The palmaris longus muscle receives innervation from. Sources of tendon grafts. Goose bump muscles

1. Brachioradialis muscle; m. brachioradialis.

Surface layer

1. Extensor carpi ulnaris, m. extensor carpi ulnaris.
2. Extensor digitorum, m. extensor digitorum.
3. Extensor of the little finger, m. extensor digiti minimi.

The muscles of the forearm, mm.antebrachii, are divided into three groups according to their position: anterior, lateral (radial) and posterior. In this case, the muscles of the anterior and posterior groups are located in several layers. In the anterior group, the muscles lie in four layers.

First (surface layer)

1. Pronator teres, m. pronator teres.
2. Flexor carpi radialis, m. flехor carpi radialis.
3. Palmaris longus muscle, m. palmaris longus.
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flехor carpi ulnaris.

Second layer

1. Superficial flexor digitorum, m. flexor digitorum superficialis.

Third layer

1. Flexor digitorum profundus, m. flexor digitorum profundus.
2. Flexor pollicis longus, m. flexor pollicis longus.

Fourth layer

1. Pronator quadratus, m. pronator quadratus

The lateral (radial) group includes:

1. Pleradialis muscle; m. brachioradialis.
2. Extensor carpi radialis longus, m. extensor carpi radialis longus.
3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis, m. extensor carpi radialis brevis.

In the posterior group, the muscles lie in two layers.

Deep layer

1. Supinator, m.supinator
2. Abductor longus muscle thumb brushes, m. abductor pollicis longus.
3. Extensor pollicis brevis, m. extensor pollicis brevis.
4. Extensor pollicis longus, m. extensor pollicis longus
5. Extensor index finger, m. extensor indicis.

Anterior muscle group of the forearm

First (surface) layer

1. Pronator teres, m. pronator teres, thick and the most short muscle this layer. It begins with two heads: the larger, humeral head, caput hwnerale, from the epicondylus medialis humeri, septum intermusculare brachii mediale, fascia antebrachii, and the smaller, ulnar head, caput ulnare, originating from the medial edge of the tuberositas ulnae. Both heads form a somewhat flattened abdomen from front to back, which turns into a narrow tendon. The muscle runs obliquely from the inside to the outside and is attached to the middle third of the facies lateralis radii. Action: pronates the forearm and takes part in its flexion. Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C7). Blood supply: muscle branches aa. brachialis, ulnaris, radialis.
2. Flexor carpi radialis, m. flexor carpi radialis, bipinnate, flat, longus muscle. It is located the most lateral of all the forearm flexors. In the proximal part, the muscle is covered only by aponeurosis m. bicipis brachii and m. palmaris longus, and the remaining, large, part of the muscle is covered only by fascia and skin. The muscle begins from the epicondylus medialis humeri, septa intermuscularia and fascia antebrachii and, heading down, passes under the retinaculum flexorum to the base of the palmar surface of the II (III) metacarpal bone. Action: bends and pronates the hand. Innervation: n. medianus [C6-C7-(C8)]. Blood supply: muscle branches a. radialis.
3. Palmaris longus muscle, m. palmaris longus, has a short fusiform abdomen and a very long tendon. Lies directly under the skin medially from m. flexor carpi radialis. The muscle originates from the epicondylus medialis humeri, septum intermusculare and fascia antebrachii and, approaching the hand, passes into the wide palmar aponeurosis, aponeurosis palmaris. Action: stretches the palmar aponeurosis and takes part in flexion of the hand. Innervation: n. medianus [(C7) C8].Blood supply: muscular branches of a. radialis.
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris, m. flexor carpi ulnaris, occupies the medial edge of the forearm. It has a long muscle belly and a relatively thick tendon.

Starts with two heads:

a) shoulder, caput humerale, from epicondylus medialis humeri and septum intermusculare;

b) ulnar, caput ulnare, from the olecranon, the two upper thirds of the facies dorsalis and the fascia of the forearm.

Heading down, the tendon passes under the retinaculum flexorwn and attaches to the os pisiforme. A number of bundles pass into lig. pisometacarpeum u lig. pisohamatum, which are attached to the hamate and V metacarpal bones. Action: bends the hand and participates in its adduction. Innervation: n. ulnaris (C8, Th1). Blood supply: aa. collaterale, a. brachialis et a. ulnaris.

Second layer

Superficial flexor digitorum, m. flexor digitorum superficialis, covered in front m. palmaris longus and m. flexor carpi radialis, leaving a mark on it in the form of furrows. The muscle itself begins with two heads:

a) humeroulnare, caput humeroulnare. long and narrow, from epicondylus medialis humeri et processus coronoideus ulnae;

b) radial, caput radiale. wide and short, from the proximal part of the palmar surface of the radius.

