The anatomical structure of a swimmer and its influence on technique. Problems of formation of individual swimming technique. The Rise of World Class Swimmers

As you know, coaching experience is manifested not only in the ability to prepare a good athlete, but also in the ability to find a more gifted one.

Due to the insufficient development of the scientific basis for selection, it is especially important to study and disseminate best practices in the practical work of trainers. Based on this, we set the task of finding out, using a questionnaire (including 26 questions), by what criteria coaches select children in the pool, what exercises they use during selection, what they consider to be the main and what is secondary, etc. The survey was attended by 107 of the most productively working coaches of our country.

What did the analysis of personal data show?

Age of applicants. About 95% of the surveyed coaches take into account their age in the first stages of selecting newcomers. Of these, 13% of coaches prefer to recruit beginners 5-6 years old, 43% 7-8 years old, 34% 9-10 years old and 10% over 10 years old.

External data (physique). The greatest preference for visual assessment is given by 91% of trainers. 64% of trainers use exercises in water and 46% on land.

This indicates that today a coach makes a decision to leave a child in a youth sports school or not, focusing mainly on his appearance. Coaches strive to recruit tall children (91% of coaches), slim (68%), light weight (55%), long muscles (54%), and good posture (31.8%) for swimming lessons. By the way, GDR coaches mainly focus on these same morphological characteristics during selection.

Of the additional information given by trainers on the issue of physique, the following are interesting. Preference is given to boys and girls with broad shoulders and a narrow pelvis (T. I. Talyanskaya), slender, “lean”, with a narrow pelvis (G. V. Yarotsky), with long limbs, large hands and feet (S. S. Borodchak , Yu. P. Burmensky, Yu. F. Zheleznoye, A. M. Karpova, I. M. Koshkin, L. P. Kreer, etc.).

Trainers note the importance of such features as thin wrists and joints (O. P. Rimsh, I. M. Chumakova), indicating the lightness of the bone skeleton, as well as the volume and structure of the chest (F. B. Zhitkova, 3. T. Pakhomova ), characterizing the functionality of the respiratory system and buoyancy.

Honored coach of the RSFSR N.M. Nesterova considers “dry” legs and “sharp” knees in beginners to be one of the positive signs that determine successful swimming lessons. Honored Coach of the USSR I. Yu. Kistyakovsky names lightness of legs and relative strength of arms as the main indicator of a newcomer’s prospects.

Due to the fact that the morphological characteristics of a person are closely related to his functional indicators, one can determine by appearance a predisposition, for example, to work of a speed-strength nature (anaerobic performance) or to work requiring endurance (aerobic performance).

Research we conducted on the strongest young swimmers in Moscow showed that children who have the best results in 50 and 100 m freestyle swimming have greater weight, shoulder width, hip circumference, height, arm and leg length. At medium and long distances, athletes who are successful are those who are lighter in weight, have less muscle mass, have thin wrists and ankles, have better streamlining and buoyancy, and have a greater ability to withstand fatigue (the ability to “endure”).

Named coaches a number of other factors that should be taken into account when selecting. Among them are the proximity of the place of residence of those coming from the pool (67% of coaches), the general appearance of the child, complexion, characterizing health, physique (72%), and the sports background of the parents (68% of coaches).

Many coaches (N. M. Nesterova, T. A. Klembrovskaya, O. N. Prokhorov, etc.) prefer to select children who are smart, have “live” eyes, and do well in secondary school.

Exercises used in selection. Trainers use various exercises (tests), which help identify such qualities as flexibility, body streamlining and buoyancy, physical fitness, etc. Exercises for testing flexibility are especially widely used (87%): bending the body in different directions, various abductions and adductions arms, flexion and extension at the ankle joints, abduction of the arms up and back (mobility in the shoulder joints), rotation of the arms; imitation of crawl footwork; performing a “bridge” or an exercise such as reaching the corner of the shoulder blade with the opposite hand.

To determine the ability to relax, O. P. Rimsh and G. V. Yarotsky offer the following test: taking a beginner’s hand by the palm, holding it suspended, forcing all its muscles to relax, then letting go; in this case, the hand should fall down like a “lash” - sluggishly and “lifelessly”.

More than 30% of respondents consider it necessary to identify the functional capabilities of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems using the Stange test (determining the duration of breath holding).

In water, the most effective in determining the talent of children, according to 31.4% of trainers, are exercises in sliding without moving the legs and swimming with a board with movements of the legs.

Basic criteria for inclusion in training groups. All trainers put health (99% of trainers), hard work (99%), and performance indicators first. (99%), desire to swim and attendance (98%), mastering swimming techniques (98%), school performance (78%).

Coaches include the most typical signs of good swimming technique: high body position, streamlining and buoyancy (56% of coaches), rhythm (36%), “propulsion” from the stroke (33%), as well as softness, lightness and freedom of movement (N. A. Alexandrova, T. I. Talyanskaya, G. V. Yarotsky).

Regarding the differences between the selection of boys and girls, coaches note that girls need to be recruited into the Youth and Youth Swimming Sports School 1-2 years earlier (by age), since their dropout rate for various reasons is greater than that of boys. Regarding the criteria for selecting girls and boys, coaches express the following opinions: “I give preference to emotional and independent boys, tall and emotional girls” (V.L. Krasilnikov);
“In boys I pay attention to the length of the legs, in girls - on height and general physical development” (A. N. Davitashvili); “It is very important for girls to pay attention to the prospects for physical development” (I. Yu. Kistyakovsky).

Of practical interest is the following, for example, characteristic given by experienced coaches: boys quickly get used to the water and learn sports swimming methods, they are bolder than girls, but girls are more disciplined, they master movements better, have more stable attention and greater diligence, it is easier with them, calmer; boys overestimate their capabilities more, and girls underestimate them; they are more likely to have a fear of water; boys come to the pool on their own, girls are more shy, they are mostly brought; girls need to be more interested, but it is easier to work with them, since they are more attentive, more organized, and quickly grasp the trainer’s explanations; You need to be more demanding of boys, you need to be “tough” with them; girls require more gentle handling.

Psychological qualities of the future champion, his character. Even the highest qualities will not be realized in sports results without the active mobilization of the moral and volitional resources of the individual. And such mobilization is impossible without will, character, and focus.

