Anthropometry: Assessment of physical development. Evaluation indices

Level physical development determined by a set of methods based on measurements of morphological and functional characteristics. There are main and additional indicators. The first include height, body weight, circumference chest(with maximum inhalation, pause, and maximum exhalation), hand strength and back strength (back muscle strength). Additional anthropometric indicators include sitting height, circumference of body parts, and arm length. Let's look at some.

vertical stand, touching it with your heels, buttocks and interscapular area. The tablet is lowered until it touches the head.

When measuring height while sitting, the subject sits on a bench, touching the vertical stand with his buttocks and interscapular area. Having measured growth, it is necessary to compare it with global standards (Table 12.2). The average height of a man on the planet is 165 cm, and a woman is 154 cm.

Table 12.2. Generally accepted standards for human body length (height).

Body length can change significantly under the influence physical activity. So in basketball, volleyball, high jump, etc., body growth in length accelerates, while when doing weightlifting, gymnastics, acrobatics - slows down. Therefore, height is a guideline when selecting for a particular sport. Knowing the length of the body standing and sitting, you can find proportionality factor(KP) bodies:

Normally, CP = 87-92%, in women it is slightly lower than in men.

Body mass summarily expresses the level of development of the musculoskeletal system, subcutaneous fat layer and internal organs Body weight is measured in kilograms (kg) with an accuracy of 50 g. The subject stands in the middle of the scale platform and calmly measures his weight.

Using indices and formulas, you can determine the permissible body weight. For a more accurate analysis, it is recommended to use as many formulas as possible. Calculate the average.

Broca-Brugsch index:

height – 100, with a height of 155-165 cm;

height – 105, with a height of 166-175 cm;

height – 110, with a height of 176 cm or more

After calculations, 8% should be subtracted from the result.

Bernhard's formula:

Lorentz formula:

Cooper's formula:

For men

For women

IN last years evaluation indices and formulas have appeared that make it possible not only to calculate a certain parameter, but also to compare it with standard values.

Quetelet's formula:

More than 540 – obesity,

451-540 – excessive weight

416-450 – overweight

401-415 - good

400 – best for men

390 - best for women

360-389 – average

320-359 – bad

300-319 – very bad

200-299 - exhaustion

ü If your weight is within + 10% of the permissible ( ), then it is easy for you to maintain homeostasis (balance of the internal environment of the body);

ü if your weight exceeds adequate by 10-15%, then you have overweight;

ü if your weight exceeds adequate:

§ by 15-24%, then you have stage I obesity;

§ 25-49% - II degree obesity;

§ 50-99% - III degree obesity;

§ 100% or more – IV degree obesity;

ü if your weight is 10% or more below adequate, then you are underweight.

Excess or underweight poses a danger to human health. You need to change your dietary and behavioral program, and also choose a set of special physical exercise promoting weight stabilization.

Life index is determined by dividing the figure indicating the vital capacity of the lungs by body weight (in grams):

The average value for men is 65-70 ml/kg, for women 55-60, for athletes 75-80 ml/kg, for athletes 65-70 ml/kg. Indicators below average indicate insufficient vital capacity of the lungs or excess weight.

Strength index- this is the ratio of hand strength over strong hand(in kilograms) to body weight:

On average, the strength index is 65-80% for men, and 48-50% for women.

Index of proportionality between height and chest circumference:

Normally, this index is 50-55%.

Proportion between height and shoulder width is determined by the ratio of shoulder width to height (in centimeters) and is expressed as a percentage: for men - 22%, for women - 21%.

Index of proportionality of chest development:

If the difference is +5.8 cm for men and +3.3 cm for women or exceeds the numbers mentioned, this indicates good development chest. If it is below the specified values ​​or has a negative value, then the chest is poorly developed.

Body strength indicator:

In adults, a difference of less than 10 can be assessed as a strong physique, from 10 to 20 as good, from 21 to 25 as average, from 26 to 35 as weak and more than 46 as very weak. However, an indicator of body strength, which depends on chest circumference and body weight, can be misleading if large values ​​​​of body weight and chest circumference do not reflect muscle development, but are the result of obesity.

The results of assessments of physical development indicators according to standards can be depicted graphically - such an image is called an anthropometric profile. This method is used in medical and physical education clinics, as well as in working with national teams and athletes high class. Average data are developed from a mass representative survey. To obtain an anthropometric profile, deviations of an athlete’s individual indicators from the average data for a given group, age, and gender are assessed.