Both heads, uniting together into a common abdomen, end in 4 long tendons. The latter, moving to the hand, lie in the canalis carpi and are attached to the base of the middle phalanges from the index finger to the little finger. At the level of the proximal phalanges, each tendon is divided into two and therefore is attached not at one, but at two points - along the edges of the base of the middle phalanges. Action: bends the middle phalanges of the fingers from the index to the little finger. Innervation: n. medianus (C7-C8 Th1). Blood supply: aa. radialis et ulnaris.

Third layer

1. Flexor digitorum profundus, m. flexor digitorum profundus, is a highly developed, flat and wide abdomen, originating from the proximal half of the facies anterior ulnae and membrana interossea. The muscle is directed downwards, passing into 4 long tendons, which, having passed under the retinaculum flexorum, lie in the canalis carpi, located under the tendons of m. flexor digitorum superficialis. Then each of the tendons m. The flexor digitorum profundus passes between the legs of the tendons of the superficial digital flexor, attaching to the bases of the distal phalanges, from the index finger to the little finger. The tendons of the superficial and deep flexor fingers lie in the common synovial vagina of the flexor fingers of the hand, vagina synovialis communis mm. flexorum digitorum manus. The sheaths of the index, middle and ring fingers begin at the level of the head of the metacarpal bones and reach the distal phalanges, without connecting to the common sheath. Only the sheath of the tendons of the little finger is connected to the vagina synovialis communis mm. flexorum digitorum manus. Action: bends the distal phalanges of the fingers from the index to the little finger. Innervation: nn. ulnaris et medianus (C6-C8 Th1). Blood supply: muscle branches a. ulnaris.
2. The long flexor pollicis longus, m.flexor pollicis longus, looks like a long single-pinnate flat muscle lying on the lateral edge of the forearm. It starts from the upper 2/3, facies anterior radii and membrana interossea, from epicondylus medialis humeri. The muscle passes into a long tendon, which, moving downwards, lies in the canalis carpi, and then is surrounded by the sheath of the tendon of the long flexor pollicis longi, vagina tendinis m.flexoris pollicis longi, and, having reached the distal phalanx, is attached at its base. Action: flexes the distal phalanx thumb Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C8). Blood supply: muscle branches aa. radialis, ulnaris et a. interossea anterior.

Fourth layer

The pronator quadratus, m.pronator quadratus, is a thin quadrangular plate of transversely located muscle bundles directly on the membrana interossea. It originates from the distal part of the palmar surface of the ulna and attaches at the same level of the palmar surface of the radius. Action: pronates the forearm. Innervation: n. medianus (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea anterior.

Lateral (radial) muscle group of the forearm

1. Brachioradialis muscle, m. brachioradialis, fusiform, occupies the most lateral position. Somewhat below its middle, the muscle passes into a long tendon. It originates from margo lateralis humeri, slightly higher than epicondylus lateralis, and from septum intermusculare brachii laterale. Moving downwards, the muscle attaches to the facies lateralis radii somewhat proximal to the processus styloideus. Action: bends the arm in elbow joint and takes part in both pronation and supination of the radius. Innervation: n. radialis [C5-C6 (C7)]. Blood supply aa. collateralis et recurrens radialis.
2. Extensor carpi radialis longus, m. extensor carpi radialis longus, a spindle-shaped muscle with a narrow tendon, significantly longer than the abdomen. In its upper part the muscle is slightly covered by m. brachioradialis, in the distal section the tendon of the muscle is oblique, from top to bottom, intersected by m. abductor pollicis longus and m. extensor pollicis brevis. The muscle starts from the epicondylus lateralis and septum intermusculare brachii laterale, goes down, passes into the tendon, which, passing under the retinaculum ex-tensorum, is attached to the base of the dorsal surface of the os metacarpale II. Action: bends the arm at the elbow joint, extends the hand and takes part in its abduction. Innervation: n. radialis (C5-C7). Blood supply: aa. collaterales (a. profundae brachii) et a. recurrent radialis.
3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis, m. extensor carpiradialis brevis, is somewhat covered by the previous muscle in the proximal section, and in the distal section it is intersected by more superficially passing muscles: abductor and extensor pollicis. The muscle originates from epicondylus lateralis humeri, ligg. collaterale and anulare radii. Heading down, it passes into the tendon, which lies next to the tendon of the previous muscle in the sheath of the radial extensor carpi tendon, vagina tendinum mm. extensorum carpi radialium, and is attached to the base of os metacarpale III. Action: extends the hand and abducts it slightly. Innervation: n. radialis [(C5) C6-C7]. Blood supply: aa. collaterales (a. profundae brachii) et a. recurrent radialis.