Answering the questionnaire, coaches indicate that the character traits of the future champion should be dedication to the sport, enthusiasm, desire to become a champion (M. S. Farafonov, V. A. Gushcha, N. F. Kryukova, etc.), strong character (L. P. Kreer), independence, inquisitiveness, emotionality, liveliness (N. M. Nesterova, F. B. Zhitkova, V. P. Bannikov). They emphasize that the coach should facilitate the development of these qualities, and not suppress them.

M. N. Kremleva, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, State Center for Physical Education, Moscow

It should be noted right away that when predicting swimming ability, focusing only on sports results is insufficient. As you know, sports success in childhood and adolescence is not a guarantee of achieving high skill in the future. The advantage of one child over another may be caused by different rates of maturation, and this factor, if not taken into account, can significantly distort the accuracy of the forecast. The current practice of selecting children and youth sports schools based on the results of control exercises performed by children of the same age creates advantages for accelerated athletes and limits the path to big-time sports for children with somewhat delayed development, who potentially have no less athletic abilities.

Criteria such as the speed of mastering techniques or extensive training experience are also unreliable for determining the true talent of a swimmer.

The basis for forecasting is the stability of certain indicators indicating swimming ability. Stable characteristics are those that retain their significance during the growth and development of a child, boy or girl. These include: height (body length), physical performance, joint mobility, strength capabilities. Sometimes these indicators are called conservative because they are difficult to change as a result of training and are largely determined by heredity. That is why they serve as reliable guidelines for sports selection, in contrast to non-conservative traits. The latter can be significantly improved during training, and should be relied upon only when determining the degree of training and the state of sports form. Of course, stable indicators also improve under the influence of training, but the magnitude of their change largely depends on natural conditions.

Height. For forecasting, the ability to predict the height of an adult based on a child’s height is of great importance (figure). From the data shown in the figure, it is clear that the age range from 8 to 12 years is optimal for predicting growth values ​​in the future (correlation coefficient 0.8-0.9). For example, boys reach 86% of their future height by age 12. When predicting the height and physique of children based on these dependencies, the obtained values ​​should be considered more as an indicator of expected development, and not as an exact prediction.

Correlation coefficients between height values ​​of the same person in childhood and adulthood. Summary chart compiled according to data from foreign authors:
1 - J. Tanker, 2 - R. D. Tuddenham and M. Y. Snider, 5 - K. Simmons, 4 and 5 F. K. Schuttelworth

It must be taken into account that different parts of the human body grow at different rates. Thus, the foot at any age turns out to be closer to adult size than the lower leg, and the lower leg is closer than the thigh (J. Tanner). Therefore, for example, foot length in combination with other measurements may serve as a more reliable indicator in predicting height than height itself.

Physical performance. For success in swimming (as in other cyclic sports), the physical performance (and, therefore, endurance) of the athlete is of great importance. Is it possible, by assessing a child’s natural prerequisites for the development of this quality, to predict his future development?

Let us present experimental material characterizing the stability of the endurance indicator in children 11-18 years old, who were under observation for 8 years (Ulbrich). Correlation coefficients were calculated between heart rates in the same children performing a standard load at different ages:

The results obtained indicate that physical performance indicators are quite stable. Thus, successful prediction of the development of this quality in the future (in an adult athlete) can be done at the following ages: for girls up to 11 years old, for boys up to 12 years old.

It should be borne in mind that during puberty (girls 11-12 years old, boys 13-15 years old), predicting physical performance, as well as height, is less reliable.

As is known, sports performance is an integral indicator of physical performance. Moreover, high achievements in swimming over medium and long distances indicate well-developed aerobic performance in the swimmer’s body, while successful performances at short distances indicate high anaerobic capabilities.

To determine the prognostic significance of sports results shown in youth, correlation coefficients were calculated between the highest achievements of the strongest swimmers in the world (USA, Australia and Europe) in 100 and 1500 m freestyle swimming and their results in adolescence:

The analysis showed that there is a weak connection between the best results of the world's strongest swimmers and their youth achievements at a distance of 100 m, while for a distance of 1500 m this dependence is quite strong. Consequently, the stability of the aerobic component of endurance is much higher.

Therefore, high sports results shown in adolescence in middle and long distance swimming will have prognostic significance for further success, while in 100 m swimming such a forecast must be made very carefully, based on the results shown no earlier than 16-18 years.

Mobility in the joints. Good swimmers tend to have a high degree of mobility in their joints. To determine the stability of this indicator, passive mobility in the ankle joint was measured for four years in the same group of the strongest swimmers aged 11-14 years. Correlation coefficients, mean values ​​of characteristics, and standard deviations from mean values ​​for each age group were calculated between the results of repeated measurements (Table 1).

A significant relationship between repeated measurements of passive mobility in the ankle joints indicates the high stability of this sign, and therefore the possibility of predicting its development.

Strength indicators. Simultaneously with mobility in the joints, strength characteristics were determined in the same group of young swimmers in terms of deadlift and traction force in water (Table 2).

A reliable relationship between the values ​​obtained from repeated measurements of strength characteristics also indicates the high stability of this quality, which allows us to predict its development with sufficient confidence.

Thus, there is reason to believe that it is possible to determine potential swimming abilities with greater confidence than before, focusing on indicators of growth, physical performance, joint mobility and strength. We present the average values ​​of these indicators for the strongest young swimmers of three age groups (Table 3).

When predicting swimming ability, it is necessary to check the swimmer’s initial level of development of all indicators listed in table. 3. Measurements are carried out with an accuracy sufficient for practical work. When assessing ability, it is necessary to compare the results of children who have undergone the examination.

The most promising in terms of swimming should be considered children who have the best performance in all tests or high in one or two and somewhat less high in the rest. If the digital measurement indicators at 10-12 years of age correspond to the standards presented in table. 3, then we can predict with sufficient confidence the dynamics of the development of these characteristics in subsequent years. For an approximate check of the growth rates of these indicators in Table. Table 3 shows average data for the age groups 13-14 and 15-16 years.

Roger Pyttel (GDR) became the European record holder in the 200m butterfly in 1974, when he was 17 years old, but several years before that he had a high level of swimming ability.