Body mass index (English: body mass index (BMI), BMI) is a value that allows you to assess the degree of correspondence between a person’s weight and his height and thereby indirectly assess whether the weight is insufficient, normal or excessive. Important when determining indications for the need for treatment.

Body mass index is calculated using the formula:

M - body weight in kilograms
h - height in meters,

and is measured in kg/m².

For example, a person’s mass = 85 kg, height = 164 cm. Therefore, the body mass index in this case is equal to:

BMI = 85: (1.64x1.64) = 31.6

The body mass index indicator was developed by the Belgian sociologist and statistician Adolphe Quetelet in 1869.

After calculating your BMI, the calculator will give you Quetelet index values ​​and recommendations.

Body mass index should be used with caution and for indicative purposes only - for example, when trying to estimate body type using it professional athletes may give an incorrect result (the high index value in this case is explained by developed muscles). Therefore, for a more accurate assessment of the degree of fat accumulation, along with the body mass index, it is advisable to also determine indices of central obesity.

Taking into account the shortcomings of the method for determining body mass index, the body volume index was developed.

According to an Israeli study, the ideal body mass index for men is 25-27. The average life expectancy of men with this BMI was maximum.

In addition, to determine normal weight body, a number of indices can be applied:

Broca's index is used for heights of 155-170 cm. Normal body weight is equal to (height [cm] - 100) - 10 (15%).
Breitman index. Normal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] 0.7 - 50 kg.
Bernhard index. Ideal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] chest circumference [cm] / 240.
Davenport index. A person's mass [g] is divided by his height [cm] squared. An increase above 3.0 indicates the presence of obesity. (obviously, this is the same BMI, only divided by 10)
Oder index. Normal body weight is equal to the distance from the crown to the symphysis [cm] 2 - 100.
Noorden index. Normal weight equals height [cm] 420/1000.
Tatonya index. Normal body weight = height-(100+(height-100)/20)

In clinical practice, the Broca's index is most often used to assess body weight.

In addition to height and weight indicators, the method for determining the thickness of the skin fold proposed by Korovin can be used. Using this method, the thickness of the skin fold in the epigastric region is determined (normally -1.1-1.5 cm). An increase in the thickness of the fold to 2 cm indicates the presence of obesity.

In order to understand whether you are “overweight”, you need to know what “normal” means. You think you're overweight, but are you? Assess your degree of completeness using recognized international methods.

Broca's index calculated in the following way:
- with a height of 155–165 cm, 100 is subtracted from height;
- with a height of 166–175 cm, 105 is deducted;
- for height over 175 cm, 110 is deducted.
Bernhard's formula: weight = (height, cm x chest volume, cm): 240.
Breitman index: weight = (height, cm x 0.7) – 50.
Gabs index: weight = 56 + 0.8 (height, cm – 150).
Lorentz formula:
ideal body weight = (height, cm – 100) - ((height – 150) : 4).
Weight according to M.E.DeBakey
Michael E. DeBakey is a world-famous cardiac surgeon who was one of the first in the United States to perform a heart transplant. His table of desired weight is based not on aesthetic and social considerations, but on the criterion of achieving and maintaining cardiovascular health. The table shows weight limits according to body type (we determine it by eye) and height. The more it exceeds the upper figure, the greater the risk cardiovascular diseases you are exposed.

What does normal weight mean?

We all remember the well-known rule: if you subtract 100 from height for men and 110 for women, you will get exactly the figure in kilograms that you need to strive for. However, this is too simple a formula that takes little into account (for example, it does not take into account body type, age, etc.).

Body mass index

Quetelet index(body mass index, BMI) is a more progressive option.
The body mass index indicator was developed by the Belgian sociologist and statistician Adolphe Quetelet in 1869.

BMI = weight (kg) / [height (m)]2
For example, a person’s weight = 60 kg, height = 170 cm. Therefore, the body mass index in this case is equal to: BMI = 60: (1.70 × 1.70) = 20.7
The results are compared with tabular data.

The body mass index should be used with caution, solely for indicative assessment - for example, an attempt to evaluate the physique of professional athletes with its help may give an incorrect result (a high index value in this case is explained by developed muscles).

Broca's formula

Ideal weight for men = (height in centimeters – 100) · 1.15.
Ideal weight for women = (height in centimeters – 110) · 1.15.

Example: Ideal weight for a woman 170 cm tall = (170 – 110) · 1.15 = 69 kg.