Posterior muscle group of the forearm

Surface layer

1. Extensor carpi ulnaris, m. extensor carpi ulnaris, has a long fusiform abdomen and is located along the inner edge of the dorsal surface of the forearm. The muscle originates from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, margo posterior ulnae and the articular capsule of the elbow joint. Having passed into a short but powerful tendon enclosed in the sheath of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon, vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi ulnaris, the muscle is attached to the base of the dorsal surface of os metacarpale V. Action: retracts the hand to the ulnar side and extends it. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8].Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.
2. Extensor digitorum, m. extensor digitorum, has a spindle-shaped abdomen, and in the direction of the muscle bundles it is bipinnate. The muscle lies directly under the skin, closer to the lateral edge of the dorsum of the forearm, and borders on the ulnar side with m. extensor carpi ulnaris and with m. extensor digiti minimi, and with radial - with mm. extensores carpi radiales, longus et brevis. The muscle originates from the epicondylus lateralis humeri, the joint capsule of the elbow joint and the fascia of the forearm. In the middle of its length, the muscle belly turns into 4 tendons, which, passing under the retinaculum extensorum, are surrounded, together with the extensor tendon of the index finger, by the sheath of the extensor tendons of the fingers and index finger, vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicts, reaching approximately the middle of the metacarpal bones. Moving onto the hand, the tendons are connected to each other by non-permanent thin intertendinous joints, connexus intertendinei, and at the base of the proximal phalanx, from the index finger to the little finger, each tendon ends in a tendon extension that fuses with the articular capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Tendon sprains are divided into 3 legs, of which the lateral ones are attached to the base of the distal phalanx, and the middle one is attached to the base of the middle phalanx. Action: straightens the fingers, also taking part in the extension of the hand. Innervation: n. radialis (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.
3. Extensor of the little finger, m. extensor digiti minimi, is a small fusiform abdomen lying directly under the skin in the lower half of the dorsal surface of the forearm, between m. extensor carpi ulnaris and m. extensor digitorum. The muscle starts from epicondylus lateralis humeri, fascia antebrachii and lig. collaterale radiale and, moving downwards, passes into the tendon lying in the vagina of the extensor tendon of the little finger, vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti minimi. Coming out of the vagina, the tendon connects with the extensor tendon of the fingers, going to the little finger, and is attached with it to the base of the distal phalanx. Action: straightens the little finger. Innervation: n. radialis (C6-C8). Blood supply: a. interossea posterior.

Deep layer

1. Arch support, m. supinator, has the appearance of a thin diamond-shaped plate located at the proximal end of the forearm from its outer side back surface. The muscle originates from epicondylus lateralis humeri, crista m. supinatoris ulnae and the articular capsule of the elbow joint, is directed obliquely downwards and outwards, covering the upper end of the radius, and is attached along it from the tuberositas radii to the place of attachment of m. pronator teres. Action: rotates the forearm outward (supinates) and takes part in straightening the arm at the elbow joint. Innervation: n. radialis [(C5) C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. recurrens radialis, recurrens interossea.
2. Abductor pollicis longus muscle, m. abductor pollicis longus, has a flattened bipinnate abdomen, turning into a thin long tendon. The muscle lies in the distal half of the dorsolateral surface of the forearm and in its initial part is covered by the m.extensor carpi radialis brevis and m. extensor digitorum, and in the lower section - directly under the fascia anterbrachii and skin. The muscle originates from the posterior surface of the radius and ulna and from the membrana interossea, moving obliquely downwards, bends around the radius with its tendon and, passing under the retinaculum extensorum, attaches to the base of the first metacarpal bone. Action: abducts the thumb, taking part in the abduction of the entire hand. Innervation: n. radialis [C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
3. Extensor pollicis brevis m. extensor pollicis brevis, located in the lower part of the forearm along the lateral edge of its dorsal surface. The muscle starts from the membrana interossea, facies dorsalis radii and crista ulnae, goes obliquely downwards, lying next to the tendon m. abductor pollicis longus. The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by the sheath of the tendons of the long abductor muscle and the short extensor muscle of the palm of the hand, vagina tendinum mm. abductoris longi et ex-tensoris brevis pollicis. Having passed under the retinaculum extensorum, the muscle is attached to the base of the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Action: extends and slightly abducts the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation: n.radialis [C6-C7 (C8)]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
4. Extensor pollicis longus, m. extensor Vasa et nn. interossei M. extensor digitorum pollicis longus, has a spindle-shaped abdomen and a long tendon. It lies next to the previous muscle and starts from the membrana interossea, margo interosseus ulnae and facies posterior ulnae and, heading down, passes into the tendon, which lies in the tendon sheath extensor longus thumb, vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi. Then, going around the first metacarpal bone and emerging on its dorsal surface, the tendon reaches the base of the distal phalanx, where it is attached. Action: extends the thumb of the hand and partially abducts it. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae posterior et anterior.
5. Extensor index finger, m. extensor indicis, has a narrow, long, fusiform abdomen, located on the dorsal surface of the lower half of the forearm, covered with m. extensor digitorum. Sometimes the muscle is missing. It originates from the lower third of the facies dorsalis ulnae, passes into a tendon that passes under the retinaculun extensorum, and, together with a similar tendon of the extensor digitorum, passing through the synovial sheath, approaches the dorsum of the index finger and is woven into its tendon extension. Action: extends the index finger. Innervation: n. radialis [(C6) C7-C8]. Blood supply: aa. interosseae, posterior et anterior.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Palmaris longus muscle(lat. Musculus palmaris longus) - has a short fusiform abdomen and a very long tendon. Lies directly under the skin, internal to the flexor carpi radialis. Starts from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum and fascia of the forearm and, approaching the hand, passes into the wide palmar aponeurosis.