However, a high level of swimming ability in itself is not a guarantee of success. Excellent performance, joint mobility and strength will not be realized in sports results if the young man does not have a motivational basis, does not have a strong will, enormous desire, interest, love of swimming, which helps to endure difficulties, endure difficult training and temporary failures, and adhere to strict mode of life. The child must understand that swimming is not only fun and active recreation, but also serious work.

Along with the search for talent, the most important are organizational and methodological factors that determine the direction of pedagogical influence at different stages of a young swimmer’s long-term training: careful study by the coach of the content of programs for youth swimming schools; a properly structured system of competitions in age groups, etc. It is necessary to note such a positive fact as the inclusion of medium and long distances in the traditional all-Union competition for children 12 years and younger “Jolly Dolphin”. This means that basic training at the Youth and Youth Swimming Sports School will have an aerobic focus in accordance with international standards.

A positive role is played by the abolition of the old and the introduction of a new system of rewarding coaches, according to which they receive high marks for training absolute winners and prize-winners of all-Union and international competitions, and not for champions in age groups.

All this ensures targeted training of young swimmers without forcing, which prematurely consumes the physical and mental resources of the young body.
N. Zh. Bulgakova, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, GTSOLIFK, Moscow

Municipal autonomous educational institution

additional education

"Center of children's creativity"

World Class Leading Swimmers

The ability to swim is a vital skill that allows a person to feel much freer and more confident in the world around them.

Prepared by: Additional education teacher

highest qualification category

Boyko Albina Vladimirovna

Birobidzhan 2015

Vladimir Salnikov President of the Russian Swimming Federation

Date of birth: May 21, 1960 Place of birth: Leningrad Place of residence: Height: 1.81 m Weight: 74 kg

Specialization: 400 and 1500m h/s

Four-time Olympic champion,

four-time world champion,

six-time European champion and

multiple planet record holder

near Sverdlovsk-45 (now Lesnoy) Place of residence: Moscow Height: 2.00 m Weight: 89 kg

50m back

Four-time Olympic champion

Date of birth: April 30, 1983 Place of birth: Place of residence: Moscow Height: 1.84 m Weight: 83 kg

Specialization: 50 and 100 m butterfly

Captain of the Russian swimming team.

World champion, European champion

(Moscow region) Place of residence: Penza Height: 1.82 m Weight: 70 kg

Specialization: 50, 100 and 200 m backstroke

World champion, vice-champion of the 2012 Olympic Games

Date of birth: April 3, 1992 Place of birth: Grozny Place of residence: Taganrog Height: 1.82 m Weight: 60 kg

Specialization: breaststroke

Bronze medalist at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, three-time world champion, three-time European champion

Danila Izotov

Height: 1.95 m Weight: 76 kg

Specialization: 100 and 200 m high/s

Prize-winner of the Olympic Games and World Championships, European champion.

Danila Izotov

Michael Phelps (left), Paul Biederman (center) and Danila Izotov

Date of birth: March 19, 1997 Place of birth: Kaunas (Lithuania) Place of residence: Plymouth (UK) Height: 1.72 m Weight: 64 kg

Specialization: 50 and 100 m high/s,

50 and 100 m breaststroke

Olympic champion (2012) and world champion (2013)

Date of birth: June 30, 1985 Place of birth: Baltimore (USA) Place of residence: Height: 1.93 m Weight: 88 kg

Specialization: 100, 200 m butterfly,

200 and 400 m c/p,

100, 200, 400 m back, 100 and 200 m back

18-time Olympic champion, 26-time world champion

The secret to success in swimming is absolutely

not in height or bicep girth,

and in amazing hard work, unique performance

and unshakable faith in yourself!

Prepared by A.V. Boyko

kopilkaurokov.ru

Problems of developing individual swimming technique

Along with the swimming load, an important place in the training plan is given to improving technique. What is the relationship between technique and stress-related work and physiological effects?

Let's look at the most modern idea of ​​freestyle swimming technique. In the twenties, the most important characteristic of freestyle swimming was the movement of the arms, similar to the movement of the wings of a windmill. Almost no attention was paid to the movements of the legs. In 1932, the Japanese came to the conclusion that when swimming freestyle, the legs play the main role in moving the body forward. This is how the variant of slow-paced movement of the arms and their sliding (in freestyle swimming) was born. Since 1956, arm movements have come to the fore, and trainers have again begun to talk about the arms being of primary importance in moving the body forward. The role of the legs was limited to the fact that they should provide the swimmer with balance - a flat, streamlined position of the body in the water. Around the time of the Tokyo Olympics, it was again discovered that it was possible to propel oneself by moving one's legs and that energy should be put to the service of achieving greater swimming speed.

According to the latest ideas, the body position of an athlete swimming freestyle in the water should be flat, and the head should be in line with the body. There is no question of raising your head high, as Johnny Weissmuller recommended and did in his time to ensure a high body position in the water. The second important point of view: at present, rotation around the longitudinal axis of the body is not only recognized everywhere, but even taught. This system moves the upper major muscles of the chest and back. Body turns of 45-50° in both directions can be seen quite often; moreover, there are many cases when this “roll” even reaches 60°. Snake-like movements to the right and left are also noted. For swimmers with more energetic, tempo leg movements, these left-right oscillations are often barely noticeable to the eye, but as for athletes who swim with power, such movements are striking. Basically, everything is determined by the swimmer’s constitution. Swimmers with a flexible physique swim more beautifully and elegantly than swimmers with a powerful physique. Coaches should be aware of this difference in body constitution at the very beginning of training with a swimmer.

The latest fashion regarding leg movements is their shallow immersion, an almost imperceptible crawl, in which even the largest deviation of the foot does not go beyond the cross-sectional line of the body. This is due to the fact that in freestyle swimming, the athlete's arms propel him forward first, while the legs support the torso in balance, performing the same role as the arms do when running.

Nowadays, many coaches require “narrowed” leg movements from the swimmer, because they are afraid that the splashes that occur during vigorous leg movements disperse forces and delay the swimmer’s progress. Of course, such a danger does exist, especially for swimmers with relaxed ankles. Mechanics have confirmed that when swimming freestyle, the movements of the legs only represent a source of force moving the body forward until the legs, moving simultaneously from the lower and upper points, almost touch one another. Obviously, if we want to use the movements of the legs to propel the swimmer faster, then they must approach one another with force, and then very easily move away from each other.

