the 1st category of mixed and aerobic type, an increase in the number of mistakes made – among skiers of the 1st category of anaerobic type and 3rd category of aerobic type.

The data from the “Cross step circles” test after a strength training load in the group of category skiers demonstrates an increase in average performance in skiers of all studied bioenergetic types: anaerobic – by 5.7 beats, mixed – by 10.2 beats. (p 0.01) and aerobic – by 8.4 beats. (p 0.05). In this test, the number of errors made by all athletes increased: in the anaerobic test - by 2.4 beats, in the mixed test - by 11.3 beats. and aerobic – by 5.2 beats. (p 0.05). In the discharge group, there is an increase in average indicators in the anaerobic type group by 8.5 beats, and in the mixed and aerobic type group the results decreased by 1.2 beats. and 0.2 beats. The number of errors made increased by 6.8 beats in the anaerobic type of athletes, by 0.8 beats in the aerobic type, and the errors decreased by 2.8 beats in the mixed type. In the shock group, the test results increased after the strength training load: in the mixed type - by 2.7 beats. and aerobic - by 0.9 beats, and in the anaerobic group the indicators decreased by 1 beat. The number of mistakes made increased in all groups of skiers: in the anaerobic type - by 6.9 beats, in the mixed type - by 9.7 beats. (p 0.01) and aerobic – by 7.7 beats. (p 0.01). A significant increase in indicators after power load is observed in skiers of the 1st category of mixed and aerobic type, an increase in errors – in skiers of the 1st category of aerobic type, 3rd category of mixed and aerobic type (Figure 10, 11).

In the “traffic light” test, the dynamics of the time indicators of a complex visual-motor reaction to the left hand is viewed as follows. In the group of discharge skiers, after a long load, time indicators increased for skiers of all studied bioenergetic types: anaerobic - by 100.3 ms, mixed - by 206.8 ms. and aerobic – by 58.4 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time results also increased for all athletes: for the anaerobic – by 125.2 ms. (p 0.01), for mixed ones - by 113.5 ms. and aerobic – by 74.2 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time also increased in all the studied skiers: in the anaerobic skier - by 185.7 ms, in the mixed skier - by 197.6 ms. (p 0.01) and aerobic – by 84 ms. A significant increase in reaction time is observed among skiers of the II category of anaerobic type and III category of mixed type.

After the speed load in the group of category skiers, reaction time indicators on the left hand increased in skiers of all studied bioenergetic types: anaerobic - by 9.7 ms, mixed - by 68.8 ms. and aerobic – by 58.4 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time results for skiers of the anaerobic type decreased by 10.7 ms, and for the mixed and aerobic type, the reaction time increased by 84.2 ms. (p 0.01) and 100.6 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time also decreased in athletes of the anaerobic type by 4 ms, and in the mixed and aerobic type it increased by 170.6 ms. (p 0.01) and 56.6 ms. A significant increase in reaction time is observed among skiers of the II and III categories of mixed type (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Indicators of the “traffic light” test of a complex visual-motor reaction of the left hand after various training loads in cross-country skiers of different categories, taking into account bioenergetic types

After a strength training load in the category skiers group, the reaction time indicators for the left hand increased in anaerobic skiers by 56.7 ms. and for mixed - by 125.8 ms. (p 0.05), and in the aerobic type the reaction time decreased by 20 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time results decreased in representatives of the anaerobic type - by 40.3 ms, and in the mixed and aerobic type, the reaction time increased by 72.7 ms. and 13.4 ms. In the shock group, the reaction time decreased by 33 ms in the anaerobic type, and increased by 45.3 ms in the mixed and aerobic type. and 2.5 ms. A significant increase in reaction time is observed among 1st category mixed skiers.

In the “traffic light” test, the dynamics of time indicators for a complex visual-motor reaction on both hands simultaneously can be traced as follows. In the group of category skiers, after a long load, the average time indicators increased for skiers of all studied bioenergetic types: anaerobic - by 115.3 ms. (p 0.05), mixed – by 71.3 ms. and aerobic – by 61.8 ms. In the shock group, reaction time results increased in the anaerobic type by 112 ms. (p 0.01) and in the aerobic type - by 74.4 ms, and in the mixed type, the time decreased by 14.5 ms. In the group of elite skiers, the reaction time increased for all athletes: for the anaerobic – by 159.5 ms. (p 0.01), mixed – by 94.9 ms. and aerobic – by 107.4 ms. A significant increase in reaction time increased in all anaerobic skiers.

After a high-speed training load, in the group of category skiers, the reaction time for both hands simultaneously decreased in the anaerobic type by 38.6 ms, and in the mixed and aerobic type, the reaction time increased by 71.3 ms. and 100.4 ms. In the shock group, reaction time results decreased in the anaerobic and mixed types by 34.2 ms. and 19.3 ms., and in the aerobic type the reaction time increased by 21.8 ms. In the group of discharge skiers, the reaction time decreased by 10.1 ms in the mixed type, and increased by 56.3 ms in the anaerobic and aerobic types. and 67.9 ms. There are no significant dynamics observed in these tests

Results of testing of special physical preparedness of cross-country skiers

In the “ten-fold standing long jump” test, all EGs showed positive dynamics: in the anaerobic type – by 1.4 m (5.8%), (t = 8.02); 109 mixed - by 0.8 m (3.5%), (t = 3.55) and aerobic - by 0.7 m (3.4%), (t = 3.66). Among the athletes from the CG there is a decline in results – by 0.1 m (0.4%), (t = 0.37). In the test “flexion-extension of arms while hanging on a bar,” an increase in average data is observed in all EGs: in the anaerobic type – by 2.4 (18.8%), (t = 2.35); mixed - by 3.5 (22.6%), (t = 3.95) and aerobic - 7.2 (60%), (t = 4.53). In the CG, an increase in average results is also visible - by 1.1 (7.7%), (t = 4.3). In the “flexion-extension of arms in a lying position” test, a positive dynamics of results is observed in all EGs: in the anaerobic type - by 10.2 (27.9%), (t = 5.38); mixed – by 14.5 (33.1%), (t = 7.65) and aerobic – by 23 (70.8%), (t = 9.38). In the CG there is also a positive increase in data - by 3.4 (8.4%), (t = 5.73).