Broca-Brugsch formula

The previous formula was modified taking into account body type and non-standard height.

So, hypersthenics add 10% to the form, and asthenics subtract 10%.
As for height, they now propose to calculate it as follows (X is height in centimeters):
less than 165 cm: X - 100
165-175 cm: X - 105
over 175 cm: X - 110.

Already in this form the result is more optimal.
So, a girl with a normosthenic physique and a height of 168 cm should weigh: 168-105 = 63 kg.

Other indices for determining normal weight

Breitman index. Normal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] 0.7 - 50 kg.

Bernhard index. Ideal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] chest circumference [cm] / 240.

Davenport index. A person's mass [g] divided by height [cm] squared. An increase above 3.0 indicates the presence of obesity (obviously, this is the same BMI, only divided by 10).

Oder index. Normal body weight is equal to the distance from the crown to the symphysis [cm] 2 - 100.

Noorden index. Normal weight equals height [cm] 420/1000.

Tatonya index. Normal body weight = height − (100 + (height − 100) / 20)

In clinical practice, body mass index is most often used to assess body weight.

We must not forget that body weight also depends on a person’s age.
The following chart will also help you determine your weight category.

Weight table of academician A.A. Pokrovsky

You can also use a table developed by the Soviet biochemist, academician A.A. to determine normal body weight, taking into account gender, age and body constitution. Pokrovsky
Normal body weight at the age of 25-30 years (according to A. A. Pokrovsky)

Note. At the age of over 30 years, it is permissible to increase weight compared to the table for men by 2.5 - 6 kg, for women - by 2.5 - 5 kg.

Egorov-Levitsky table

The table shows Weight Limit for this growth.

Maximum permissible body weight

Many consider this table to be the most comprehensive and balanced approach to determining the presence of excess weight.

Features of determining normal weight for women

Using the Quetelet index
Ideal body weight is associated not only with a person’s body type, but also with his age. One of the calculation options is the Quetelet index.
So, for example, for girls 15-18 years old it is equal to the following values: for asthenics - 315 g, normosthenics - 325 g, hypersthenics - 355 g for every 1 cm of height.
For girls 19-25 years old, the Quetelet index will be equal to, respectively: 325 g, 345 g and 370 g.
For women 26-39 years old – 335 g, 360 g and 380 g per 1 cm of height.
In addition, for those girls and women whose height is below 1m 60 cm, the weight should be 10-15% less. This is especially necessary for girls under 20 years old.

Lorentz formula
A woman’s ideal weight = (height in centimeters – 100) – (height in centimeters – 150) / 2.
Or a simplified version: X/2-25, where X is height in centimeters.
Example: Ideal weight for a woman 165 cm tall = (165 – 100) – (165 – 150) / 2 = 65 – 15/2 = 57.5.
The obvious simplicity of the method has both a positive and a negative side. The Lorenz formula does not differentiate people by type (asthenic, normosthenic, hypersthenic), and does not take into account age and the presence of physical activity. The result can be considered quite average.
Please note that this formula was developed only for women and is in no way suitable for the stronger sex.
At first glance, it is too demanding on weight compared to the improved Brocca formula and rather indicates exactly the ideal weight when you were eighteen years old.
However, it is completely consistent with the body mass index (BMI), so it is quite possible to use it.
If you are upset by the proposed numbers, then just forget about it and use another formula. By the way, it still won’t suit women taller than 175 cm

Features of the figure
The percentage of fat in the female body. try to do perfect body like professionals, with 5% adipose tissue is unrealistic, since these values ​​​​are achieved with the help of special diets and special pharmacology. But 10% is ideal.
If we compare two girls with the same weight of 60 kg and different percentages of body fat - 10 and 20%, then the first one will have 6 kg more muscle tissue more than the second one. The appearance of both beauties will be strikingly different!
If girls with an hourglass figure just need to lose weight so that their ideal body proportions become visible, then pear-shaped girls need to focus on power training to build up a little muscle on narrow shoulders, and give preference to “apples” aerobic exercise and exercises for the lower body.

Psychologists strongly advise ignoring BMI and other standardized indices. If your reflection makes you happy, but the test showed a slight deviation from the norm, do not be upset about it.
Excess weight It’s hard not to notice, and a harmonious figure does not require additional confirmation.
Use your own common sense when critically assessing appearance. And don't give too much of great importance dry standard figures that are very relative.