It can be said that every modern coach has his own theory regarding the cycle of arm movement underwater during freestyle swimming. Most of them believe that movements underwater should be performed with arms bent at the elbows. In the air, the arms can be either extended or bent, raised high or low above the water, and lowered into the water at shoulder width or in line with the longitudinal axis of the body. None of this is of fundamental importance. Hand movements in the air do not in any way affect the speed of swimming, and hence the result.

Such movements can affect swimming speed only indirectly, since in freestyle swimming the arms move alternately. The path and direction of a hand above the surface of the water can affect the path and direction of a hand moving underwater.

According to most experts, your arms should move underwater with your elbows bent. As for the angle of bend of the elbow and the strength of the push, opinions differ here. For example, Steve Clark, the fastest swimmer in the world, performs movements underwater with a completely outstretched arm, and James Councilman's swimmers prefer to strongly bend their arms under water so that their fingers almost touch their chest.

In general, we impose the same requirements on freestyle swimmers as on backstroke swimmers: those who are taller than average or have long arms swim with their arms bent. Short swimmers with relatively short arms, such as most Japanese, perform movements underwater with their arms outstretched.

It should be noted that the degree of arm bending depends entirely on the swimmer’s individual data. The length and strength of the arms and the size of the palm determine the degree of flexion. Summarizing all this, we easily come to the conclusion that for every swimmer the most natural movement of the arms will at the same time be the most appropriate movement.

In recent years, coaches have placed great emphasis on arm movements during the push phase. The mentioned pushing phase is part of the movement of the arm from the waist to the hip. There is a lot of talk about swimmer breathing patterns and breathing times.

Analysis shows that most freestyle swimmers use explosive breathing: after inhaling, they hold the air for a short time and then vigorously exhale it into the water. Apparently, this is the most natural way of breathing in water, a variant of normal breathing used in conditions of being in water.

From the point of view of swimming technique, the most appropriate moment for inhalation will be when the hand in front reaches the surface of the water, and the hand from which the inhalation is made completes the pushing movement or is just emerging from the water.

In no case should the inhalation coincide with the movement of any of the arms that provide the swimmer with advancement, since in this case it will interfere with the work of the muscles that promote forward movement.

Despite this, many of the strongest swimmers take a breath at the moment when their hand rushes forward (the second hand is in the middle of the pushing movement at this time). All this shows that even well-founded recommendations on swimming technique should not be regarded as some kind of immutable laws or recipes.

Most of the strongest swimmers use the so-called breath-holding method. Undoubtedly, without inhaling, a swimmer swims faster, since his position in the water is “smoother”, and the involuntary body vibrations that occur during breathing are absent. Hans Joachim Klein, competing in the final of the Budapest Universiade in the 100 m race, took only four breaths during the first 50 m. In the second half, he swam the first 43-44 m breathing normally, and the last 6-7 m with his head down without breathing.

In this undoubtedly effective method of breathing, the boundaries are determined by the degree of oxygen supply to the swimmer’s body.

As for coordinating the movements of the arms and legs, the most natural option would be six strikes, that is, for one full cycle of arm movements there are six leg movements. However, this rhythm of movement is used in different ways among the strongest swimmers. Some swimmers use this rhythm to turn 90° once or twice and scissor their legs. Other swimmers who have one leg stronger than the other sometimes resort to the four-stroke variation. There is a special option when, swimming with a six-stroke freestyle, the swimmer performs the first four kicks with his feet, and misses the last two. The variety of options indicates that determining the rhythm of leg movements is individual in nature, which should not be taught, much less slavishly imitated.

We looked at the different views that have developed in the field of freestyle swimming. The strongest swimmers in the world achieve records using a wide variety of techniques, and many of them show techniques that a coach brought up in old traditions would never recognize as correct in a novice swimmer. And yet, with the help of just such a technique, some swimmers set world records.

We learned with great bitterness that it is very dangerous to change individual technique when several Hungarians, who promised to become world-class swimmers, suddenly fell behind. What is a more or less appropriate approach to the formation and improvement of individual technique?

In the practice of the best Hungarian specialists, the method according to which swimmers quickly swam short segments “in one breath” has proven itself many times. We have already said that when swimming without breathing, swimming technique is formed and improved. At such a moment, the athlete discovers for himself and shows which of the technical options best suits his data. From this moment on, the coach strives to understand his client’s swimming technique and get him to breathe correctly.

Individual technique exercises are a good tool in themselves (e.g. starts, leg and arm movements, turns, etc.). The athlete himself performs these elements of technique in the way that best suits his individual characteristics. The advantage of swimming technique exercises is that they can be performed, for example, during interval training, and the load can be medium. In some cases, we may provide training on technique and in competition-appropriate conditions.

Any swimming technique is good as long as it does not contradict the basic principles of hydrodynamics or the laws of motion. If a swimmer moves easily in the water under relatively heavy loads and does not get too tired, then, in all likelihood, his movements are economical and his technique is good. First of all, we should keep all this in mind when preparing teenage swimmers, since in subsequent years it is unlikely that there will be an opportunity to successfully correct their ingrained incorrect swimming movements.

In table 3 we present the annual training plan for 11 - 13 year old swimmers.

www.offsport.ru

History of swimming » Sports Murmansk

He can neither read nor swim” - the ancient Greeks gave such a wonderful formula-characteristic to an uncultured person. Figures of swimmers carved on stones, images of swimming men on ancient papyri and vases tell about the use of swimming in warfare, labor, and everyday life approximately more than three thousand years BC. It is known from history that famous swimmers were, for example, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, who competed in speed swimming more than 2000 years ago in Japan.