Function

Stretches the palmar aponeurosis and flexes the hand.

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Notes

Incredible facts

Some organs in the human body exist not because they serve a purpose, but because they were useful to our ancestors.

They remained as rudiments - physiological remnants of our evolutionary past.

Look closely and you'll see that they make sense within the framework of evolution by natural selection.

The structure of the human body

Palmaris longus muscle

The palmaris longus muscle is a vestigial muscle of the forearm. This is a group of muscles that runs from the base of the palm up the arm.

It can be found among many mammals, but it is most developed in those that frequently use their forearms for locomotion, such as monkeys and lemurs. 10-15 percent of people no longer have this muscle, sometimes it is present in only one arm, although this does not affect the compression force.

Often this muscle is removed by surgeons in cases where it is necessary Plastic surgery in other parts of the body.

Anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles

Some people can move their ears. The muscles that allow them to do this are vestigial: the anterior auricularis, superior auricularis and posterior auricularis.

These same muscles allow other mammals to move their ears to better hear sounds and determine their source.

In fact, people try to move their ears in the direction of the sound, but these movements are very small and can be detected using electrodes.

Goosebumps

When we're cold, tiny ones muscles attached to hairs on our body contract and raise the hairs, which causes goosebumps to appear on the skin.

In mammals covered with fur, this creates better insulation and a more intimidating appearance in case of danger. Emotional music can also cause goosebumps because it triggers the fight-or-flight response associated with the release of adrenaline.

Coccyx

The tailbone is also a relic of the tail of our ancestors.

Each of us had a tail at some point in our development - around the fourth week of fetal development. Human embryos are very similar to those of other vertebrates, including the tail. However, in humans and other primates, tail cells are programmed to die.

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Rudiments are “extra”, non-functioning organs or structures that are scattered throughout the human body. They are the ones who prove the difference between modern man and his ancestors.

website collected 6 evidence of evolution that is preserved on your body.

Palmaris longus muscle

Place your hand on a flat surface with your palm facing up. Place your little finger and thumb together and then lift them up slightly. Did you see a ligament on your wrist? This muscle is the “legacy” of our ancestors and is responsible for releasing claws and strengthening the grip when jumping from tree to tree. Don't worry if you haven't found it - modern life she's useless.

Goose pimples

The main causes of goosebumps are cold and danger. Wherein spinal cord produces stimulation of peripheral nerve endings, which raise the hair. In the cold, this allows you to retain more heat inside the cover, and in case of danger it gives the animal a more massive appearance. Goosebumps are also associated with strong emotional experiences and can appear from admiration.

Epicanthus

Epicanthus - skin fold on upper eyelid, characteristic only of the Mongoloid race. Most researchers believe that it arose as a result of the natural conditions of human habitation: severe cold, deserts and hot sun.

Lunar fold

This tiny fold of skin at the corner of the eye is a remnant of the nictitating membrane. In birds, reptiles and fish, it is fully functional and serves to keep the surface of the eye moist and intact. At some point, it became unnecessary for people, but they retained a small piece of this fold, connected to the muscles.

It is a short fusiform abdomen and a very long tendon, stretching almost from the elbow to the wrist. Oddly enough, 14% of people simply don’t have it.

Anatomical experts say that the absence of this tendon does not affect grip strength in any way. However, in case of any specific injury where the need for transplantation arises, it is a good source - a kind of spare part in the human body.

To check if you have it, gather all five fingers into a pinch and bend your wrist - the tendon is clearly visible in the wrist area, provided that it is present. In other mammals, this same tendon is responsible for releasing claws. Apparently, that’s why some people don’t have it - our species doesn’t have the need to extend claws.

Tendons different people may look completely different. The number of tendons and muscles is just as individual.

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