Broca-Brugsch index:

The body weight is calculated using the formula:
height - 100 with a height of 155-165 cm,
height - 105, with height 166-175 cm,
height - 110 with height 175 and above.

Quetelet's weight and height index:

weight (g) / height (cm)

The average is 370-400 g per 1 cm of height in men, 325-375 in women. For boys 15 years old - 325 g per 1 cm, for girls of the same age - 318 g per 1 cm of height.

Number of grams
per centimeter of height Body condition index

More than 540 Obesity
451-540 Excessive weight
416-450 Overweight
401-415 Good
400 Best for men
390 Best for women
360-389 Average
320-359 Bad
300-319 Very bad
200-299 Exhaustion

Body mass (weight) for adults is calculated using Bernhard's formula:

Weight = (height x chest volume) / 240

The formula makes it possible to take into account body features.
If the calculation is made using Brock's formula, then after the calculations about 8% should be subtracted from the result: growth - 100 - 8%.

W. Stern (1980) proposed a method for determining body fat in athletes.

Body fat percentage = [(body weight - lean body mass) / body weight] x 100

Lean body mass = 98.42 +

According to the Lorentz formula, the ideal body mass (M) is:

M = P - (100 - [(P - 150) / 4])

where: P - human height.

Measuring the skin-fat fold

Measuring the skin-fat fold is essential when selecting for gymnastics, ballet, etc. It is convenient and quite objective to determine the thickness of the skin-fat fold with a caliper.

The thickness of the skin-fat fold depends on age, gender, physique, professional activity, sports, nutrition, etc.

The measurement is carried out on right side bodies. The skin fold is tightly squeezed with the thumb and forefinger or three fingers so that it contains skin and subcutaneous fat new layer. The fingers are placed approximately 1 cm above the measurement site. The caliper legs are applied so that the distance from the fold comb to the measurement point is approximately equal to the thickness of the fold itself.

Determination of density and composition of body mass

Body weight composition depends on physical activity human and nutrition. To correctly assess changes in body mass composition, you need to know the composition of tissues. Active body mass includes cellular water (liquid), all proteins and all mineral salts in cells and in extracellular fluid (that is, outside the skeleton). Low-active body mass includes body fat, bone mineral salts and extracellular water.

To identify the composition of body mass, total and subcutaneous fat content, muscle and skeletal mass are usually determined in absolute and relative values. Measuring the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer allows you to accurately determine these indicators by calculation.

The absolute fat content is determined quite reliably by the formula of Matiegka (1921):

D = d x S x k,

where: D - total amount of fat (kg), d - average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer together with the skin (mm), S - body surface (cm2) (see Fig. Nomogram for determining body surface by height and body weight), k - a constant equal to 0.13, obtained experimentally on anatomical material. The average thickness of subcutaneous fat including skin is calculated as follows:

d = (d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6 + d7 + d8) / 16

where: d1...d8 - skin thickness fat folds(mm) on the front shoulder (d1), on the back shoulder (d2), on the forearm (d3), on the back (d4), on the stomach (d5), on the thigh (d6), on the shin (d7), on the chest ( d8).

Nomogram for determining body surface by height and weight

This nomogram is convenient to use for completely manual calculations. But for use in automatic calculations it is much more convenient to use formulas for calculating the body surface:

BSA - body surface area (BSA); weight - weight; height - height

Dubois and Dubois formula:

Dubois and Dubois formula (modification):

One frequently used formula is the Mosteller formula, published in 1987:

Haycock formula:

Gehan and George formula:

Boyd's formula (Attention! Weight is in grams):

Fujimoto Formula:

Takahira formula:

To determine d in women, 7 folds are used; d8 is not measured. Accordingly, in the denominator of the formula, the number 16 is replaced by 14.

This method of determining total fat can be used in people of different sexes aged 16 years and older.

The relative fat content as a percentage of body weight is determined by the formula:

fat percentage = (L x 100) / W

where: D - total fat (kg), W - body weight (kg). For determining percentage fat, it is convenient to use the tables proposed by Pazziskova (1961).

To determine the mass of subcutaneous fat, the Matiegka formula is usually used:

D = 0.9 x S x d1

where: D - subcutaneous fat (kg), S - absolute body surface (cm2), d1 - average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer without skin (mm).
d1 = (8 skin folds / 16) - (skin fold on the dorsum of the hand / 2)
0.9 is a constant for the specific gravity of fat.