Swimming began to acquire a sporting character in the mid-19th century. At this time, the first indoor swimming pools were built in Vienna in Austria, Liverpool in England, and Berlin, which were initially used primarily for teaching swimming to future officers, students of cadet corps and military schools. At the same time, the construction of swimming pools makes swimming not only a military discipline, but also a sport, and by the end of the 19th century, swimming as a sport was already becoming popular. In 1890 The first European Championship was held, and a little later, in 1896. Swimming was included in the program of the first Olympic Games of modern times, and since then it has always been one of the Olympic sports. In the early twenties of our century, a number of outstanding swimmers appeared (for example, Olympic champion 1924, 1928 D. Weissmuller, A. Charlton, etc.), who applied new methods of swimming and immediately improved their results. The first swimmer to show a result of less than 1 minute at a 100-meter distance. and in the 400-meter in less than 5 minutes, D. Weissmuller became. In 1908 The International Swimming Federation (FINA) was created. Before its creation, swimming competitions, including Olympic ones, were held in a wide variety of areas of open water bodies, often imprecisely measured, according to different programs, sometimes in meter or yard calculations. The International Federation immediately subjected both the holding of swimming competitions and the registration of world records to certain rules. FINA has determined that Olympic competitions can only be held in pools of 50 or 100 meters in length, and since 1924, competitions at the Olympic Games have been held in pools of 50 meters in length. At the same time, the strongest countries in competitive swimming were determined - Australia, USA, England, Hungary, Germany, and later Japan. Throughout the twentieth century, coaches and athletes have been looking for more advanced training methods and working to improve swimming techniques.

Naturally, the development of swimming is greatly influenced by such natural factors as favorable temperature conditions, convenient water spaces, and reservoirs. In recent decades, the number of pools has become increasingly important. Artificial outdoor and indoor pools in developed countries make swimming truly widespread. Indoor Olympic swimming pool at the 1996 Games. and Atlanta was built with high-speed sailing in mind. Deep water, a clever drainage system, and lane markers that cushion the waves all reduce the turbulence that typically slows swimmers down. At the 1996 Games swimmers competed for 32 sets of medals - 16 for men and 16 for women.

The first Olympic women's swim took place in 1912. The women's program in Atlanta included:

Athletes with the eight best times in the morning's preliminary heats qualify to compete in the finals, which are usually held the same evening. Before competition, many athletes shave their body hair, and often their head hair, to reduce water resistance. Probably the main thing is that the athlete himself believes that he is swimming faster. The winner is the swimmer who touches the wall of the pool first. Perhaps the most outstanding Olympian among swimmers is the American Mark Spitz, who won the Olympic medal in Munich in 1972. seven gold medals. In addition to swimming, Olympic aquatics also include synchronized swimming, diving, and water polo. The first Russian swimming school, where systematic training was carried out, was the Shuvalov school. It was organized in 1913. in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. About 300 members and candidates were involved in it. These were mainly students from secondary and higher educational institutions in St. Petersburg. The school existed until 1917. In Moscow in 1912 The Moscow Society of Swimming Amateurs was organized, which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter in the pool at the Sandunovsky Baths.

Competitive swimming in Russia was taking its first steps during these years, training took place in open water, and the results were not high. Russian swimmers took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1912. in Stockholm, they were not successful. In total, there were hardly 1,500 swimmers in pre-revolutionary Russia. Those who started competitive swimming in the USSR in the twenties created their own swimming techniques, their own domestic training methods, but all their best achievements in those years could not even be compared with world records. Sports specialization did not exist in those years. The same people swam, jumped from the platform and from the springboard, and played water polo. In 1925 A 25-meter winter swimming pool appeared in Leningrad, in which year-round training took place. In Moscow, the first two winter swimming pools appeared in 1930. and in 1931 In the thirties, L. Meshkov and S. Boychenko shone, who repeatedly updated world records in butterfly swimming at distances of 100 and 200 m. But their most important victories were not included in the lists of officially recognized world records, since the USSR Swimming Federation was accepted as a member of FINA only in 1947. The Soviet Olympic team opened its account of Olympic medals at the 1960 Games. in Rome, however, it was only a bronze medal in platform diving. The Moscow Games of 1980 are considered to be the most triumphant in the history of Soviet swimming, at which the USSR team won seven Olympic gold medals. But these were actually games without opponents. Games 1976 in Montreal were notable not only for the fact that M. Koshevaya repeated G. Prozumenshchikova’s Tokyo success in the 200m breaststroke, but for the very fact of the stunning success of the women’s team, which won five medals out of a possible six in the breaststroke. In Barcelona in 1992 The Commonwealth of Independent States team made a splash, beating the all-time favorites - the swimmers of the American team. We can say that through the efforts of Evgeniy Sadovoy and Alexander Popov, the city of Volgograd collected an unprecedented harvest of medals in Barcelona. Popov won gold medals in the 50 and 100m freestyle and medley swimming. E. Sadovy won two gold medals in freestyle swimming at distances of 200 and 400m, and did the most important thing for victory in the 4x200m relay, setting an Olympic and two world records at these Games. Reclaiming the championship in the swimming sprint at the Atlanta Games became a matter of honor for the Americans. But Alexander Popov again became the winner in the 50m freestyle and 100m freestyle, and Denis Pankratov became the Olympic champion in the 100m butterfly and 200m butterfly. They say that making predictions in sports is a thankless task. Before Atlanta, the coaches of the Russian team assumed that the male swimmers were capable of winning 4 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze Olympic medals. Many believed that even “silver” would not shine at any women’s distance in Atlanta, Russia. The results are as follows: - men: 4 gold 2 silver 2 bronze Olympic medals - women's team at the Games - 96 did not win a single Olympic medal in swimming. In other Olympic aquatic sports at the 1996 Olympics, D. Sautin became the champion in platform diving, and Irina Lashko won a silver medal in ski jumping. Russian athletes, including in water sports, proved in Atlanta that despite political, social and economic problems, sports in Russia are at the highest level.

sport-51.ru

Our heroes | Swimming

Sports swimming in our country began to develop widely only after the October Revolution. In a relatively short period of time, it gained popularity and mass development. However, the skill of our older generation swimmers lagged behind the best world achievements. Nevertheless, more than thirty years ago, individual Soviet swimmers amazed the world with their achievements. If you remember their names, wonderful pages from the history of national sports will come to life. Thus, for a decade, all world records in breaststroke swimming belonged to only two Soviet athletes - Semyon Boychenko and Leonid Meshkov.

It has long been known that swimming is a sport for young people. The history of swimming in our country and abroad is replete with examples of record achievements of young swimmers. More than thirty years ago, 16-year-old Leningrader Klavdiya Aleshina was the country's unsurpassed record holder. At the same age, Moscow schoolgirl Yulia Kochetkova set absolute national records in backstroke and freestyle swimming. At the same time, 17-year-old Vitaly Ushakov began a successful assault on records in freestyle swimming in Moscow pools. His record in 1941 for 100 meters was 57 seconds.