Based on the results of testing the general physical fitness of ski racers aged 14-16 years, a significant increase in average indicators is observed in almost all athletes of bioenergetic types included in the experimental groups. A significant increase in results indicates the effectiveness of the methodology used for experimental groups of cross-country skiers. A high and significant increase in results among skiers of anaerobic type in speed and speed-strength types of general physical training indicates a predisposition of the mechanisms of energy supply to muscular activity in skiers of this type to the development of speed and speed-strength abilities.

The lower increase in the results of the control group indicates that when choosing means in the training process of cross-country skiers, the genotypic determination of athletes according to the bioenergetic type of the body was not taken into account. These results indicate that anaerobic ski racers need sprint training loads. This is the use of means and methods of physical training that mainly affect fast muscle fibers. Skiers-racers of the aerobic type are more likely to supply energy to muscle activity by long-term aerobic loads, as well as the use of those means and methods of physical training that affect the growth of slow muscle fibers, especially in strength training. Skiers-racers of mixed type energy supply to muscular activity are, in terms of their bioenergetic capabilities, on the border between athletes of anaerobic and aerobic types. Therefore, for ski racers of this type it is necessary to use training loads of both sprint and stayer nature. The low increase in results among cross-country skiers of the control group after the experiment suggests that in improving the physical training of athletes it is necessary to take into account bioenergetic types

According to the indicators of special physical fitness, the following dynamics are visible. In the test “running on roller skis 100 m alternately at a stepless pace,” positive dynamics are visible in all EGs: in the anaerobic type - by 1.4 seconds (7.5%), (t = 6.21); mixed type - by 0.8 seconds (4.1%), (t = 5.39) and aerobic - by 1.3 seconds (6.5%), (t = 6.86). The CG also shows an increase in the average result - by 0.2 seconds (1%), (t = 4.91). In the test “running on roller skis at 100 m in skating without pushing off the hands,” an increase in average indicators is observed in all EGs: in the anaerobic group - by 1 second (5.9%), (t = 7.59); mixed - by 0.8 seconds (4.5%), (t = 5.26) and aerobic - by 0.7 seconds (3.9%), (t = 3.17). In the CG there is also an increase in this indicator - by 0.2 seconds (1.1%), (t = 3.11). In the test “running on roller skis 100 m with simultaneous stepless movement,” an increase in average data is visible in all EGs: in the anaerobic type - by 1.2 seconds (7.6%), (t = 8.75); mixed – by 0.7 seconds (4.3%), (t = 4.90); aerobic – by 0.9 seconds (5.6%), (t = 4.29). In the CG, an increase in results is also visible - by 0.2 seconds (1.2%), (t = 4).

The results of SFP tests after the pedagogical experiment showed a significant increase in data for all ski racers in the experimental groups. The highest increase in indicators in SFP tests is observed in cross-country skiers of the EG anaerobic type. These SPT results indicate the effectiveness of speed and speed-strength training performed in the preparatory period of the training process by anaerobic ski racers. A high increase in some SPT tests in aerobic ski racers also indicates the effectiveness of a high volume of strength training performed during the preparatory period.

The low increase in SPT results in the control group also indicates the need to use basic means of physical training for cross-country skiers, taking into account the bioenergetic types of the body.

Based on the obtained indicators of the functional and reserve capabilities of the body of ski racers, the following changes are visible. In the “ANAME” test, a positive dynamics of data growth is visible in all EGs: in the anaerobic type - by 16.2% (t = 8.75); mixed – by 16.3% (t = 7.85); aerobic – by 17.9% (t = 5.68). In the control group of skiers, positive dynamics are also visible - by 1.3% (t = 1.72). In the “AME” test, an increase in average results was noted in all EGs: in the anaerobic group - by 15.9% (t = 10.26); mixed – by 17.3% (t = 6.24); aerobic – by 17.9% (t = 12.99). The CG also shows an increase in indicators - by 2.2% (t = 3.66). In the “OME” test, an increase in data is observed for all skiers from the EG: for the anaerobic type - by 16% (t = 10.65); mixed – by 17.1% (t = 6.66); aerobic – by 18% (t = 14.33). Skiers from the CG also showed a positive trend – by 2% (t = 3.18). In the ICF test, all ski racers from the EG showed an increase in these indicators after the study: in the anaerobic type - by 23.9% (t = 13.65); mixed type – by 21.3% (t = 10.09); aerobic type - by 18.2% (t = 6.97), in the CG a positive increase of 2.3% (t = 3.63) is also visible. In the “MGL” test, a positive increase in average data is visible for all skiers from the EG: for the anaerobic type - by 24.3% (t = 16.68); mixed – by 16.6% (t = 15.09); aerobic – by 7.8% (t = 12.41), which is also visible in the CG – by 3.5% (t = 7.40). In the “MAIEO” test, an increase in average results after the study is observed in all EGs: in the anaerobic type - by 3.6% (t = 3.53); mixed type – by 8.3% (t = 16.44); aerobic type – by 12.3% (t = 8.67) and in the CG – by 1.8% (t = 2.65).