The Olympic Games in Tokyo once again convincingly showed that youth is a golden time for sporting victories and records on the blue carpet. Girls and boys became Olympic winners and world record holders. Only one Australian, Dawn Fraser, was 27 years old.

This talented athlete and three-time Olympic champion is jokingly called the “grandmother” of swimming.

Dawn Fraser is the first woman to break the one-minute mark in the 100m freestyle with a phenomenal time of 58.8 seconds. Fraser's athletic longevity can be explained not only by her abilities, but also by the fact that she learned to swim at the age of 5 and began sports training early.

All the other winners in Tokyo were very young. 18-year-old American Don Schollander managed to win 4 gold medals in freestyle swimming in Tokyo. 16-year-old American schoolgirl Sharon Stouder set a world record by swimming the 100-meter butterfly in 59.9 seconds. Soviet schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova, who received a gold medal in Tokyo for setting an Olympic record in the 200-meter breaststroke, was not 16 years old.

Soviet breaststroke swimmers again became the best in the world. Even in the pre-Olympic starts at the competitions in Berlin, Georgy Prokopenko managed to repeat the world record of the American swimmer Yastremsky at a distance of 200 meters. In Tokyo, Georgy improved his result and set a European record, showing 2 minutes 29.6 seconds.

Our second world record holder, a student from Tashkent Svetlana Babanina, won the bronze medal. Now Svetlana Babanina is the strongest in the world in swimming 100 meters breaststroke.

The next XIX Olympic Games will take place in Mexico City. And we will not be mistaken if we say that it is the youth who will continue their victorious march in swimming competitions and other sports.

www.offsport.ru

Specialized Olympic Reserve Swimming Classes 6

One of the most important trends in the development of world sports swimming is a further decrease in the age at which swimmers show their highest achievements. Thus, the age of the majority of swimmers who managed to update world records during 1974 and the first half of 1975 (K. Ender, S. Babashoff, D. Terrell, K. Justen, K. Linke, U. Richter, U. Tauber , S. Holland, T. Shaw, etc.) - 15-17 years old. A swimmer goes from junior rank to world record in an average of 5 years. This means that he must begin to train regularly from the age of 10-12, i.e. girls - from the fourth or fifth grades, and boys - from the fifth to sixth grades. This is where we need to start recruiting the Olympic Reserve-80 classes. Therefore, it is impossible, as is done in a number of cities, to create sports classes only for older schoolchildren: before graduating from school, they never have time to achieve the highest degree of skill. Where swimming training for preschoolers and first-graders is well organized (Magadan, Cheboksary, Kharkov - “Dynamo”, Dnepropetrovsk - “Meteor”, etc.), sports classes can be completed earlier.

Considering the inevitable elimination, it is most advisable to create two initial sports classes: such classes are easier to fully staff only with swimmers. And this is a very important condition, because swimmers must have their own specific daily routine, allowing them to conduct at least two training sessions a day in the pool: the first before the start of school lessons, the second after them or a little later.

Sports classes began to be created in the country on an experimental basis three to four years ago. At first, public education authorities and school directors were reluctant to do this. Time has shown that the school receives great benefits from sports classes. While studying there, children become accustomed to a strict daily routine, become more disciplined, more collected, and neater; their health improves and their performance in general education subjects improves. Taking into account all these positive aspects, the Ministry of Education of the USSR at the end of 1974 issued a special resolution (see the newspaper “Soviet Sport” of December 27, 1974) allowing the creation of sports classes in the country. Now the success of the business depends on the desire and efficiency of the leaders of sports organizations, directors of youth sports schools, swimming coaches, and parents.

This spring and summer are especially important for high-quality selection, recruitment and timely (from September 1, 1976) start of classes in the Olympic Reserve classes-80. This is the most important preparatory period. In the very near future, it is necessary to determine schools and the number of sports classes created at them. Local sports committees and departments of public education should consider and adopt a joint plan for staffing such classes, select pioneer camps with swimming pools, where in the summer it will be possible to select candidates for sports classes. It is necessary to select the best coaches to train future Olympians and resolve many other organizational issues. Yes, there are a lot of them, and they are not easy. But with common efforts they can be solved everywhere where there are already swimming pools and at least several full-time trainers working. From the current academic year, Olympic reserve classes, aimed at 1980, should begin their lives there.

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Classification of swimmers, type of swimmer - swinger

paralife.narod.ru

Swimming is one of the most popular and record-rich sports. People have long begun to compete in the water and compare results: who will swim the farthest, who will stay under water the longest, who will cover the distance the fastest? Being among the best is not so easy. This requires physical training, high labor costs, strength, endurance and, of course, the desire to win! Be inspired by the great achievements of the best swimmers in the world, believe in yourself and your strengths, this will help you achieve high results in sports. Enjoy reading!

The best swimmers in the world

Mark Spitz(Modesto, California, USA)

Nickname - "Mustachioed Shark." Nine-time Olympic champion in swimming.

The champion has had a love for swimming since childhood. At the age of 3 he was already a good swimmer, at 5 he began competing in competitions, and at 10 he won his first victories and became the owner of 17 national and 1 world records. When the swimmer was 15, he won 4 gold medals at the Olympic Games in Maccabiana (Israel).

Mark Spitz is a pioneer who managed to win 7 gold medals at one Olympic Games in 1972 in Munich. Each of the awards was supplemented by a world record. After these games, the swimmer ends his sports career. In total, Mark Spitz recorded 33 world records.

• Mark Spitz stood out among other athletes for his laziness and cowardice. It’s not for nothing that he was nicknamed the “lazy athlete.” Before the performance, the coach gave him a “magic pill” that would help him win. In reality, it was just regular glucose - the placebo effect worked all the time.
• To the coach’s question: “Does the mustache get in the way during competitions?” Mark replied that they even help move water away from his mouth, thereby making his body more streamlined and increasing his speed. At the next competitions, all Soviet athletes competed with mustaches.
• Having become famous, Mark Spitz began to appear in a lot of commercials. Once, during a live commercial for shaving accessories, he shaved off his famous mustache for a million dollars!
• He was awarded the title “Swimmer of the Year” three times.

Michael Phelps(Baltimore, Maryland)

Nickname - "Baltimore Bullet". 23-time world champion in swimming.

Michael Phelps can easily be called one of the greatest and most accomplished swimmers in history. Phelps's sports career is a series of endless victories and achievements! The champion begins setting records at the age of 16. In total, he has 28 Olympic medals and 29 individual world records.

In 2001, Michael Phelps set his first world record in the 200-meter butterfly. The next glory came to the athlete 3 years later at the Olympics in Athens: 8 awards, 6 of them gold medals!

At the championship in Melbourne in 2007, Michael Phelps confidently took 7 more gold medals. A year later, at the Beijing Olympics, the swimmer again surprises the world with his victories. Michael wins 8 gold medals, surpassing Mark Spitz's record, which held him for 36 years (7 gold medals in the Olympic Games alone).

The athlete's career ended in 2016. He is now married to model Nicole Johnson, and they have a young son.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• Champion is the author of 2 books: Beneath the Surface: My Story (2008) and No Limits: The Pursuit of Success (2009).
• Michael drinks a very large amount of water per day. The Guinness Book of Records even included a case when he drank 91 liters in a day, that is, more than he weighs.
• In addition to his athletic achievements, Michael Phelps is famous for his diet, which involves eating 10,000 calories a day!
• The swimmer has a non-standard leg size - 47. The arm span is 201 - 203 cm, which is 10 cm more than the athlete's own height!
• Phelps was awarded the Swimmer of the Year award 7 times.
• In 2004, in the city of Baltimore, where the swimmer was born, one of the streets was named after him.

Training on the side and on the water for two and a half to three hours every day was the norm for me. I set a goal: to always be first. In some places it worked, in others it didn’t, but I never deviated from this rule. Michael Phelps

Laszlo Cech(Budapest, Hungary)

150-time champion of Hungary, 32-time European champion, three-time champion of the 2011 Universiade.

The swimmer received his first well-deserved award in 2003 at the World Championships - silver in the 400-meter medley event. The period from 2003 to 2015 turned out to be very successful for Cech - he never left the competition without awards! At 50 meter distances, Laszlo took at least two medals and one gold at seven European Championships in a row. Several times Cech competed with Michael Phelps, but lost to him and left with silver.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• Before every competition, Laszlo Cech shaves his head.
• In 2015, he was recognized as the best swimmer in Europe according to LEN (European Swimming League).

Ian Thorpe(Sydney, Australia)

Nickname - "torpedo". 5-time Olympic champion and multiple world champion.

Ian Thorpe is one of the strongest swimmers in the world. In 1998 in Perth (Australia), Ian won his first gold and became the youngest champion in history. Agree, not bad for a 16-year-old boy who went swimming only out of boredom?

Between 2000 and 2004, the swimmer won 5 gold medals at the Olympic Games. Received 11 awards at world championships. After the Olympics, the athlete became more famous. Many well-known companies such as Adidas, Coca-Cola, Omega signed a contract with Ian. The swimmer transferred part of the money received from advertising to charitable purposes.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• At first, swimming was not easy for the champion due to an allergic reaction to chlorine. Despite this, Ian Thorpe overcame it and won his first medal at the age of 9! And at 14 he already joined the Australian national team.
• Ian Thorpe spends 40 hours a week in the water.
• He received the nickname “torpedo” when, before reaching adulthood, he showed excellent results in competitions and began to win gold medals.

Alexander Popov (Sverdlovsk - 45, Russia)

Nickname - "Russian Rocket". Four-time Olympic champion, six-time world champion, 21-time European champion.

The series of great victories begins in 1991 at the European Championships in Athens - at which the swimmer takes 4 gold medals. In 1993, Alexander received 2 more golds at the European Championships. A year later, the swimmer wins the world record at the Rome World Championships. The next year, the champion adds 4 awards to his collection: two personal and two team.

The swimmer became famous at the 1996 Olympics, where he again took 2 golds, leaving strong rivals behind. In the same year, Alexander was seriously wounded in a street skirmish, but this did not break him. After rehabilitation at the competitions in Seville, he surprised everyone by becoming European champion twice!

In 1998, Alexander Popov won gold medals for the third time. The swimmer receives a trophy for the outstanding swimmer of the last decade from the ISF (International Swimming Federation). After 2 years, the swimmer breaks the world record at a distance of 50 meters. After 5 years, the swimmer ends his sports career.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• Footage from the life of a swimmer, from a stab wound and treatment to a return to sporting achievements, was captured in the sports drama “Champions: Faster. Higher. Stronger". Since 2016, the champion has been a member of the anti-doping commission of the Russian Olympic Committee.
• Since 2016, the champion has been a member of the anti-doping commission of the Russian Olympic Committee.

Chad Le Clos(Durban, South Africa)

He is an Olympic champion in 2012, a multiple world champion and a Commonwealth Games champion.

He is an Olympic champion in 2012, a multiple world champion and a Commonwealth Games champion.

Chad Le Clos has been swimming since he was very young. From a young age he already competed. At the age of 11, he received his first gold medals at competitions held in the Kings Park swimming pool. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, a South African swimmer took home a set of medals: 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals. In the same year, at the World Championships, Chad won 1 gold in short distances.

In the period from 2011 to 2012, the swimmer amazes with his stunning victories. At the Summer Olympics in London, Chad Le Clos won gold and silver medals. In one of the swims, he beat Michael Phelps himself three times, whom he had never even met before!

In 2013, the swimmer again set records: at distances of 100 and 200 meters. A year later, at a tournament in Doha, Chad set his first world record in the 100-meter race, and a year later in the 200-meter distance.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• He is a favorite of many girls due to his charm. Swimmer's Instagram - @chadleclos92.
• He also enjoys football and supports the Manchester United team.

Ryan Lochte(Rochester, New York, USA)

Nickname - "Majestic". He is a six-time Olympic champion and winner of 39 gold medals at world championships.

In terms of his athletic achievements, Ryan is right behind Michael Phelps. Some of his records have not yet been broken!

The first award was awarded at the Athens Olympics in 2004. Then he won gold in the 4x200 freestyle relay, and then silver in the 200 meters, losing only to Michael Phelps.

The champion receives his next award at competitions in Melbourne in 2007. It was then that he set his first world record in the 200-meter backstroke. As a result, the swimmer takes 2 gold and 2 silver. The games in Beijing in 2008 were no less successful for the swimmer. With them he received 2 gold and 2 bronze.

Interesting facts about the athlete

• At the 2012 World Championships in Istanbul, Ryan gave his gold medal to a little boy. He said that when he was little, a famous swimmer sent him to hell. And from then on, he promised himself that he would never treat little ones poorly.

• FINA Aquatics World magazine twice recognized Raine as the best swimmer in the world.

• In addition to competing, Ryan Lochte is passionate about the world of fashion. He has signed with some major companies (Speedo, Gatorade) and acts as a model. He is also interested in other sports: basketball, skateboarding, and recently started surfing.
• He was banned for 14 months for an Instagram photo of him receiving a vitamin injection banned by the anti-doping agency FINA.

A great mood is the key to success

Your results directly depend on your psychological mood. Adhere to the psychological attitude - “I am strong, I can do it.” The result will not be long in coming.

Warm up

A 15-20 minute warm-up before training allows you to warm up your muscles, prepare your cardiovascular system for physical activity and significantly reduce the risk of injury.

Maintain optimal body position in the water

Make sure that your body is stretched “as if on a string” in the water. This will result in less water resistance and increased speed. The face should be under water and looking down. Keep your elbow elevated.

Watch your stroke

The stroke should be performed with outstretched arms. “Long” strokes are the most effective and require less energy. When swimming freestyle, your toes should enter the water first. This way you reduce the risk of shoulder injury.

Swimming is a popular sport that can transform the body beyond recognition. It will suit everyone without exception. A harmonious combination of aerobic and strength exercises on a variety of muscle groups trains endurance and changes the physique. It is an excellent alternative to the gym, plus the risk of injury is minimal.

Swimming brings benefits to your figure after just half an hour in the water and is equivalent to a long cardio workout. Improves posture, strengthens legs, back, pectoral, shoulder, neck muscles. After two months of regular exercise, an athletic figure is achieved.

swimmer figure

Natural swimmers are considered to be tall people whose distance between the tips of the middle fingers of their outstretched hands is greater than their height. The best swimming style to choose depends on your body parameters: long – backstroke, short – breaststroke, muscular – butterfly. Even if your natural abilities are far from ideal, regular exercise will help change your body.

Integral components of a swimmer's figure:

• developed back muscles – regular training strengthens the muscles of the entire back and improves posture;
• large shoulders – with a physique in the shape of a downward looking triangle, they are exceptionally developed;
• triceps - pumped up arm muscles;
• slim waist;
• wide chest;
• formed abdominal muscles;
• flexible shoulders and back.

In order to get the look of your dreams and achieve a swimmer's figure, you need to train hard for at least a year. You also need to devote time to other sports, giving preference to strength training.

How swimming affects your figure

During swimming, the body experiences complex loads on almost all muscle groups. Regular trips to the pool will help you work out your entire body, from your legs to your neck.

To obtain the desired result and correct the figure in the desired direction, it is necessary to use various swimming styles:

• freestyle (front crawl) – pumps up the chest muscles, affects the legs and back, shoulders and arms are under water and are least susceptible to changes;
• breaststroke – pumps up the shoulder girdle (front delta, slightly less rear delta), back, arms, latissimus and trapezius muscles work well;
• butterfly – the muscles of the shoulders, chest, back, legs are pumped, the spine “straightens”;
• on the back - the muscles of the legs and shoulders are pumped, it will help get rid of excess on the sides.

The most effective types are butterfly and crawl. In order for the training to bring the greatest results, it is better to warm up for 15 minutes (freestyle swimming), actively swim for 15 minutes, and then just lie on the surface of the water for 5 minutes. Repeat this sequence.

Water is denser than air and has more resistance, which means more tension on the muscles. Therefore, to correct your figure, you need less exercise than in the gym. The pool helps develop muscles in the back, shoulder, cervical, lumbar regions, legs become slimmer, correct posture is formed, and joints are strengthened.

How does swimming affect a woman’s/girl’s figure?

A large chest and broad shoulders are the effect of swimming in the pool that worries women the most. But if visits are reduced to two classes a week, and the distance is up to 500 meters at a time, then such consequences can be avoided.

Swimming sessions are aimed at increasing endurance, rather than building muscle. The figure becomes more toned, the muscles of the legs, hips, buttocks, abdomen, arms, and shoulders are strengthened.

A thin waist is promoted by crawl swimming; thanks to active turns, the load on the lumbar region is not significant. Breaststroke will tighten the inner and lateral surfaces of the thighs and get rid of cellulite. The crawl will increase your quadriceps, hamstrings and buttocks.

In general, swimming has a beneficial effect on a woman’s figure: the calf muscle is formed, riding breeches disappear, the stomach is tightened, the chest muscles become more elastic, the muscles of the back and shoulders are strengthened, as a result of which posture improves.

How does swimming affect a man's figure?

Swimming is an ideal sport for men. Swimmers are usually moderately thin, have broad shoulders, long and flexible limbs, and well-developed abs.

If nature has not rewarded you with such data, then do not despair; swimming has an extremely beneficial effect on the figure of men. Progress will be noticeable after two months of regular training. And after a year, the body will take the shape of an inverted triangle. The shoulder and back muscles are worked through active loads on them. The chest expands due to breathing control. All this makes the torso wider.

To gain muscle mass, you need to do weight swimming. The body will not be angular, but streamlined - this is due to the resistance of water.

The greatest results will be achieved by combining the following styles: front crawl, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly. The most powerful and challenging upper body stroke is the butterfly stroke. Breaststroke will pump up your legs, gluteal muscles and arms. To balance the body in water, the press is used, which actively works during wave-like movements.

The ideal training option is to alternate swims in the pool and in open water. By following simple requirements, you can change your figure beyond recognition. The most developed male body is achieved through swimming and strength training.

Swimming will help change your figure even for those who have problems with joints, backs, who are very overweight, or those who cannot go to the gym for other reasons. Pleasant bonuses to the changed image will be positive emotions and a very strengthened immune system, which is also an additional incentive to improve your figure.